Research V4 development

[unix-history] / man / man0 / basinf

diff --git a/man/man0/basinf b/man/man0/basinf
index 461f45c..0d12a5f 100644 (file)
--- a/man/man0/basinf
+++ b/man/man0/basinf
@@ -1,181 +1,134 @@
-.hc \ 6
-.na
-.fi
-.fo ''- % -''
+.tr |

 .bp
 .bp

-.bl 2

 .ce
 HOW TO GET STARTED
 .ce
 HOW TO GET STARTED

-
+.sp 1.5

 This section provides the basic information
 This section provides the basic information

-you need to get started on UNIX:
+you need to get started on \s8UNIX\s10:

 how to log in and log out,
 how to communicate through your terminal,
 and how to run a program.
 how to log in and log out,
 how to communicate through your terminal,
 and how to run a program.

-
-.ul
-Logging in
-
-You must call  UNIX from an appropriate terminal.
-UNIX supports ASCII terminals typified by the TTY 37,
+.pg
+.ft I
+Logging in.||
+.ft R
+You must call \s8UNIX\s10 from an appropriate terminal.
+\s8UNIX\s10 supports \s8ASCII\s10 terminals typified by the \s8TTY\s10 37,

 the GE Terminet 300, the Memorex 1240, and various
 the GE Terminet 300, the Memorex 1240, and various

-graphical terminals on the one hand, and IBM 2741-type
-terminals on the other.
-
-To use UNIX,
-you must have
-a valid UNIX user name,
+graphical terminals.
+You must also have a valid user name,

 which may be obtained, together with the telephone number, from the system administrators.
 which may be obtained, together with the telephone number, from the system administrators.

-

 The same telephone number
 serves terminals operating at all the standard speeds.
 After a data connection is established,
 the login procedure depends on what kind of terminal
 you are using.
 The same telephone number
 serves terminals operating at all the standard speeds.
 After a data connection is established,
 the login procedure depends on what kind of terminal
 you are using.

-
-.in 5
+.pg
+.in .5i

 .ul
 .ul

-TTY 37 terminal
-
-UNIX will type out "login: "; you respond with
+\s8TTY\s10 37 terminal:||
+\s8UNIX\s10 will type out ``login: ''; you respond with

 your user name.
 your user name.

-From the TTY 37 terminal, and any other which has the "new-line"
+From the \s8TTY\s10 37 terminal, and any other which has the ``new-line''

 function (combined carriage return and linefeed), terminate each line you type with the
 function (combined carriage return and linefeed), terminate each line you type with the

-"new line" key (not\b\b\b___ the "return" key).
-
+``new-line'' key
+(\fInot\fR the ``return'' key).
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-300-baud terminals
-
+300-baud terminals:||

 Such terminals include the GE Terminet 300, most display terminals,
 Execuport, TI, and certain
 Anderson-Jacobson terminals.
 These terminals generally have a speed
 Such terminals include the GE Terminet 300, most display terminals,
 Execuport, TI, and certain
 Anderson-Jacobson terminals.
 These terminals generally have a speed

-switch which should be set at "300" (or "30" for
+switch which should be set at ``300'' (or ``30'' for

 30 characters per second)
 and a half/full duplex switch which should be set at
 full-duplex.
 (Note that this switch will often have to be changed
 30 characters per second)
 and a half/full duplex switch which should be set at
 full-duplex.
 (Note that this switch will often have to be changed

-since MH-TSS requires half-duplex).
-When a connection with UNIX is established, a few garbage
+since many other systems require half-duplex).
+When a connection is established, a few garbage

 characters are typed (the login message at the wrong speed).
 characters are typed (the login message at the wrong speed).

-Depress the "break" key;
-this is a speed-independent signal to UNIX that a 300-baud
+Depress the ``break'' key;
+this is a speed-independent signal to \s8UNIX\s10 that a 300-baud

 terminal is in use.
 terminal is in use.

-UNIX will type "login: " at the correct speed; you type your
-user name, followed by the "return" key.
-Henceforth, the "return", "new line", or "linefeed" keys
+\s8UNIX\s10 will type ``login: '' at the correct speed; you type your
+user name, followed by the ``return'' key.
+Henceforth, the ``return'', ``new line'', or ``linefeed'' keys

 will give exactly the same results.
 will give exactly the same results.

-Each line must be terminated with one of these keys; no one
-is listening to you until the return is received.
-
-.ul
-Selectric terminals
-
-From an IBM 2741 or the Anderson-Jacobson Selectric terminal, no message will appear.
-After the data connection is established,
-press the "return" key.
-UNIX should type "login: " as described above.
-If the greeting does not appear after a few seconds,
-unlock the keyboard by switching the terminal
-to local and back to remote,
-and type "return".
-If necessary,
-hang up and try again; something has gone wrong.
-
+.pg

 .in 0
 For all these terminals, it is important
 that you type your name in lower case if possible; if you type
 .in 0
 For all these terminals, it is important
 that you type your name in lower case if possible; if you type

-upper case letters, UNIX
+upper case letters, \s8UNIX\s10

 will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case
 letters and will translate all subsequent upper-case
 letters to lower case.
 will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case
 letters and will translate all subsequent upper-case
 letters to lower case.

-
+.pg

 The evidence that you have successfully
 The evidence that you have successfully

-logged in is that a UNIX program, the Shell,
-will type a "%" to you.
+logged in is that the Shell program
+will type a ``%'' to you.

 (The Shell is described below under
 (The Shell is described below under

-"How to run a program".
-
+``How to run a program.'')
+.pg

 For more information, consult
 For more information, consult

-getty(VII), which discusses the login sequence in more
-detail, and dc(IV), which discusses typewriter I/O.
-
+\fIgetty\fR (VII), which discusses the login sequence in more
+detail, and \fIdc\fR (IV), which discusses typewriter I/O.
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-Logging out
-
+Logging out.||

 There are three ways to log out:
 There are three ways to log out:

-
-.in 5
+.pg
+.in .5i

 You can simply hang up the phone.
 You can simply hang up the phone.

-Hanging up is safe if you are at command level,
-that is, if the Shell has just typed its prompt
-signal "%".
-It is also safe if you are in interactive system
-programs, for example the editor.
-It is unsafe if you are executing
-a non-interactive program, or one of your own programs,
-which either does not read the typewriter or ignores
-the end-of-file indications which will result
-from hanging up.
-The reason is that UNIX, unlike most systems, does
-not terminate a program simply because
-it has been hung-up upon.
-
+.pg

 You can log out by typing an end-of-file indication
 You can log out by typing an end-of-file indication

-(EOT character, control "d") to the Shell.
-The Shell will terminate and the "login: " message
+(EOT character, control ``d'') to the Shell.
+The Shell will terminate and the ``login: '' message

 will appear again.
 will appear again.

-
+.pg

 You can also log in directly as another user
 You can also log in directly as another user

-by giving a login command
-(login (I)).
-
+by giving a \fIlogin\fR command (I).
+.pg

 .in 0
 .ul
 .in 0
 .ul

-How to communicate through your terminal
-
-When you type to UNIX, a gnome deep in the system
+How to communicate through your terminal.||
+When you type to \s8UNIX\s10, a gnome deep in the system

 is gathering your characters and saving them in a secret
 place.
 The
 characters will not be given to a program
 is gathering your characters and saving them in a secret
 place.
 The
 characters will not be given to a program

-until you type a return, as described above
+until you type a return (or new-line), as described above

 in
 .ul
 Logging in.
 in
 .ul
 Logging in.

-
-UNIX typewriter I/O is full-duplex (except for Selectric
-terminals).
+.pg
+\s8UNIX\s10 typewriter I/O is full-duplex.

 It has full read-ahead, which means that you can
 type at any time,
 even while a program is
 typing at you.
 Of course, if you type during output, the output will
 have the input characters interspersed.
 It has full read-ahead, which means that you can
 type at any time,
 even while a program is
 typing at you.
 Of course, if you type during output, the output will
 have the input characters interspersed.

-However, what\ 6ever you type will be saved
+However, whatever you type will be saved

 up and interpreted in correct sequence.
 up and interpreted in correct sequence.

-

 There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead,
 but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless
 the system is in trouble.
 When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system
 There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead,
 but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless
 the system is in trouble.
 When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system

-stops echoing input characters,
-and starts echoing "#" no matter what you typed.
-The last character which was echoed correctly will be
-received correctly by the program to which you were talking;
-subsequent characters have been thrown away.
-
-On a typewriter input line, the character "@"
+throws away all the saved characters.
+(We reassure you that this doesn't happen often.)|
+.pg
+On a typewriter input line, the character ``@''

 kills all the characters typed before it, so typing mistakes
 can be repaired on a single line.
 kills all the characters typed before it, so typing mistakes
 can be repaired on a single line.

-Also, the character "#" erases the last character typed.
-Successive uses of "#" erase characters back to, but
+Also, the character ``#'' erases the last character typed.
+Successive uses of ``#'' erase characters back to, but

 not beyond, the beginning of the line.
 not beyond, the beginning of the line.

-"@" and "#" can be transmitted to a program
-by preceding them with "\\".
-(So, to erase "\\", you need two "#"s).
-
-The ASCII "delete" (a.k.a. "rubout") character is not passed to programs
+``@'' and ``#'' can be transmitted to a program
+by preceding them with ``\\''.
+(So, to erase ``\\'', you need two ``#''s).
+.pg
+The \s8ASCII\s10 ``delete'' (a.k.a. ``rubout'') character is not passed to programs

 but instead generates
 an
 .ul
 but instead generates
 an
 .ul


@@ -194,18 +147,18 @@ stops what it is doing,
 instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can
 be used to halt an editor printout without
 losing the file being edited.
 instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can
 be used to halt an editor printout without
 losing the file being edited.

-
-The quit\b\b\b\b____ signal is generated
-by typing the ASCII FS character.
+.pg
+The \fIquit\fR signal is generated
+by typing the \s8ASCII\s10 FS character.

 It not only causes a running program to terminate
 but also generates a file with the core image
 of the terminated process.
 Quit is useful
 for debugging.
 It not only causes a running program to terminate
 but also generates a file with the core image
 of the terminated process.
 Quit is useful
 for debugging.

-
+.pg

 Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal,
 Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal,

-UNIX tries to be intelligent about whether
-you have a terminal with the "new line" function
+\s8UNIX\s10 tries to be intelligent about whether
+you have a terminal with the new-line function

 or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return
 and line-feed.
 In the latter case, all input carriage returns
 or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return
 and line-feed.
 In the latter case, all input carriage returns


@@ -213,29 +166,28 @@ are turned to new-line characters (the standard
 line delimiter)
 and both a carriage return and a line feed
 are echoed to the terminal.
 line delimiter)
 and both a carriage return and a line feed
 are echoed to the terminal.

-If you get into the wrong mode, the stty command
+If you get into the wrong mode, the \fIstty\fR command

 (I) will rescue you.
 (I) will rescue you.

-
-Tab characters are used freely in UNIX source programs.
+.pg
+Tab characters are used freely in \s8UNIX\s10 source programs.

 If your terminal does not have the tab function,
 you can arrange to have them turned into spaces
 during output, and echoed as spaces
 during input.
 The system assumes
 that tabs are set every eight columns.
 If your terminal does not have the tab function,
 you can arrange to have them turned into spaces
 during output, and echoed as spaces
 during input.
 The system assumes
 that tabs are set every eight columns.

-Again, the stty command (I)
+Again, the \fIstty\fR command (I)

 will set or reset this mode.
 will set or reset this mode.

-Also, there is a file which, if printed on TTY 37
+Also, there is a file which, if printed on \s8TTY\s10 37

 or TermiNet 300 terminals, will set the tab stops
 or TermiNet 300 terminals, will set the tab stops

-correctly (tabs(VII)).
-
-Section dc(IV) discusses typewriter I/O more fully.
-Section kl(IV) discusses the console typewriter.
-
+correctly (\fItabs\fR (VII)).
+.pg
+Section \fIdc\fR (IV) discusses typewriter I/O more fully.
+Section \fIkl\fR (IV) discusses the console typewriter.
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-How to run a program; The Shell
-
-When you have successfully logged into UNIX, a program
+How to run a program; The Shell.||
+When you have successfully logged into \s8UNIX\s10, a program

 called the Shell is listening to your terminal.
 The Shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up
 into a command name and arguments, and executes the command.
 called the Shell is listening to your terminal.
 The Shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up
 into a command name and arguments, and executes the command.


@@ -247,21 +199,20 @@ and if none is there, then in a system directory.
 There is nothing special about system-provided
 commands except that they are kept in a directory
 where the Shell can find them.
 There is nothing special about system-provided
 commands except that they are kept in a directory
 where the Shell can find them.

-
+.pg

 The command name is always the first word on an input line;
 it and its arguments are separated from one another by
 spaces.
 The command name is always the first word on an input line;
 it and its arguments are separated from one another by
 spaces.

-
+.pg

 When a program terminates, the Shell will ordinarily regain control and type 
 When a program terminates, the Shell will ordinarily regain control and type 

-a "%" at you to indicate that it is ready for another command.
-
+a ``%'' at you to indicate that it is ready for another command.
+.pg

 The Shell has many other capabilities, which are described in detail in section
 The Shell has many other capabilities, which are described in detail in section

-sh(I).
-
+\fIsh\fR\|(I).
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-The current directory
-
-UNIX has a file system arranged in a hierarchy of directories.
+The current directory.||
+\s8UNIX\s10 has a file system arranged in a hierarchy of directories.

 When the system administrator gave you a user name,
 he also created a directory for you (ordinarily
 with the same name as your user name).
 When the system administrator gave you a user name,
 he also created a directory for you (ordinarily
 with the same name as your user name).


@@ -274,116 +225,153 @@ its contents.
 Permissions to have your will with other directories
 and files will have been granted or denied to you
 by their owners.
 Permissions to have your will with other directories
 and files will have been granted or denied to you
 by their owners.

-As a matter of observed fact, few UNIX users
+As a matter of observed fact, few \s8UNIX\s10 users

 protect their files from destruction,
 let alone perusal, by other users.
 protect their files from destruction,
 let alone perusal, by other users.

-
+.pg

 To change the
 current directory (but not the set of permissions you
 To change the
 current directory (but not the set of permissions you

-were endowed with at login) use chdir(I).
-
+were endowed with at login) use \fIchdir\fR (I).
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-Path names
-
-To reference files not in the current directory, you must
+Path names.||
+To refer to files not in the current directory, you must

 use a path name.
 use a path name.

-
-Full path names begin with "/", the name of the root directory of the
+Full path names begin with ``/'', the name of the root directory of the

 whole file system.
 After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next
 whole file system.
 After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next

-sub-directory (followed by a "/") until finally the
+sub-directory (followed by a ``/'') until finally the

 file name is reached.
 file name is reached.

-E.g.: "/usr/lem/filex" refers to file "filex" in directory "lem"; "lem"
-is itself a sub-directory of "usr"; "usr" springs directly from the root
-directory.
-
+E.g.:
+.ul
+/\|usr/\|lem/\|filex
+refers to the file
+.ul
+filex
+in the directory
+.ul
+lem; lem
+is itself a subdirectory of
+.ul
+usr; usr
+springs directly from the root directory.
+.pg

 If your current directory has subdirectories,
 the path names of files therein begin with
 If your current directory has subdirectories,
 the path names of files therein begin with

-the name of the subdirectory (no prefixed "/").
-
+the name of the subdirectory (no prefixed ``/'').
+.pg

 Without important exception,
 a path name may be used anywhere a file name is
 required.
 Without important exception,
 a path name may be used anywhere a file name is
 required.

-
+.pg

 Important commands which modify the contents of files
 Important commands which modify the contents of files

-are cp(I), mv(I), and rm(I),
+are \fIcp\fR (I), \fImv\fR (I), and \fIrm\fR (I),

 which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files.
 which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files.

-To find out the status of files or directories, use ls(I) and stat(I).
-See mkdir(I) for making directories; rmdir(I) for destroying them.
-
-For a fuller discussion of the file system, see MM-71-1273-4.
+To find out the status of files or directories, use \fIls\fR (I).
+See \fImkdir\fR (I) for making directories; \fIrmdir\fR (I) for destroying them.
+.pg
+For a fuller discussion of the file system, see
+``The \s8UNIX\s10 Time-Sharing System,''
+by the present authors,
+to appear in the Communications of the ACM;
+a version is also available from the same source as this
+manual.

 It may also be useful to glance through
 section II of this manual, which discusses
 system calls, even if you don't intend
 to deal with the system at the assembly-language level.
 It may also be useful to glance through
 section II of this manual, which discusses
 system calls, even if you don't intend
 to deal with the system at the assembly-language level.

-
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-Writing a program
-
-To enter the text of a source program into a UNIX file, use ed(I).
-The three principal languages in UNIX are
-assembly language (see as(I)), Fortran (see fc(I)),
-and C (see cc(I)).
+Writing a program.||
+To enter the text of a source program into a \s8UNIX\s10 file, use \fIed\fR (I).
+The three principal languages in \s8UNIX\s10 are
+assembly language (see \fIas\fR (I)), Fortran (see \fIfc\fR (I)),
+and C (see \fIcc\fR (I)).

 After the program text has been entered through 
 the editor
 and written on a file, you can give the file
 to the appropriate language processor as an argument.
 The output of the language processor
 After the program text has been entered through 
 the editor
 and written on a file, you can give the file
 to the appropriate language processor as an argument.
 The output of the language processor

-will be left on a file in the current directory named "a.out".
-(If the output is precious, use mv to move it to a less
-exposed name soon.)
+will be left on a file in the current directory named ``a.out''.
+(If the output is precious, use \fImv\fR to move it to a less
+exposed name soon.)|

 If you wrote in assembly language, you will probably
 need to load the program with library subroutines; see
 If you wrote in assembly language, you will probably
 need to load the program with library subroutines; see

-ld(I).  The other two language processors call
+\fIld \fR(I).  The other two language processors call

 the loader automatically.
 the loader automatically.

-
+.pg

 When you have finally gone through this entire process
 without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program
 can be run by giving its name to the Shell
 When you have finally gone through this entire process
 without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program
 can be run by giving its name to the Shell

-in response to the "%" prompt.
-
-The next command you will need is db(I).
-As a debugger, db is better than average for
+in response to the ``%'' prompt.
+.pg
+The next command you will need is \fIdb\fR (I).
+As a debugger, \fIdb\fR is better than average for

 assembly-language programs,
 marginally useful for C programs
 assembly-language programs,
 marginally useful for C programs

-(when completed, cdb(I) will be a boon),
+(when completed, \fIcdb\fR (I) will be a boon),

 and virtually useless for Fortran.
 and virtually useless for Fortran.

-
+.pg

 Your programs can receive arguments from the command line
 Your programs can receive arguments from the command line

-just as system programs do.  For assembly language programs,
-see exec(II).
-
+just as system programs do.
+See \fIexec\fR (II).
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-Text processing
-
+Text processing.||

 Almost all text is entered through the editor.
 The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are:
 Almost all text is entered through the editor.
 The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are:

-cat(I), pr(I), roff(I), or nroff(I).
-
-The cat command simply dumps ASCII text
+.ul
+cat, pr, roff, nroff,
+and
+.ul
+troff,
+all in section I.
+.pg
+The \fIcat\fR command simply dumps \s8ASCII\s10 text

 on the terminal, with no processing at all.
 on the terminal, with no processing at all.

-The pr command paginates the text and supplies headings.
-The nroff command is an elaborate text formatting program,
-and requires careful forethought
+The \fIpr\fR command paginates the text, supplies headings,
+and has a facility for multi-column output.
+.ul
+Troff
+and
+.ul
+nroff
+are elaborate text formatting programs,
+and require careful forethought

 in entering both the text and the formatting commands
 into the input file.
 in entering both the text and the formatting commands
 into the input file.

-The roff command is a somewhat less elaborate formatting
+.ul
+Troff
+drives a Graphic Systems phototypesetter;
+it was used to produce this manual.
+.ul
+Nroff
+produces output on a typewriter terminal.
+.ul
+Roff
+(I)
+is a somewhat less elaborate text formatting

 program, and requires somewhat less forethought.
 program, and requires somewhat less forethought.

-
+.pg

 .ul
 .ul

-Surprises
-
+Surprises.||

 Certain commands provide inter-user communication.
 Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be
 well to learn something about them, because someone else may
 aim them at you.
 Certain commands provide inter-user communication.
 Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be
 well to learn something about them, because someone else may
 aim them at you.

-
+.pg

 To communicate with another user currently logged in,
 To communicate with another user currently logged in,

-write(I) is used.  To leave a message the presence of which will be
-announced to another user when he next logs in, mail(I)
-is used. 
+.ul
+write
+(I)
+is used;
+.ul
+mail
+(I)
+will leave a message whose presence will be announced
+to another user when he next logs in.

 The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to
 the two commands if you are a target.
 The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to
 the two commands if you are a target.

-
+.pg

 When you log in, a message-of-the-day may greet you
 When you log in, a message-of-the-day may greet you

-before the first "%".
+before the first ``%''.