BSD 4_4_Lite2 release

[unix-history] / usr / src / usr.bin / mail / mail.1

diff --git a/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1 b/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1
index c7acfa1..c928843 100644 (file)
--- a/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1
+++ b/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1
@@ -1,811 +1,1058 @@
-.\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
-.\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
-.\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
+.\"    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.

 .\"
 .\"

-.\"    @(#)mail.1      6.1 (Berkeley) %G%
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"    This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"    California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.

 .\"
 .\"

-.TH MAIL 1 ""
-.UC 4
-.SH NAME
-mail \- send and receive mail
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B mail
-[
-.B \-v
-]
-[
-.B \-i
-]
-[
-.B \-n
-]
-[
-.B \-s
-subject
-]
-[
-user ...
-]
-.br
-.B mail
-[
-.B \-v
-]
-[
-.B \-i
-]
-[
-.B \-n
-]
-.B \-f
-[
-name
-]
-.br
-.B mail
-[
-.B \-v
-]
-[
-.B \-i
-]
-[
-.B \-n
-]
-.B \-u
-user
-.SH INTRODUCTION
-.I Mail
-is a intelligent mail processing system, which has
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"    @(#)mail.1      8.8 (Berkeley) 4/28/95
+.\"
+.Dd April 28, 1995
+.Dt MAIL 1
+.Os BSD 4
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm mail
+.Nd send and receive mail
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm mail
+.Op Fl iInv
+.Op Fl s Ar subject
+.Op Fl c Ar cc-addr
+.Op Fl b Ar bcc-addr
+.Ar to-addr...
+.Nm mail
+.Op Fl iInNv
+.Fl f
+.Op Ar name
+.Nm mail
+.Op Fl iInNv
+.Op Fl u Ar user
+.Sh INTRODUCTION
+.Nm Mail
+is an intelligent mail processing system, which has

 a command syntax reminiscent of
 a command syntax reminiscent of

-.I ed
+.Xr \&ed 1

 with lines replaced by messages.
 with lines replaced by messages.

-.PP
-The
-.B \-v
-flag puts mail into verbose mode; the details of
-delivery are displayed on the users terminal.
-The
-.B \-i
-flag causes tty interrupt signals to be ignored. This is
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width flag
+.It Fl v
+Verbose mode.
+The details of
+delivery are displayed on the user's terminal.
+.It Fl i
+Ignore tty interrupt signals.
+This is

 particularly useful when using
 particularly useful when using

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 on noisy phone lines.
 on noisy phone lines.

-The
-.B \-n
-flag inhibits the reading of /usr/lib/Mail.rc.
-.PP
-.I "Sending mail.\ "
-To send a message to one or more other people,
-.I mail
-can be invoked with arguments which are the names of people to
-send to.  You are then expected to type in your message, followed
-by an \s-2EOT\s0 (control\-D) at the beginning of a line.
-A subject may be specified on the command line by using the
-.B \-s
-flag. (Only the first argument after the
-.B \-s
+.It Fl I
+Forces mail to run in interactive mode even when
+input isn't a terminal.
+In particular, the
+.Sq Ic \&~
+special
+character when sending mail is only active in interactive mode.
+.It Fl n
+Inhibits reading
+.Pa /etc/mail.rc
+upon startup.
+.It Fl N
+Inhibits the initial display of message headers
+when reading mail or editing a mail folder.
+.It Fl s
+Specify subject on command line
+(only the first argument after the
+.Fl s

 flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjects
 containing spaces.)
 flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjects
 containing spaces.)

-The section below, labeled
-.I "Replying to or originating mail,"
+.It Fl c
+Send carbon copies to
+.Ar list
+of users.
+.It Fl b
+Send blind carbon copies to
+.Ar list .
+List should be a comma-separated list of names.
+.It Fl f
+Read in the contents of your
+.Ar mbox
+(or the specified file)
+for processing; when you
+.Ar quit  ,
+.Nm mail
+writes undeleted messages back to this file.
+.It Fl u
+Is equivalent to:
+.Pp
+.Dl mail -f /var/mail/user
+.El
+.Ss Sending mail
+To send a message to one or more people,
+.Nm mail
+can be invoked with arguments which are the names of people to
+whom the mail will be sent.
+You are then expected to type in
+your message, followed
+by an
+.Sq Li control\-D
+at the beginning of a line.
+The section below
+.Ar Replying to or originating mail ,

 describes some features of
 describes some features of

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 available to help you compose your letter.
 available to help you compose your letter.

-.PP
-.I "Reading mail.\ "
+.Pp
+.Ss Reading mail

 In normal usage
 In normal usage

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 is given no arguments and checks your mail out of the
 post office, then
 is given no arguments and checks your mail out of the
 post office, then

-prints out a one line header of each message there.
+prints out a one line header of each message found.

 The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1)
 and can be printed using the
 The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1)
 and can be printed using the

-.B print
-command (which can be abbreviated \fBp\fR).
+.Ic print
+command (which can be abbreviated
+.Ql Ic p ) .

 You can move among the messages much as you move between lines in
 You can move among the messages much as you move between lines in

-.IR ed ,
-with the commands `+' and `\-' moving backwards and forwards, and
+.Xr \&ed 1 ,
+with the commands
+.Ql Ic \&+
+and
+.Ql Ic \&\-
+moving backwards and forwards, and

 simple numbers.
 simple numbers.

-.PP
-.I "Disposing of mail.\ "
+.Pp
+.Ss Disposing of mail.

 After examining a message you can
 After examining a message you can

-.B delete
-(\fBd\fR)
+.Ic delete
+.Ql Ic d )

 the message or
 the message or

-.B reply
-(\fBr\fR)
+.Ic reply
+.Ql Ic r )

 to it.
 Deletion causes the
 to it.
 Deletion causes the

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 program to forget about the message.
 This is not irreversible; the message can be
 program to forget about the message.
 This is not irreversible; the message can be

-.B undeleted
-(\fBu\fR)
+.Ic undeleted
+.Ql Ic u )

 by giving its number, or the
 by giving its number, or the

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 session can be aborted by giving the
 session can be aborted by giving the

-.B exit
-(\fBx\fR)
+.Ic exit
+.Ql Ic x )

 command.
 Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again.
 command.
 Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again.

-.PP
-.I "Specifying messages.\ "
+.Pp
+.Ss Specifying messages

 Commands such as
 Commands such as

-.B print
+.Ic print

 and
 and

-.B delete
+.Ic delete

 can be given a list of message numbers as arguments to apply
 to a number of messages at once.
 can be given a list of message numbers as arguments to apply
 to a number of messages at once.

-Thus ``delete 1 2'' deletes messages 1 and 2, while ``delete 1\-5''
+Thus
+.Dq Li delete 1 2
+deletes messages 1 and 2, while
+.Dq Li delete 1\-5

 deletes messages 1 through 5.
 deletes messages 1 through 5.

-The special name ``*'' addresses all messages, and ``$'' addresses
+The special name
+.Ql Li \&*
+addresses all messages, and
+.Ql Li \&$
+addresses

 the last message; thus the command
 the last message; thus the command

-.B top
+.Ic top

 which prints the first few lines of a message could be used in
 which prints the first few lines of a message could be used in

-``top *'' to print the first few lines of all messages.
-.PP
-.I "Replying to or originating mail.\ "
+.Dq Li top \&*
+to print the first few lines of all messages.
+.Pp
+.Ss Replying to or originating mail.

 You can use the
 You can use the

-.B reply
+.Ic reply

 command to
 set up a response to a message, sending it back to the
 person who it was from.
 Text you then type in, up to an end-of-file,
 defines the contents of the message.
 While you are composing a message,
 command to
 set up a response to a message, sending it back to the
 person who it was from.
 Text you then type in, up to an end-of-file,
 defines the contents of the message.
 While you are composing a message,

-.I mail
-treats lines beginning with the character `~' specially.
-For instance, typing ``~m'' (alone on a line) will place a copy
-of the current message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop.
+.Nm mail
+treats lines beginning with the character
+.Ql Ic \&~
+specially.
+For instance, typing
+.Ql Ic \&~m
+(alone on a line) will place a copy
+of the current message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop
+(see
+.Em indentprefix
+variable, below).

 Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipients
 to the message and allow you to escape to an editor to revise the
 Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipients
 to the message and allow you to escape to an editor to revise the

-message or to a shell to run some commands.  (These options
+message or to a shell to run some commands.
+(These options

 are given in the summary below.)
 are given in the summary below.)

-.PP
-.I "Ending a mail processing session.\ "
+.Pp
+.Ss Ending a mail processing session.

 You can end a
 You can end a

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 session with the
 session with the

-.B quit
-(\fBq\fR)
+.Ic quit
+.Ql Ic q )

 command.
 Messages which have been examined go to your
 command.
 Messages which have been examined go to your

-.I mbox
+.Ar mbox

 file unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded.
 Unexamined messages go back to the post office.
 file unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded.
 Unexamined messages go back to the post office.

-The
-.B \-f
-option causes
-.I mail
-to read in the contents of your
-.I mbox
-(or the specified file)
-for processing; when you
-.BR quit ,
-.I mail
-writes undeleted messages back to this file.
-The
-.B \-u
-flag is a short way of doing
-"mail
-.B \-f
-/usr/spool/mail/user".
-.PP
-.I "Personal and systemwide distribution lists.\ "
+(See the
+.Fl f
+option above).
+.Pp
+.Ss Personal and systemwide distribution lists.

 It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that,
 It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that,

-for instance, you can send mail to ``cohorts'' and have it go
+for instance, you can send mail to
+.Dq Li cohorts
+and have it go

 to a group of people.
 Such lists can be defined by placing a line like
 to a group of people.
 Such lists can be defined by placing a line like

-.IP
-alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory
-.PP
-in the file \&.mailrc in your home directory.
+.Pp
+.Dl alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory
+.Pp
+in the file
+.Pa \&.mailrc
+in your home directory.

 The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the
 The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the

-.B alias
-.B (a)
+.Ic alias

 command in
 command in

-.IR mail .
+.Nm mail  .

 System wide distribution lists can be created by editing
 System wide distribution lists can be created by editing

-/usr/lib/aliases, see
-.IR aliases (5)
+.Pa /etc/aliases ,
+see
+.Xr aliases  5

 and
 and

-.IR sendmail (8);
+.Xr sendmail  8  ;

 these are kept in a different syntax.
 In mail you send, personal aliases will be expanded in mail sent
 these are kept in a different syntax.
 In mail you send, personal aliases will be expanded in mail sent

-to others so that they will be able to \fBreply\fR to the recipients.
-System wide \fIaliases\fR are not expanded when the mail is sent,
+to others so that they will be able to
+.Ic reply
+to the recipients.
+System wide
+.Ic aliases
+are not expanded when the mail is sent,

 but any reply returned to the machine will have the system wide
 alias expanded as all mail goes through
 but any reply returned to the machine will have the system wide
 alias expanded as all mail goes through

-.IR sendmail .
-.PP
-.I "Network mail (ARPA, UUCP, Berknet)\ "
+.Xr sendmail  .
+.Pp
+.Ss Network mail (ARPA, UUCP, Berknet)

 See
 See

-.IR mailaddr(7)
+.Xr mailaddr 7

 for a description of network addresses.
 for a description of network addresses.

-.PP
-.I Mail
+.Pp
+.Nm Mail

 has a number of options which can be set in the
 has a number of options which can be set in the

-.I \&.mailrc
-file to alter its behavior; thus ``set askcc'' enables the ``askcc''
-feature.  (These options are summarized below.)
-.SH SUMMARY
+.Pa .mailrc
+file to alter its behavior; thus
+.Dq Li set askcc
+enables the
+.Ar askcc
+feature.
+(These options are summarized below.)
+.Sh SUMMARY

 (Adapted from the `Mail Reference Manual')
 (Adapted from the `Mail Reference Manual')

-.PP
+.Pp

 Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take arguments
 Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take arguments

-following the command word.  The command need not be typed in its
+following the command word.
+The command need not be typed in its

 entirety \- the first command which matches the typed prefix is used.
 For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no message
 list is given, then the next message forward which satisfies the
 entirety \- the first command which matches the typed prefix is used.
 For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no message
 list is given, then the next message forward which satisfies the

-command's requirements is used.  If there are no messages forward of
+command's requirements is used.
+If there are no messages forward of

 the current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are no
 good messages at all,
 the current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are no
 good messages at all,

-.I mail
-types ``No applicable messages'' and
+.Nm mail
+types
+.Dq Li No applicable messages
+and

 aborts the command.
 aborts the command.

-.TP 12n
-.B \-
-Goes to the previous message and prints it out.  If given a numeric
+.Bl -tag -width delete
+.It Ic \&\-
+Print out the preceding message.
+If given a numeric

 argument
 argument

-.IR n ,
+.Ar n  ,

 goes to the
 goes to the

-.IR n -th
+.Ar n Ns 'th

 previous message and prints it.
 previous message and prints it.

-.TP
-.B ?
+.It Ic \&?

 Prints a brief summary of commands.
 Prints a brief summary of commands.

-.TP
-.B !
-Executes the \s-2UNIX\s0 shell command which follows.
-.TP
-.B Print
-(\fBP\fR)
+.It Ic \&!
+Executes the shell
+(see
+.Xr sh 1
+and
+.Xr csh 1 )
+command which follows.
+.It Ic Print
+.Pq Ic P

 Like
 Like

-.B print
-but also prints out ignored header fields. See also
-.B print
-,
-.B ignore
+.Ic print
+but also prints out ignored header fields.
+See also
+.Ic print ,
+.Ic ignore

 and
 and

-.B retain.
-.TP
-.B Reply
-(\fRR\fR)
-Reply to originator. Does not reply to other
+.Ic retain .
+.It Ic Reply
+.Pq Ic R
+Reply to originator.
+Does not reply to other

 recipients of the original message.
 recipients of the original message.

-.TP
-.B Type
-(\fTT\fR)
+.It Ic Type
+.Pq Ic T

 Identical to the
 Identical to the

-.B Print
+.Ic Print

 command.
 command.

-.TP
-.B alias
-(\fBa\fR) With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases.  With one
-argument, prints out that alias.  With more than one argument, creates
-an new or changes an on old alias.
-.TP
-.B alternates
-(\fBalt\fR)
+.It Ic alias
+.Pq Ic a
+With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases.
+With one
+argument, prints out that alias.
+With more than one argument, creates
+a new alias or changes an old one.
+.It Ic alternates
+.Pq Ic alt

 The
 The

-.B alternates
+.Ic alternates

 command is useful if you have accounts on several machines.
 It can be used to inform
 command is useful if you have accounts on several machines.
 It can be used to inform

-.I mail
-that the listed addresses are really you. When you
-.B reply
+.Nm mail
+that the listed addresses are really you.
+When you
+.Ic reply

 to messages,
 to messages,

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 will not send a copy of the message to any of the addresses
 listed on the
 will not send a copy of the message to any of the addresses
 listed on the

-.I alternates
-list. If the
-.B alternates
+.Ic alternates
+list.
+If the
+.Ic alternates

 command is given with no argument, the current set of alternate
 names is displayed.
 command is given with no argument, the current set of alternate
 names is displayed.

-.TP
-.B chdir
-(\fBc\fR) Changes the user's working directory to that specified, if given.  If
+.It Ic chdir
+.Pq Ic c
+Changes the user's working directory to that specified, if given.
+If

 no directory is given, then changes to the user's login directory.
 no directory is given, then changes to the user's login directory.

-.TP
-.B copy
-(\fBco\fR)
+.It Ic copy
+.Pq Ic co

 The
 The

-.B copy
+.Ic copy

 command does the same thing that
 command does the same thing that

-.B save 
+.Ic save

 does, except that it does not mark the messages it
 is used on for deletion when you quit.
 does, except that it does not mark the messages it
 is used on for deletion when you quit.

-.TP
-.B delete
-(\fBd\fR) Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted.
+.It Ic delete
+.Pq Ic d
+Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted.

 Deleted messages will not be saved in
 Deleted messages will not be saved in

-.IR mbox ,
-nor will they be available for most other commands.  
-.TP
-.B dp
-(also \fBdt\fR) Deletes the current message and prints the next message.
-If there is no next message, 
-.I mail
-says ``at EOF.''
-.TP
-.B edit
-(\fBe\fR) Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one in
-turn.  On return from the editor, the message is read back in.
-.TP
-.B exit
-(\fBex\fR or \fBx\fR) Effects an immediate return to the Shell without
+.Ar mbox  ,
+nor will they be available for most other commands.
+.It Ic dp
+(also
+.Ic dt )
+Deletes the current message and prints the next message.
+If there is no next message,
+.Nm mail
+says
+.Dq Li "at EOF" .
+.It Ic edit
+.Pq Ic e
+Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one in
+turn.
+On return from the editor, the message is read back in.
+.It Ic exit
+.Pf ( Ic ex
+or
+.Ic x )
+Effects an immediate return to the Shell without

 modifying the user's system mailbox, his
 modifying the user's system mailbox, his

-.I mbox
+.Ar mbox

 file, or his edit file in
 file, or his edit file in

-.BR \-f .
-.TP
-.B file
-(\fBfi\fR)
+.Fl f  .
+.It Ic file
+.Pq Ic fi

 The same as
 The same as

-.BR folder .
-.TP
-.B folders
+.Ic folder  .
+.It Ic folders

 List the names of the folders in your folder directory.
 List the names of the folders in your folder directory.

-.TP
-.B folder
-(\fBfo\fR)
+.It Ic folder
+.Pq Ic fo

 The
 The

-.B folder
-command switches to a new mail file or folder. With no
+.Ic folder
+command switches to a new mail file or folder.
+With no

 arguments, it tells you which file you are currently reading.
 If you give it an argument, it will write out changes (such
 as deletions) you have made in the current file and read in
 arguments, it tells you which file you are currently reading.
 If you give it an argument, it will write out changes (such
 as deletions) you have made in the current file and read in

-the new file. Some special conventions are recognized for
-the name. # means the previous file, % means your system
+the new file.
+Some special conventions are recognized for
+the name.
+# means the previous file, % means your system

 mailbox, %user means user's system mailbox, & means
 mailbox, %user means user's system mailbox, & means

-your \~/mbox file, and +folder means a file in your folder
+your
+.Ar mbox
+file, and
+\&+\&folder means a file in your folder

 directory.
 directory.

-.TP
-.B from
-(\fBf\fR) Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers.
-.TP
-.B headers
-(\fBh\fR) Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18 message group.  If
-a ``+'' argument is given, then the next 18 message group is printed, and if
-a ``\-'' argument is given, the previous 18 message group is printed.
-.TP
-.B help
-A synonym for ?
-.TP
-.B hold
-(\fBho\fR, also \fBpreserve\fR) Takes a message list and marks each
+.It Ic from
+.Pq Ic f
+Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers.
+.It Ic headers
+.Pq Ic h
+Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18\-message group.
+If
+a
+.Ql \&+
+argument is given, then the next 18\-message group is printed, and if
+a
+.Ql \&\-
+argument is given, the previous 18\-message group is printed.
+.It Ic help
+A synonym for
+.Ic \&?
+.ne 1i
+.It Ic hold
+.Pf ( Ic ho ,
+also
+.Ic preserve )
+Takes a message list and marks each

 message therein to be saved in the
 user's system mailbox instead of in
 message therein to be saved in the
 user's system mailbox instead of in

-.IR mbox .
+.Ar mbox  .

 Does not override the
 Does not override the

-.B delete
+.Ic delete

 command.
 command.

-.TP
-.B ignore
-.B N.B.:
-.I Ignore
-has been superseded by
-.I retain.
-.br
+.It Ic ignore

 Add the list of header fields named to the
 Add the list of header fields named to the

-.IR "ignored list" .
+.Ar ignored list .

 Header fields in the ignore list are not printed
 Header fields in the ignore list are not printed

-on your terminal when you print a message. This
+on your terminal when you print a message.
+This

 command is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generated
 command is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generated

-header fields. The
-.B Type
+header fields.
+The
+.Ic Type

 and
 and

-.B Print
+.Ic Print

 commands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including
 commands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including

-ignored fields. If
-.B ignore
+ignored fields.
+If
+.Ic ignore

 is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of
 ignored fields.
 is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of
 ignored fields.

-.TP
-.B mail
-(\fBm\fR) Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sends
+.It Ic inc
+Incorporate any new messages that have arrived while mail
+is being read.
+The new messages are added to the end of the message list,
+and the current message is reset to be the first new mail message.
+This does not renumber the existing message list, nor does
+does it cause any changes made so far to be saved.
+.It Ic mail
+.Pq Ic m
+Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sends

 mail to those people.
 mail to those people.

-.TP
-.B mbox
+.It Ic mbox

 Indicate that a list of messages be sent to
 Indicate that a list of messages be sent to

-.I mbox
-in your home directory when you quit. This is the default
+.Ic mbox
+in your home directory when you quit.
+This is the default

 action for messages if you do
 action for messages if you do

-.I not
+.Em not

 have the
 have the

-.I hold
+.Ic hold

 option set.
 option set.

-.TP
-.B next
-(\fBn\fR like \fB+\fR or CR) Goes to the next message in sequence and types it.
+.It Ic next
+.Pq Ic n
+like
+.Ic \&+
+or
+.Tn CR )
+Goes to the next message in sequence and types it.

 With an argument list, types the next matching message.
 With an argument list, types the next matching message.

-.TP
-.B preserve
-(\fBpre\fR)
+.It Ic preserve
+.Pq Ic pre

 A synonym for
 A synonym for

-.BR hold .
-.TP
-.B print
-(\fBp\fR)
+.Ic hold  .
+.It Ic print
+.Pq Ic p

 Takes a message list and types out each message on the user's terminal.
 Takes a message list and types out each message on the user's terminal.

-.TP
-.B quit
-(\fBq\fR) Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages in
+.It Ic quit
+.Pq Ic q
+Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages in

 the user's
 the user's

-.I mbox
+.Ar mbox

 file in his login directory, preserving all messages marked with
 file in his login directory, preserving all messages marked with

-.B hold
+.Ic hold

 or
 or

-.B preserve
+.Ic preserve

 or never referenced
 in his system mailbox, and removing all other messages from his system
 or never referenced
 in his system mailbox, and removing all other messages from his system

-mailbox.  If new mail has arrived during the session, the message
-``You have new mail'' is given.  If given while editing a
+mailbox.
+If new mail has arrived during the session, the message
+.Dq Li "You have new mail"
+is given.
+If given while editing a

 mailbox file with the
 mailbox file with the

-.B \-f
-flag, then the edit file is rewritten.  A return to the Shell is
+.Fl f
+flag, then the edit file is rewritten.
+A return to the Shell is

 effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the user
 can escape with the
 effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the user
 can escape with the

-.B exit
+.Ic exit

 command.
 command.

-.TP
-.B reply
-(\fBr\fR)
+.It Ic reply
+.Pq Ic r

 Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and all
 recipients of the specified message.
 The default message must not be deleted.
 Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and all
 recipients of the specified message.
 The default message must not be deleted.

-.TP
-.B respond
+.It Ic respond

 A synonym for
 A synonym for

-.BR reply .
-.TP
-.B retain
+.Ic reply  .
+.It Ic retain

 Add the list of header fields named to the
 Add the list of header fields named to the

-.IR "retained list" .
+.Ar retained list

 Only the header fields in the retain list
 are shown on your terminal when you print a message.
 All other header fields are suppressed.
 The
 Only the header fields in the retain list
 are shown on your terminal when you print a message.
 All other header fields are suppressed.
 The

-.B Type
+.Ic Type

 and
 and

-.B Print
+.Ic Print

 commands can be used to print a message in its entirety.
 If
 commands can be used to print a message in its entirety.
 If

-.B retain
+.Ic retain

 is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of
 retained fields.
 is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of
 retained fields.

-.TP
-.B save
-(\fBs\fR) Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message in
-turn to the end of the file.  The filename in quotes, followed by the line
-count and character count is echoed on the user's terminal.  
-.TP
-.B set
-(\fBse\fR) With no arguments, prints all variable values.  Otherwise, sets
-option.  Arguments are of the form
-``option=value''
+.It Ic save
+.Pq Ic s
+Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message in
+turn to the end of the file.
+The filename in quotes, followed by the line
+count and character count is echoed on the user's terminal.
+.It Ic set
+.Pq Ic se
+With no arguments, prints all variable values.
+Otherwise, sets
+option.
+Arguments are of the form
+.Ar option=value

 (no space before or after =) or
 (no space before or after =) or

-``option.''
-.TP
-.B shell
-(\fBsh\fR) Invokes an interactive version of the shell.
-.TP
-.B size
+.Ar option .
+Quotation marks may be placed around any part of the assignment statement to
+quote blanks or tabs, i.e.
+.Dq Li "set indentprefix=\*q->\*q"
+.It Ic saveignore
+.Ic Saveignore
+is to
+.Ic save
+what
+.Ic ignore
+is to
+.Ic print
+and
+.Ic type  .
+Header fields thus marked are filtered out when
+saving a message by
+.Ic save
+or when automatically saving to
+.Ar mbox  .
+.pl +1
+.It Ic saveretain
+.Ic Saveretain
+is to
+.Ic save
+what
+.Ic retain
+is to
+.Ic print
+and
+.Ic type  .
+Header fields thus marked are the only ones saved
+with a message when saving by
+.Ic save
+or when automatically saving to
+.Ar mbox  .
+.Ic Saveretain
+overrides
+.Ic saveignore  .
+.It Ic shell
+.Pq Ic sh
+Invokes an interactive version of the shell.
+.It Ic size

 Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each
 message.
 Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each
 message.

-.TP
-.B source
-(\fBso\fR)
+.It Ic source

 The
 The

-.B source
+.Ic source

 command reads
 command reads

-.I mail

 commands from a file.
 commands from a file.

-.TP
-.B top
-Takes a message list and prints the top few lines of each.  The number of
+.It Ic top
+Takes a message list and prints the top few lines of each.
+The number of

 lines printed is controlled by the variable
 lines printed is controlled by the variable

-.B toplines
+.Ic toplines

 and defaults to five.
 and defaults to five.

-.TP
-.B type
-(\fBt\fR) A synonym for
-.BR print .
-.TP
-.B unalias
+.It Ic type
+.Pq Ic t
+A synonym for
+.Ic print  .
+.It Ic unalias

 Takes a list of names defined by
 Takes a list of names defined by

-.B alias
-commands and discards the remembered groups of users.  The group names
+.Ic alias
+commands and discards the remembered groups of users.
+The group names

 no longer have any significance.
 no longer have any significance.

-.TP
-.B undelete
-(\fBu\fR) Takes a message list and marks each one as
-.I not
+.It Ic undelete
+.Pq Ic u
+Takes a message list and marks each message as
+.Ic not

 being deleted.
 being deleted.

-.TP
-.B unset
+.It Ic unread
+.Pq Ic U
+Takes a message list and marks each message as
+.Ic not
+having been read.
+.It Ic unset

 Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values;
 the inverse of
 Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values;
 the inverse of

-.BR set .
-.TP
-.B visual
-(\fBv\fR) Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message.
-.TP
-.B write
-(\fBw\fR) A synonym for
-.BR save .
-.TP
-.B xit
-(\fBx\fR) A synonym for
-.BR exit .
-.TP
-.B z
-.I Mail
+.Ic set  .
+.It Ic visual
+.Pq Ic v
+Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message.
+.It Ic write
+.Pq Ic w
+Similar to
+.Ic save  ,
+except that
+.Ic only
+the message body
+.Pq Ar without
+the header) is saved.
+Extremely useful for such tasks as sending and receiving source
+program text over the message system.
+.It Ic xit
+.Pq Ic x
+A synonym for
+.Ic exit  .
+.It Ic z
+.Nm Mail

 presents message headers in windowfuls as described under the
 presents message headers in windowfuls as described under the

-.B headers
-command. You can move
-.IR mail 's
+.Ic headers
+command.
+You can move
+.Nm mail Ns 's

 attention forward to the next window with the
 attention forward to the next window with the

-.B z
-command. Also, you can move to the previous window by using
-.BR z\- .
-.PP
+.Ic \&z
+command.
+Also, you can move to the previous window by using
+.Ic \&z\&\-  .
+.El
+.Ss Tilde/Escapes
+.Pp

 Here is a summary of the tilde escapes,
 which are used when composing messages to perform
 Here is a summary of the tilde escapes,
 which are used when composing messages to perform

-special functions.  Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning
-of lines.  The name
-``tilde\ escape''
+special functions.
+Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning
+of lines.
+The name
+.Dq Em tilde\ escape

 is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be set
 by the option
 is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be set
 by the option

-.B escape.
-.TP 12n
-.BR ~! command
+.Ic escape .
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Ic \&~! Ns Ar command

 Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message.
 Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message.

-.TP
-\fB~c\fR name ...
+.It Ic \&~b Ns Ar name ...
+Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients but do not make
+the names visible in the Cc: line ("blind" carbon copy).
+.It Ic \&~c Ns Ar name ...

 Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients.
 Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients.

-.TP
-.B ~d
-Read the file ``dead.letter'' from your home directory into the message.
-.TP
-.B ~e
-Invoke the text editor on the message collected so far.  After the
+.It Ic \&~d
+Read the file
+.Dq Pa dead.letter
+from your home directory into the message.
+.It Ic \&~e
+Invoke the text editor on the message collected so far.
+After the

 editing session is finished, you may continue appending text to the
 message.
 editing session is finished, you may continue appending text to the
 message.

-.TP
-\fB~f\fR messages
+.It Ic \&~f Ns Ar messages

 Read the named messages into the message being sent.
 If no messages are specified, read in the current message.
 Read the named messages into the message being sent.
 If no messages are specified, read in the current message.

-.TP
-.B ~h
+Message headers currently being ignored (by the
+.Ic ignore
+or
+.Ic retain
+command) are not included.
+.ne 1i
+.It Ic \&~F Ns Ar messages
+Identical to
+.Ic \&~f ,
+except all message headers are included.
+.It Ic \&~h

 Edit the message header fields by typing each one in turn and allowing
 the user to append text to the end or modify the field by using the
 current terminal erase and kill characters.
 Edit the message header fields by typing each one in turn and allowing
 the user to append text to the end or modify the field by using the
 current terminal erase and kill characters.

-.TP
-\fB~m\fR messages
-Read the named messages into the message being sent, shifted right one
-tab.  If no messages are specified, read the current message.
-.TP
-.B ~p
+.It Ic \&~m Ns Ar messages
+Read the named messages into the message being sent, indented by a
+tab or by the value of
+.Ar indentprefix  .
+If no messages are specified,
+read the current message.
+Message headers currently being ignored (by the
+.Ic ignore
+or
+.Ic retain
+command) are not included.
+.It Ic \&~M Ns Ar messages
+Identical to
+.Ic \&~m ,
+except all message headers are included.
+.It Ic \&~p

 Print out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message header
 fields.
 Print out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message header
 fields.

-.TP
-.B ~q
+.It Ic \&~q

 Abort the message being sent, copying the message to
 Abort the message being sent, copying the message to

-``dead.letter''
+.Dq Pa dead.letter

 in your home directory if
 in your home directory if

-.B save
+.Ic save

 is set.
 is set.

-.TP
-\fB~r\fR filename
+.It Ic \&~r Ns Ar filename

 Read the named file into the message.
 Read the named file into the message.

-.TP
-\fB~s\fR string
+.It Ic \&~s Ns Ar string

 Cause the named string to become the current subject field.
 Cause the named string to become the current subject field.

-.TP
-\fB~t\fR name ...
+.It Ic \&~\&t Ns Ar name ...

 Add the given names to the direct recipient list.
 Add the given names to the direct recipient list.

-.TP
-.B ~v
-Invoke an alternate editor (defined by the VISUAL option) on the
-message collected so far.  Usually, the alternate editor will be a
-screen editor.  After you quit the editor, you may resume appending
+.It Ic \&~\&v
+Invoke an alternate editor (defined by the
+.Ev VISUAL
+option) on the
+message collected so far.
+Usually, the alternate editor will be a
+screen editor.
+After you quit the editor, you may resume appending

 text to the end of your message.
 text to the end of your message.

-.TP
-\fB~w\fR filename
+.It Ic \&~w Ns Ar filename

 Write the message onto the named file.
 Write the message onto the named file.

-.TP
-\fB~\||\|\fRcommand
-Pipe the message through the command as a filter.  If the command gives
+.It Ic \&~\&| Ns Ar command
+Pipe the message through the command as a filter.
+If the command gives

 no output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of the
 no output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of the

-message.  The command
-.IR fmt (1)
+message.
+The command
+.Xr fmt 1

 is often used as
 is often used as

-.I command
+.Ic command

 to rejustify the message.
 to rejustify the message.

-.TP
-.BR ~~ string
-Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single ~.  If
+.It Ic \&~: Ns Ar mail-command
+Execute the given mail command.
+Not all commands, however, are allowed.
+.It Ic \&~~ Ns Ar string
+Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single ~.
+If

 you have changed the escape character, then you should double
 that character in order to send it.
 you have changed the escape character, then you should double
 that character in order to send it.

-.PP
-Options are controlled via the
-.B set
+.El
+.Ss Mail Options
+Options are controlled via
+.Ic set

 and
 and

-.B unset
-commands.  Options may be either binary, in which case it is only
-significant to see whether they are set or not, or string, in which
+.Ic unset
+commands.
+Options may be either binary, in which case it is only
+significant to see whether they are set or not; or string, in which

 case the actual value is of interest.
 The binary options include the following:
 case the actual value is of interest.
 The binary options include the following:

-.TP 15n
-.B append
+.Bl -tag -width append
+.It Ar append

 Causes messages saved in
 Causes messages saved in

-.I mbox
+.Ar mbox

 to be appended to the end rather than prepended.
 to be appended to the end rather than prepended.

-(This is set in
-/usr/lib/Mail.rc
-on version 7 systems.)
-.TP
-.B ask
+This should always be set (perhaps in
+.Pa /etc/mail.rc ) .
+.It Ar ask

 Causes
 Causes

-.I mail
-to prompt you for the subject of each message you send.  If
+.Nm mail
+to prompt you for the subject of each message you send.
+If

 you respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent.
 you respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent.

-.TP
-.B askcc
+.ne 1i
+.It Ar askcc

 Causes you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at the
 Causes you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at the

-end of each message.  Responding with a newline indicates your
+end of each message.
+Responding with a newline indicates your

 satisfaction with the current list.
 satisfaction with the current list.

-.TP
-.B autoprint
+.It Ar autoinc
+Causes new mail to be automatically incorporated when it arrives.
+Setting this is similar to issuing the
+.Ic inc
+command at each prompt, except that the current message is not
+reset when new mail arrives.
+.It Ar autoprint

 Causes the
 Causes the

-.B delete
+.Ic delete

 command to behave like
 command to behave like

-.B dp
+.Ic dp

 \- thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed
 automatically.
 \- thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed
 automatically.

-.TP
-.B debug
+.It Ar debug

 Setting the binary option
 Setting the binary option

-.I debug
+.Ar debug

 is the same as specifying
 is the same as specifying

-.B \-d
+.Fl d

 on the command line and causes
 on the command line and causes

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 to output all sorts of information useful for debugging
 to output all sorts of information useful for debugging

-.IR mail .
-.TP
-.B dot
+.Nm mail  .
+.It Ar dot

 The binary option
 The binary option

-.I dot
+.Ar dot

 causes
 causes

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator
 of a message you are sending.
 to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator
 of a message you are sending.

-.TP
-.B hold
+.It Ar hold

 This option is used to hold messages in the system mailbox
 by default.
 This option is used to hold messages in the system mailbox
 by default.

-.TP
-.B ignore
+.It Ar ignore

 Causes interrupt signals from your terminal to be ignored and echoed as
 @'s.
 Causes interrupt signals from your terminal to be ignored and echoed as
 @'s.

-.TP
-.B ignoreeof
+.It Ar ignoreeof

 An option related to
 An option related to

-.I dot
+.Ar dot

 is
 is

-.I ignoreeof
+.Ar ignoreeof

 which makes
 which makes

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 refuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message.
 refuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message.

-.I Ignoreeof
+.Ar Ignoreeof

 also applies to
 also applies to

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 command mode.
 command mode.

-.TP
-.B metoo
+.It Ar metoo

 Usually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the sender
 Usually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the sender

-is removed from the expansion.  Setting this option causes the sender
+is removed from the expansion.
+Setting this option causes the sender

 to be included in the group.
 to be included in the group.

-.TP
-.B nosave
-Normally, when you abort a message with two \s-2RUBOUT\s0,
-.I mail
-copies the partial letter to the file ``dead.letter''
-in your home directory. Setting the binary option
-.I nosave
+.It Ar noheader
+Setting the option
+.Ar noheader
+is the same as giving the
+.Fl N
+flag on the command line.
+.It Ar nosave
+Normally, when you abort a message with two
+.Tn RUBOUT
+(erase or delete)
+.Nm mail
+copies the partial letter to the file
+.Dq Pa dead.letter
+in your home directory.
+Setting the binary option
+.Ar nosave

 prevents this.
 prevents this.

-.TP
-.B quiet
+.It Ar Replyall
+Reverses the sense of
+.Ic reply
+and
+.Ic Reply
+commands.
+.It Ar quiet

 Suppresses the printing of the version when first invoked.
 Suppresses the printing of the version when first invoked.

-.TP
-.B verbose
+.It Ar searchheaders
+If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form ``/x:y''
+will expand to all messages containing the substring ``y'' in the header
+field ``x''.  The string search is case insensitive.
+If ``x'' is ommitted, it will default to the ``Subject'' header field.
+The form ``/to:y'' is a special case, and will expand
+to all messages containing the substring ``y'' in the ``To'', ``Cc''
+or ``Bcc'' header fields.
+The check for "to" is case sensitive, so that
+``/To:y'' can be used to limit the search for ``y'' to just
+the ``To:'' field.
+.It Ar verbose

 Setting the option
 Setting the option

-.I verbose
+.Ar verbose

 is the same as using the
 is the same as using the

-.B \-v
-flag on the command line. When mail runs in verbose mode,
-the actual delivery of messages is displayed on he users
+.Fl v
+flag on the command line.
+When mail runs in verbose mode,
+the actual delivery of messages is displayed on the user's

 terminal.
 terminal.

-.PP
-The following options have string values:
-.TP 15n
-EDITOR
+.El
+.Ss Option String Values
+.Bl -tag -width Va
+.It Ev EDITOR

 Pathname of the text editor to use in the
 Pathname of the text editor to use in the

-.B edit
-command and ~e escape.  If not defined, then a default editor is used.
-.TP
-SHELL
+.Ic edit
+command and
+.Ic \&~e
+escape.
+If not defined, then a default editor is used.
+.It Ev LISTER
+Pathname of the directory lister to use in the
+.Ic folders
+command.
+Default is
+.Pa /bin/ls .
+.It Ev PAGER
+Pathname of the program to use in the
+.Ic more
+command or when
+.Ic crt
+variable is set.
+The default paginator
+.Xr more 1
+is used if this option is not defined.
+.It Ev SHELL

 Pathname of the shell to use in the
 Pathname of the shell to use in the

-.B !
-command and the ~! escape.  A default shell is used if this option is
+.Ic \&!
+command and the
+.Ic \&~!
+escape.
+A default shell is used if this option is

 not defined.
 not defined.

-.TP
-VISUAL
+.It Ev VISUAL

 Pathname of the text editor to use in the
 Pathname of the text editor to use in the

-.B visual
-command and ~v escape.
-.TP
-.B crt
+.Ic visual
+command and
+.Ic \&~v
+escape.
+.ne 1i
+.It Va crt

 The valued option
 The valued option

-.I crt
+.Va crt

 is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must
 be before
 is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must
 be before

-.I more
+.Ev PAGER

 is used to read it.
 is used to read it.

-.TP
-.B escape
+If
+.Va crt
+is set without a value,
+then the height of the terminal screen stored in the system
+is used to compute the threshold (see
+.Xr stty 1 ) .
+.It Ar escape

 If defined, the first character of this option gives the character to
 use in the place of ~ to denote escapes.
 If defined, the first character of this option gives the character to
 use in the place of ~ to denote escapes.

-.TP
-.B folder
+.It Ar folder

 The name of the directory to use for storing folders of
 The name of the directory to use for storing folders of

-messages. If this name begins with a `/',
-.I mail
+messages.
+If this name begins with a `/',
+.Nm mail

 considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the
 folder directory is found relative to your home directory.
 considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the
 folder directory is found relative to your home directory.

-.TP
-.B record
+.It Ev MBOX
+The name of the
+.Ar mbox
+file.
+It can be the name of a folder.
+The default is
+.Dq Li mbox
+in the user's home directory.
+.It Ar record

 If defined, gives the pathname of the file used to record all outgoing
 If defined, gives the pathname of the file used to record all outgoing

-mail.  If not defined, then outgoing mail is not so saved.
-.TP
-.B toplines
+mail.
+If not defined, then outgoing mail is not so saved.
+.It Ar indentprefix
+String used by the ``~m'' tilde escape for indenting messages, in place of
+the normal tab character (^I).
+Be sure to quote the value if it contains
+spaces or tabs.
+.It Ar toplines

 If defined, gives the number of lines of a message to be printed out
 with the
 If defined, gives the number of lines of a message to be printed out
 with the

-.B top
+.Ic top

 command; normally, the first five lines are printed.
 command; normally, the first five lines are printed.

-.SH FILES
-.if n .ta 2.5i
-.if t .ta 1.8i
-/usr/spool/mail/*      post office
-.br
-~/mbox your old mail
-.br
-~/.mailrc      file giving initial mail commands
-.br
-/tmp/R#        temporary for editor escape
-.br
-/usr/lib/Mail.help*    help files
-.br
-/usr/lib/Mail.rc       system initialization file
-.br
-Message*       temporary for editing messages
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-binmail(1), fmt(1), newaliases(1), aliases(5),
-.br
-mailaddr(7), sendmail(8)
-.br
-`The Mail Reference Manual'
-.SH BUGS
-There are many flags that are not documented here. Most are
+.El
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Nm Mail
+utilizes the
+.Ev HOME
+and
+.Ev USER
+environment variables.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/Mail.help* -compact
+.It Pa /var/mail/*
+Post office.
+.It ~/mbox
+User's old mail.
+.It ~/.mailrc
+File giving initial mail commands.
+This can be overridden by setting the
+.Ev MAILRC
+environment variable.
+.It Pa /tmp/R*
+Temporary files.
+.It Pa /usr/share/misc/Mail.help*
+Help files.
+.It Pa /etc/mail.rc
+System initialization file.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr fmt 1 ,
+.Xr newaliases 1 ,
+.Xr vacation 1 ,
+.Xr aliases 5 ,
+.Xr mailaddr 7 ,
+.Xr sendmail 8
+and
+.Rs
+.%T "The Mail Reference Manual" .
+.Re
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm mail
+command
+appeared in
+.At v6 .
+This man page is derived from
+.%T "The Mail Reference Manual"
+originally written by Kurt Shoens.
+.Sh BUGS
+There are some flags that are not documented here.
+Most are

 not useful to the general user.
 not useful to the general user.

-.br
+.Pp

 Usually,
 Usually,

-.I mail
+.Nm mail

 is just a link to
 is just a link to

-.IR Mail ,
+.Nm Mail  ,

 which can be confusing.
 which can be confusing.

-.SH AUTHOR
-Kurt Shoens