+#define isadv(c) (c == ADV || c == ADJ_ADV)
+#define isadj(c) (c == ADJ || c == NOUN_ADJ || c == ADJ_ADV || c == UNK)
+#define notnoun(c) (c != NOUN && c != UNK && c != NOUN_VERB && c != NV_PL && c != PNOUN)
+#define issing(c) (c == UNK || c == NOUN_VERB || c == NOUN || c == NOM || c == NOUN_ADJ)
+#define isnoun(c) (c == NOUN || c == NOUN_VERB || c == NV_PL || c == UNK || c == PNOUN)
+#define nounnom(c) (c == NOUN || c == NOM)