+\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
+.sp 2
+.nr PS 10
+.nr VS 12
+.LP
+The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
+to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
+It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
+The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
+the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
+.DS
+I. User's Documents
+ User's Reference Manual [URM]
+ Commands (1)
+ Games (6)
+ Macro packages and language conventions (7)
+ User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
+ Getting Started
+ Basic Utilities
+ Communicating with the World
+ Text Editing
+ Document Preparation
+ Amusements
+
+II. Programmer's Documents
+ Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
+ System calls (2)
+ Subroutines (3)
+ Special files (4)
+ File formats and conventions (5)
+ Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
+ Documents of Historic Interest
+ Languages in common use
+ Programming Tools
+ Programming Libraries
+ General Reference
+
+III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
+ Maintenance commands (8)
+ System Installation and Administration
+.DE
+.LP
+References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
+thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
+Documents''.
+References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
+.IR sh (1)
+refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
+.LP
+The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
+4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
+They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
+4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
+Various documents on those topics are contained in the
+``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
+``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
+and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
+In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
+by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
+``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
+and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
+``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
+.LP
+Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
+and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
+the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
+It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
+Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
+.LP
+Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
+the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
+intended to be called by the user's programs.
+User commands are described in URM section 1.
+Commands generally reside in directory
+.I /bin
+(for
+.IR bin \|ary
+programs).
+Some programs also reside in
+.I
+/\|usr/\|bin,
+.R
+to save space in
+.I /\|bin.
+.R
+These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
+Additional directories that may be of interest include
+.I
+/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
+.R
+which has contributed software
+.I
+/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
+.R
+which has old but sometimes still useful software and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
+.R
+which contains software local to your site.
+.LP
+Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|games,
+.R
+to keep them from contaminating
+the more staid information of URM section 1.
+.LP
+Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
+writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
+macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
+.LP
+System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
+The system call interface is identical to a C language
+procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
+.LP
+An assortment of subroutines is available;
+they are described in PRM section 3.
+The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
+.IR intro (3).
+The functions are described in terms of C.
+.LP
+PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
+each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
+The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
+instead of the names of the special files themselves.
+.LP
+The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
+documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
+for example, the form of the output of the loader and
+assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
+for example the assembler's intermediate files.
+.LP
+Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
+system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
+The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
+.I /\|etc.
+The system administration binaries reside in
+.I
+/\|sbin,
+.R
+and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|sbin.
+.LP
+Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
+The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
+together with the section number.
+Entries within each section are alphabetized.
+The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
+it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
+a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
+.LP
+All entries are based on a common format;
+not all subsections always appear.
+.RS
+.LP
+The
+.I name
+subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
+covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
+.LP
+The
+.IR synopsis ""
+summarizes the use of the program being described.
+A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
+.LP
+.RS
+.B Boldface
+words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
+.LP
+Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
+When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
+.LP
+Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
+may be repeated.
+.LP
+A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
+An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
+option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
+a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
+names begin with ``\-''.
+.LP
+.RE
+The
+.IR description ""
+subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
+.LP
+The
+.IR files ""
+subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
+.LP
+A
+.I
+see also
+.R
+subsection gives pointers to related information.
+.LP
+A
+.I diagnostics
+subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
+Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
+.LP
+The
+.IR bugs ""
+subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
+Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
+.LP
+.RE
+At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
+organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
+Permuted Index derived from that List.
+Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
+it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
+This fact is important because there is considerable
+name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
+exist only to exercise a particular system call.
+Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.EH ''''
+.OH ''''
+.bp
+.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0'
+.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0'
+.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
+.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
+.nr PS 10
+.nr VS 12
+.LP
+.ce
+\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0
+.nr x 0.5
+.in +\nxi