[OpenSPARC-T2-DV] / tools / perl-5.8.0 / man / man3 / I18N::LangTags::List.3

.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.34, Pod::Parser v1.13
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sh \" Subsection heading
.br
.if t .Sp
.ne 5
.PP
\fB\\$1\fR
.PP
..
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  | will give a
.\" real vertical bar.  \*(C+ will give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to
.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C'
.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
.    ds -- \(*W-
.    ds PI pi
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
.    ds L" ""
.    ds R" ""
.    ds C` ""
.    ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
.    ds -- \|\(em\|
.    ds PI \(*p
.    ds L" ``
.    ds R" ''
'br\}
.\"
.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.if \nF \{\
.    de IX
.    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
.    nr % 0
.    rr F
.\}
.\"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.hy 0
.if n .na
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds #H 0
.    ds #V .8m
.    ds #F .3m
.    ds #[ \f1
.    ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
.    ds #V .6m
.    ds #F 0
.    ds #[ \&
.    ds #] \&
.\}
.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds ' \&
.    ds ` \&
.    ds ^ \&
.    ds , \&
.    ds ~ ~
.    ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
.    \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
.    ds : e
.    ds 8 ss
.    ds o a
.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
.    ds th \o'bp'
.    ds Th \o'LP'
.    ds ae ae
.    ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "I18N::LangTags::List 3"
.TH I18N::LangTags::List 3 "2002-06-01" "perl v5.8.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.SH "NAME"
I18N::LangTags::List \-\- tags and names for human languages
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 7
\&  use I18N::LangTags::List;
\&  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
\&    ), "?\en";
.Ve
.PP
prints:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This module provides a function 
\&\f(CW\*(C`I18N::LangTags::List::name( \f(CIlangtag\f(CW ) \*(C'\fR that takes
a language tag (see I18N::LangTags)
and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or
undef if it can't make sense of the tag.
.PP
The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.
.PP
The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as
\&\f(CW%I18N::LangTags::List::Name\fR, and it's the same as the list
that follows in this documentation, which should be useful
to you even if you don't use this module.
.SH "ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS"
.IX Header "ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS"
Internet language tags, as defined in \s-1RFC\s0 3066, are a formalism
for denoting human languages.  The two-letter \s-1ISO\s0 639\-1 language
codes are well known (as \*(L"en\*(R" for English), as are their forms
when qualified by a country code (\*(L"en\-US\*(R").  Less well-known are the
arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like \*(L"i\-mingo\*(R"), and the 
recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter \s-1ISO\-639\-2\s0 codes.
.PP
Remember these important facts:
.IP "\(bu" 4
Language tags are not locale IDs.  A locale \s-1ID\s0 is written with a \*(L"_\*(R"
instead of a \*(L"\-\*(R", (almost?) always matches \f(CW\*(C`m/^\ew\ew_\ew\ew\eb/\*(C'\fR, and
\&\fImeans\fR something different than a language tag.  A language tag
denotes a language.  A locale \s-1ID\s0 denotes a language \fIas used in\fR
a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic
location-specific information such as what currency is used
there.  Locales \fIalso\fR often denote character set information,
as in \*(L"en_US.ISO8859\-1\*(R".
.IP "\(bu" 4
Language tags are not for computer languages.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\*(L"Dialect\*(R" is not a useful term, since there is no objective
criterion for establishing when two language-forms are
dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Language tags are not case\-sensitive.  en\-US, en\-us, En\-Us, etc.,
are all the same tag, and denote the same language.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Not every language tag really refers to a single language.  Some
language tags refer to conditions: i\-default (system\-message text
in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined
language).  Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are
bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as
with cus \*(L"Cushitic (Other)\*(R" (i.e., a
language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more
specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent
sai for \*(L"South American Indian (Other)\*(R".  Though useful in
bibliography, \fB\s-1SUCH\s0 \s-1TAGS\s0 \s-1ARE\s0 \s-1NOT\s0
\&\s-1FOR\s0 \s-1GENERAL\s0 \s-1USE\s0\fR.  For further guidance, email me.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Language tags are not country codes.  In fact, they are often
distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and
\&\s-1ISO\s0 3166 country code \f(CW\*(C`.jp\*(C'\fR for Japan.
.SH "LIST OF LANGUAGES"
.IX Header "LIST OF LANGUAGES"
The first part of each item is the language tag, between
{...}.  It
is followed by an English name for the language or language\-group.
Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.
.PP
This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.
.IP "{ab} : Abkhazian" 4
.IX Item "{ab} : Abkhazian"
eq Abkhaz
.IP "{ace} : Achinese" 4
.IX Item "{ace} : Achinese"
.PD 0
.IP "{ach} : Acoli" 4
.IX Item "{ach} : Acoli"
.IP "{ada} : Adangme" 4
.IX Item "{ada} : Adangme"
.IP "{aa} : Afar" 4
.IX Item "{aa} : Afar"
.IP "{afh} : Afrihili" 4
.IX Item "{afh} : Afrihili"
.PD
(Artificial)
.IP "{af} : Afrikaans" 4
.IX Item "{af} : Afrikaans"
.PD 0
.IP "[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]"
.IP "{aka} : Akan" 4
.IX Item "{aka} : Akan"
.IP "{akk} : Akkadian" 4
.IX Item "{akk} : Akkadian"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{sq} : Albanian" 4
.IX Item "{sq} : Albanian"
.PD 0
.IP "{ale} : Aleut" 4
.IX Item "{ale} : Aleut"
.IP "[{alg} : Algonquian languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{alg} : Algonquian languages]"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Algonquin!
.IP "[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{am} : Amharic" 4
.IX Item "{am} : Amharic"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Aramaic!
.IP "{i\-ami} : Ami" 4
.IX Item "{i-ami} : Ami"
eq Amis.  eq 'Amis.  eq Pangca.
.IP "[{apa} : Apache languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{apa} : Apache languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{ar} : Arabic" 4
.IX Item "{ar} : Arabic"
.PD
Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable forms:
{ar\-ae} \s-1UAE\s0 Arabic;
{ar\-bh} Bahrain Arabic;
{ar\-dz} Algerian Arabic;
{ar\-eg} Egyptian Arabic;
{ar\-iq} Iraqi Arabic;
{ar\-jo} Jordanian Arabic;
{ar\-kw} Kuwait Arabic;
{ar\-lb} Lebanese Arabic;
{ar\-ly} Libyan Arabic;
{ar\-ma} Moroccan Arabic;
{ar\-om} Omani Arabic;
{ar\-qa} Qatari Arabic;
{ar\-sa} Sauda Arabic;
{ar\-sy} Syrian Arabic;
{ar\-tn} Tunisian Arabic;
{ar\-ye} Yemen Arabic.
.IP "{arc} : Aramaic" 4
.IX Item "{arc} : Aramaic"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Amharic!  \s-1NOT\s0 Samaritan Aramaic!
.IP "{arp} : Arapaho" 4
.IX Item "{arp} : Arapaho"
.PD 0
.IP "{arn} : Araucanian" 4
.IX Item "{arn} : Araucanian"
.IP "{arw} : Arawak" 4
.IX Item "{arw} : Arawak"
.IP "{hy} : Armenian" 4
.IX Item "{hy} : Armenian"
.IP "[{art} : Artificial (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{art} : Artificial (Other)]"
.IP "{as} : Assamese" 4
.IX Item "{as} : Assamese"
.IP "[{ath} : Athapascan languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{ath} : Athapascan languages]"
.PD
eq Athabaskan.  eq Athapaskan.  eq Athabascan.
.IP "[{aus} : Australian languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{aus} : Australian languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]"
.IP "{ava} : Avaric" 4
.IX Item "{ava} : Avaric"
.IP "{ae} : Avestan" 4
.IX Item "{ae} : Avestan"
.PD
eq Zend
.IP "{awa} : Awadhi" 4
.IX Item "{awa} : Awadhi"
.PD 0
.IP "{ay} : Aymara" 4
.IX Item "{ay} : Aymara"
.IP "{az} : Azerbaijani" 4
.IX Item "{az} : Azerbaijani"
.PD
eq Azeri
.IP "{ban} : Balinese" 4
.IX Item "{ban} : Balinese"
.PD 0
.IP "[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]"
.IP "{bal} : Baluchi" 4
.IX Item "{bal} : Baluchi"
.IP "{bam} : Bambara" 4
.IX Item "{bam} : Bambara"
.IP "[{bai} : Bamileke languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{bai} : Bamileke languages]"
.IP "{bad} : Banda" 4
.IX Item "{bad} : Banda"
.IP "[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]"
.IP "{bas} : Basa" 4
.IX Item "{bas} : Basa"
.IP "{ba} : Bashkir" 4
.IX Item "{ba} : Bashkir"
.IP "{eu} : Basque" 4
.IX Item "{eu} : Basque"
.IP "{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)" 4
.IX Item "{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)"
.IP "{bej} : Beja" 4
.IX Item "{bej} : Beja"
.IP "{be} : Belarusian" 4
.IX Item "{be} : Belarusian"
.PD
eq Belarussian.  eq Byelarussian.
eq Belorussian.  eq Byelorussian.
eq White Russian.  eq White Ruthenian.
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Ruthenian!
.IP "{bem} : Bemba" 4
.IX Item "{bem} : Bemba"
.PD 0
.IP "{bn} : Bengali" 4
.IX Item "{bn} : Bengali"
.PD
eq Bangla.
.IP "[{ber} : Berber (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{ber} : Berber (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{bho} : Bhojpuri" 4
.IX Item "{bho} : Bhojpuri"
.IP "{bh} : Bihari" 4
.IX Item "{bh} : Bihari"
.IP "{bik} : Bikol" 4
.IX Item "{bik} : Bikol"
.IP "{bin} : Bini" 4
.IX Item "{bin} : Bini"
.IP "{bi} : Bislama" 4
.IX Item "{bi} : Bislama"
.PD
eq Bichelamar.
.IP "{bs} : Bosnian" 4
.IX Item "{bs} : Bosnian"
.PD 0
.IP "{bra} : Braj" 4
.IX Item "{bra} : Braj"
.IP "{br} : Breton" 4
.IX Item "{br} : Breton"
.IP "{bug} : Buginese" 4
.IX Item "{bug} : Buginese"
.IP "{bg} : Bulgarian" 4
.IX Item "{bg} : Bulgarian"
.IP "{i\-bnn} : Bunun" 4
.IX Item "{i-bnn} : Bunun"
.IP "{bua} : Buriat" 4
.IX Item "{bua} : Buriat"
.IP "{my} : Burmese" 4
.IX Item "{my} : Burmese"
.IP "{cad} : Caddo" 4
.IX Item "{cad} : Caddo"
.IP "{car} : Carib" 4
.IX Item "{car} : Carib"
.IP "{ca} : Catalan" 4
.IX Item "{ca} : Catalan"
.PD
eq Catala\*'n.  eq Catalonian.
.IP "[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{ceb} : Cebuano" 4
.IX Item "{ceb} : Cebuano"
.IP "[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]"
.PD
Notable forms:
{cel\-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)
.IP "[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{chg} : Chagatai" 4
.IX Item "{chg} : Chagatai"
.PD
(Historical?)
.IP "[{cmc} : Chamic languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{cmc} : Chamic languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{ch} : Chamorro" 4
.IX Item "{ch} : Chamorro"
.IP "{ce} : Chechen" 4
.IX Item "{ce} : Chechen"
.IP "{chr} : Cherokee" 4
.IX Item "{chr} : Cherokee"
.PD
eq Tsalagi
.IP "{chy} : Cheyenne" 4
.IX Item "{chy} : Cheyenne"
.PD 0
.IP "{chb} : Chibcha" 4
.IX Item "{chb} : Chibcha"
.PD
(Historical)  \s-1NOT\s0 Chibchan (which is a language family).
.IP "{ny} : Chichewa" 4
.IX Item "{ny} : Chichewa"
eq Nyanja.  eq Chinyanja.
.IP "{zh} : Chinese" 4
.IX Item "{zh} : Chinese"
Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable subforms:
{zh\-cn} \s-1PRC\s0 Chinese;
{zh\-hk} Hong Kong Chinese;
{zh\-mo} Macau Chinese;
{zh\-sg} Singapore Chinese;
{zh\-tw} Taiwan Chinese;
{zh\-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu];
{zh\-hakka} Hakka [formerly i\-hakka];
{zh\-min} Hokkien;
{zh\-min\-nan} Southern Hokkien;
{zh\-wuu} Shanghaiese;
{zh\-xiang} Hunanese;
{zh\-gan} Gan;
{zh\-yue} Cantonese.
.IP "{chn} : Chinook Jargon" 4
.IX Item "{chn} : Chinook Jargon"
eq Chinook Wawa.
.IP "{chp} : Chipewyan" 4
.IX Item "{chp} : Chipewyan"
.PD 0
.IP "{cho} : Choctaw" 4
.IX Item "{cho} : Choctaw"
.IP "{cu} : Church Slavic" 4
.IX Item "{cu} : Church Slavic"
.PD
eq Old Church Slavonic.
.IP "{chk} : Chuukese" 4
.IX Item "{chk} : Chuukese"
eq Trukese.  eq Chuuk.  eq Truk.  eq Ruk.
.IP "{cv} : Chuvash" 4
.IX Item "{cv} : Chuvash"
.PD 0
.IP "{cop} : Coptic" 4
.IX Item "{cop} : Coptic"
.IP "{kw} : Cornish" 4
.IX Item "{kw} : Cornish"
.IP "{co} : Corsican" 4
.IX Item "{co} : Corsican"
.PD
eq Corse.
.IP "{cre} : Cree" 4
.IX Item "{cre} : Cree"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Creek!
.IP "{mus} : Creek" 4
.IX Item "{mus} : Creek"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Cree!
.IP "[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]"
.IP "[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]"
.IP "[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]"
.IP "{hr} : Croatian" 4
.IX Item "{hr} : Croatian"
.PD
eq Croat.
.IP "[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{cs} : Czech" 4
.IX Item "{cs} : Czech"
.IP "{dak} : Dakota" 4
.IX Item "{dak} : Dakota"
.PD
eq Nakota.  eq Latoka.
.IP "{da} : Danish" 4
.IX Item "{da} : Danish"
.PD 0
.IP "{day} : Dayak" 4
.IX Item "{day} : Dayak"
.IP "{i\-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language" 4
.IX Item "{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language"
.PD
Defined in \s-1RFC\s0 2277, this is for tagging text
(which must include English text, and might/should include text
in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context
where language-negotiation wasn't possible \*(-- in \s-1SMTP\s0 mail failure
messages, for example.
.IP "{del} : Delaware" 4
.IX Item "{del} : Delaware"
.PD 0
.IP "{din} : Dinka" 4
.IX Item "{din} : Dinka"
.IP "{div} : Divehi" 4
.IX Item "{div} : Divehi"
.IP "{doi} : Dogri" 4
.IX Item "{doi} : Dogri"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Dogrib!
.IP "{dgr} : Dogrib" 4
.IX Item "{dgr} : Dogrib"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Dogri!
.IP "[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{dua} : Duala" 4
.IX Item "{dua} : Duala"
.IP "{nl} : Dutch" 4
.IX Item "{nl} : Dutch"
.PD
eq Netherlander.  Notable forms:
{nl\-nl} Netherlands Dutch;
{nl\-be} Belgian Dutch.
.IP "{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050\-1350)" 4
.IX Item "{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)"
(Historical)
.IP "{dyu} : Dyula" 4
.IX Item "{dyu} : Dyula"
.PD 0
.IP "{dz} : Dzongkha" 4
.IX Item "{dz} : Dzongkha"
.IP "{efi} : Efik" 4
.IX Item "{efi} : Efik"
.IP "{egy} : Ancient Egyptian" 4
.IX Item "{egy} : Ancient Egyptian"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{eka} : Ekajuk" 4
.IX Item "{eka} : Ekajuk"
.PD 0
.IP "{elx} : Elamite" 4
.IX Item "{elx} : Elamite"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{en} : English" 4
.IX Item "{en} : English"
Notable forms:
{en\-au} Australian English;
{en\-bz} Belize English;
{en\-ca} Canadian English;
{en\-gb} \s-1UK\s0 English;
{en\-ie} Irish English;
{en\-jm} Jamaican English;
{en\-nz} New Zealand English;
{en\-ph} Philippine English;
{en\-tt} Trinidad English;
{en\-us} \s-1US\s0 English;
{en\-za} South African English;
{en\-zw} Zimbabwe English.
.IP "{enm} : Old English (1100\-1500)" 4
.IX Item "{enm} : Old English (1100-1500)"
(Historical)
.IP "{ang} : Old English (ca.450\-1100)" 4
.IX Item "{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)"
eq Anglo\-Saxon.  (Historical)
.IP "{eo} : Esperanto" 4
.IX Item "{eo} : Esperanto"
(Artificial)
.IP "{et} : Estonian" 4
.IX Item "{et} : Estonian"
.PD 0
.IP "{ewe} : Ewe" 4
.IX Item "{ewe} : Ewe"
.IP "{ewo} : Ewondo" 4
.IX Item "{ewo} : Ewondo"
.IP "{fan} : Fang" 4
.IX Item "{fan} : Fang"
.IP "{fat} : Fanti" 4
.IX Item "{fat} : Fanti"
.IP "{fo} : Faroese" 4
.IX Item "{fo} : Faroese"
.IP "{fj} : Fijian" 4
.IX Item "{fj} : Fijian"
.IP "{fi} : Finnish" 4
.IX Item "{fi} : Finnish"
.IP "[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]"
.PD
eq Finno\-Ugric.  \s-1NOT\s0 Ugaritic!
.IP "{fon} : Fon" 4
.IX Item "{fon} : Fon"
.PD 0
.IP "{fr} : French" 4
.IX Item "{fr} : French"
.PD
Notable forms:
{fr\-fr} France French;
{fr\-be} Belgian French;
{fr\-ca} Canadian French;
{fr\-ch} Swiss French;
{fr\-lu} Luxembourg French;
{fr\-mc} Monaco French.
.IP "{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400\-1600)" 4
.IX Item "{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)"
(Historical)
.IP "{fro} : Old French (842\-ca.1400)" 4
.IX Item "{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)"
(Historical)
.IP "{fy} : Frisian" 4
.IX Item "{fy} : Frisian"
.PD 0
.IP "{fur} : Friulian" 4
.IX Item "{fur} : Friulian"
.IP "{ful} : Fulah" 4
.IX Item "{ful} : Fulah"
.IP "{gaa} : Ga" 4
.IX Item "{gaa} : Ga"
.IP "{gd} : Scots Gaelic" 4
.IX Item "{gd} : Scots Gaelic"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Scots!
.IP "{gl} : Gallegan" 4
.IX Item "{gl} : Gallegan"
eq Galician
.IP "{lug} : Ganda" 4
.IX Item "{lug} : Ganda"
.PD 0
.IP "{gay} : Gayo" 4
.IX Item "{gay} : Gayo"
.IP "{gba} : Gbaya" 4
.IX Item "{gba} : Gbaya"
.IP "{gez} : Geez" 4
.IX Item "{gez} : Geez"
.PD
eq Ge'ez
.IP "{ka} : Georgian" 4
.IX Item "{ka} : Georgian"
.PD 0
.IP "{de} : German" 4
.IX Item "{de} : German"
.PD
Notable forms:
{de\-at} Austrian German;
{de\-be} Belgian German;
{de\-ch} Swiss German;
{de\-de} Germany German;
{de\-li} Liechtenstein German;
{de\-lu} Luxembourg German.
.IP "{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050\-1500)" 4
.IX Item "{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)"
(Historical)
.IP "{goh} : Old High German (ca.750\-1050)" 4
.IX Item "{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)"
(Historical)
.IP "[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{gil} : Gilbertese" 4
.IX Item "{gil} : Gilbertese"
.IP "{gon} : Gondi" 4
.IX Item "{gon} : Gondi"
.IP "{gor} : Gorontalo" 4
.IX Item "{gor} : Gorontalo"
.IP "{got} : Gothic" 4
.IX Item "{got} : Gothic"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{grb} : Grebo" 4
.IX Item "{grb} : Grebo"
.PD 0
.IP "{grc} : Ancient Greek" 4
.IX Item "{grc} : Ancient Greek"
.PD
(Historical)  (Until 15th century or so.)
.IP "{el} : Modern Greek" 4
.IX Item "{el} : Modern Greek"
(Since 15th century or so.)
.IP "{gn} : Guarani" 4
.IX Item "{gn} : Guarani"
Guarani\*'
.IP "{gu} : Gujarati" 4
.IX Item "{gu} : Gujarati"
.PD 0
.IP "{gwi} : Gwich'in" 4
.IX Item "{gwi} : Gwich'in"
.PD
eq Gwichin
.IP "{hai} : Haida" 4
.IX Item "{hai} : Haida"
.PD 0
.IP "{ha} : Hausa" 4
.IX Item "{ha} : Hausa"
.IP "{haw} : Hawaiian" 4
.IX Item "{haw} : Hawaiian"
.PD
Hawai'ian
.IP "{he} : Hebrew" 4
.IX Item "{he} : Hebrew"
(Formerly \*(L"iw\*(R".)
.IP "{hz} : Herero" 4
.IX Item "{hz} : Herero"
.PD 0
.IP "{hil} : Hiligaynon" 4
.IX Item "{hil} : Hiligaynon"
.IP "{him} : Himachali" 4
.IX Item "{him} : Himachali"
.IP "{hi} : Hindi" 4
.IX Item "{hi} : Hindi"
.IP "{ho} : Hiri Motu" 4
.IX Item "{ho} : Hiri Motu"
.IP "{hit} : Hittite" 4
.IX Item "{hit} : Hittite"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{hmn} : Hmong" 4
.IX Item "{hmn} : Hmong"
.PD 0
.IP "{hu} : Hungarian" 4
.IX Item "{hu} : Hungarian"
.IP "{hup} : Hupa" 4
.IX Item "{hup} : Hupa"
.IP "{iba} : Iban" 4
.IX Item "{iba} : Iban"
.IP "{is} : Icelandic" 4
.IX Item "{is} : Icelandic"
.IP "{ibo} : Igbo" 4
.IX Item "{ibo} : Igbo"
.IP "{ijo} : Ijo" 4
.IX Item "{ijo} : Ijo"
.IP "{ilo} : Iloko" 4
.IX Item "{ilo} : Iloko"
.IP "[{inc} : Indic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{inc} : Indic (Other)]"
.IP "[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]"
.IP "{id} : Indonesian" 4
.IX Item "{id} : Indonesian"
.PD
(Formerly \*(L"in\*(R".)
.IP "{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)" 4
.IX Item "{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"
(Artificial)  \s-1NOT\s0 Interlingue!
.IP "{ie} : Interlingue" 4
.IX Item "{ie} : Interlingue"
(Artificial)  \s-1NOT\s0 Interlingua!
.IP "{iu} : Inuktitut" 4
.IX Item "{iu} : Inuktitut"
A subform of \*(L"Eskimo\*(R".
.IP "{ik} : Inupiaq" 4
.IX Item "{ik} : Inupiaq"
A subform of \*(L"Eskimo\*(R".
.IP "[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{ga} : Irish" 4
.IX Item "{ga} : Irish"
.IP "{mga} : Middle Irish (900\-1200)" 4
.IX Item "{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)" 4
.IX Item "{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)"
(Historical)
.IP "[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{it} : Italian" 4
.IX Item "{it} : Italian"
.PD
Notable forms:
{it\-it} Italy Italian;
{it\-ch} Swiss Italian.
.IP "{ja} : Japanese" 4
.IX Item "{ja} : Japanese"
(\s-1NOT\s0 \*(L"jp\*(R"!)
.IP "{jw} : Javanese" 4
.IX Item "{jw} : Javanese"
.PD 0
.IP "{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic" 4
.IX Item "{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic"
.IP "{jpr} : Judeo-Persian" 4
.IX Item "{jpr} : Judeo-Persian"
.IP "{kab} : Kabyle" 4
.IX Item "{kab} : Kabyle"
.IP "{kac} : Kachin" 4
.IX Item "{kac} : Kachin"
.IP "{kl} : Kalaallisut" 4
.IX Item "{kl} : Kalaallisut"
.PD
eq Greenlandic \*(L"Eskimo\*(R"
.IP "{kam} : Kamba" 4
.IX Item "{kam} : Kamba"
.PD 0
.IP "{kn} : Kannada" 4
.IX Item "{kn} : Kannada"
.PD
eq Kanarese.  \s-1NOT\s0 Canadian!
.IP "{kau} : Kanuri" 4
.IX Item "{kau} : Kanuri"
.PD 0
.IP "{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak" 4
.IX Item "{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak"
.IP "{kar} : Karen" 4
.IX Item "{kar} : Karen"
.IP "{ks} : Kashmiri" 4
.IX Item "{ks} : Kashmiri"
.IP "{kaw} : Kawi" 4
.IX Item "{kaw} : Kawi"
.IP "{kk} : Kazakh" 4
.IX Item "{kk} : Kazakh"
.IP "{kha} : Khasi" 4
.IX Item "{kha} : Khasi"
.IP "{km} : Khmer" 4
.IX Item "{km} : Khmer"
.PD
eq Cambodian.  eq Kampuchean.
.IP "[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{kho} : Khotanese" 4
.IX Item "{kho} : Khotanese"
.IP "{ki} : Kikuyu" 4
.IX Item "{ki} : Kikuyu"
.PD
eq Gikuyu.
.IP "{kmb} : Kimbundu" 4
.IX Item "{kmb} : Kimbundu"
.PD 0
.IP "{rw} : Kinyarwanda" 4
.IX Item "{rw} : Kinyarwanda"
.IP "{ky} : Kirghiz" 4
.IX Item "{ky} : Kirghiz"
.IP "{i\-klingon} : Klingon" 4
.IX Item "{i-klingon} : Klingon"
.IP "{kv} : Komi" 4
.IX Item "{kv} : Komi"
.IP "{kon} : Kongo" 4
.IX Item "{kon} : Kongo"
.IP "{kok} : Konkani" 4
.IX Item "{kok} : Konkani"
.IP "{ko} : Korean" 4
.IX Item "{ko} : Korean"
.IP "{kos} : Kosraean" 4
.IX Item "{kos} : Kosraean"
.IP "{kpe} : Kpelle" 4
.IX Item "{kpe} : Kpelle"
.IP "{kro} : Kru" 4
.IX Item "{kro} : Kru"
.IP "{kj} : Kuanyama" 4
.IX Item "{kj} : Kuanyama"
.IP "{kum} : Kumyk" 4
.IX Item "{kum} : Kumyk"
.IP "{ku} : Kurdish" 4
.IX Item "{ku} : Kurdish"
.IP "{kru} : Kurukh" 4
.IX Item "{kru} : Kurukh"
.IP "{kut} : Kutenai" 4
.IX Item "{kut} : Kutenai"
.IP "{lad} : Ladino" 4
.IX Item "{lad} : Ladino"
.PD
eq Judeo\-Spanish.  \s-1NOT\s0 Ladin (a minority language in Italy).
.IP "{lah} : Lahnda" 4
.IX Item "{lah} : Lahnda"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Lamba!
.IP "{lam} : Lamba" 4
.IX Item "{lam} : Lamba"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Lahnda!
.IP "{lo} : Lao" 4
.IX Item "{lo} : Lao"
eq Laotian.
.IP "{la} : Latin" 4
.IX Item "{la} : Latin"
(Historical)  \s-1NOT\s0 Ladin!  \s-1NOT\s0 Ladino!
.IP "{lv} : Latvian" 4
.IX Item "{lv} : Latvian"
eq Lettish.
.IP "{lb} : Letzeburgesch" 4
.IX Item "{lb} : Letzeburgesch"
eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger.  (Formerly i\-lux.)
.IP "{lez} : Lezghian" 4
.IX Item "{lez} : Lezghian"
.PD 0
.IP "{ln} : Lingala" 4
.IX Item "{ln} : Lingala"
.IP "{lt} : Lithuanian" 4
.IX Item "{lt} : Lithuanian"
.IP "{nds} : Low German" 4
.IX Item "{nds} : Low German"
.PD
eq Low Saxon.  eq Low German.  eq Low Saxon.
.IP "{loz} : Lozi" 4
.IX Item "{loz} : Lozi"
.PD 0
.IP "{lub} : Luba-Katanga" 4
.IX Item "{lub} : Luba-Katanga"
.IP "{lua} : Luba-Lulua" 4
.IX Item "{lua} : Luba-Lulua"
.IP "{lui} : Luiseno" 4
.IX Item "{lui} : Luiseno"
.PD
eq Luisen\*~o.
.IP "{lun} : Lunda" 4
.IX Item "{lun} : Lunda"
.PD 0
.IP "{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)" 4
.IX Item "{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)"
.IP "{lus} : Lushai" 4
.IX Item "{lus} : Lushai"
.IP "{mk} : Macedonian" 4
.IX Item "{mk} : Macedonian"
.PD
eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia.
\&\s-1NOT\s0 the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!
.IP "{mad} : Madurese" 4
.IX Item "{mad} : Madurese"
.PD 0
.IP "{mag} : Magahi" 4
.IX Item "{mag} : Magahi"
.IP "{mai} : Maithili" 4
.IX Item "{mai} : Maithili"
.IP "{mak} : Makasar" 4
.IX Item "{mak} : Makasar"
.IP "{mg} : Malagasy" 4
.IX Item "{mg} : Malagasy"
.IP "{ms} : Malay" 4
.IX Item "{ms} : Malay"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Malayalam!
.IP "{ml} : Malayalam" 4
.IX Item "{ml} : Malayalam"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Malay!
.IP "{mt} : Maltese" 4
.IX Item "{mt} : Maltese"
.PD 0
.IP "{mnc} : Manchu" 4
.IX Item "{mnc} : Manchu"
.IP "{mdr} : Mandar" 4
.IX Item "{mdr} : Mandar"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Mandarin!
.IP "{man} : Mandingo" 4
.IX Item "{man} : Mandingo"
.PD 0
.IP "{mni} : Manipuri" 4
.IX Item "{mni} : Manipuri"
.PD
eq Meithei.
.IP "[{mno} : Manobo languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{mno} : Manobo languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{gv} : Manx" 4
.IX Item "{gv} : Manx"
.IP "{mi} : Maori" 4
.IX Item "{mi} : Maori"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Mari!
.IP "{mr} : Marathi" 4
.IX Item "{mr} : Marathi"
.PD 0
.IP "{chm} : Mari" 4
.IX Item "{chm} : Mari"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Maori!
.IP "{mh} : Marshall" 4
.IX Item "{mh} : Marshall"
eq Marshallese.
.IP "{mwr} : Marwari" 4
.IX Item "{mwr} : Marwari"
.PD 0
.IP "{mas} : Masai" 4
.IX Item "{mas} : Masai"
.IP "[{myn} : Mayan languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{myn} : Mayan languages]"
.IP "{men} : Mende" 4
.IX Item "{men} : Mende"
.IP "{mic} : Micmac" 4
.IX Item "{mic} : Micmac"
.IP "{min} : Minangkabau" 4
.IX Item "{min} : Minangkabau"
.IP "{i\-mingo} : Mingo" 4
.IX Item "{i-mingo} : Mingo"
.PD
eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca.  \s-1NOT\s0 New York Seneca!
.IP "[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]"
Don't use this.
.IP "{moh} : Mohawk" 4
.IX Item "{moh} : Mohawk"
.PD 0
.IP "{mo} : Moldavian" 4
.IX Item "{mo} : Moldavian"
.PD
eq Moldovan.
.IP "[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{lol} : Mongo" 4
.IX Item "{lol} : Mongo"
.IP "{mn} : Mongolian" 4
.IX Item "{mn} : Mongolian"
.PD
eq Mongol.
.IP "{mos} : Mossi" 4
.IX Item "{mos} : Mossi"
.PD 0
.IP "[{mul} : Multiple languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{mul} : Multiple languages]"
.PD
Not for normal use.
.IP "[{mun} : Munda languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{mun} : Munda languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{nah} : Nahuatl" 4
.IX Item "{nah} : Nahuatl"
.IP "{na} : Nauru" 4
.IX Item "{na} : Nauru"
.IP "{nv} : Navajo" 4
.IX Item "{nv} : Navajo"
.PD
eq Navaho.  (Formerly i\-navajo.)
.IP "{nd} : North Ndebele" 4
.IX Item "{nd} : North Ndebele"
.PD 0
.IP "{nr} : South Ndebele" 4
.IX Item "{nr} : South Ndebele"
.IP "{ng} : Ndonga" 4
.IX Item "{ng} : Ndonga"
.IP "{ne} : Nepali" 4
.IX Item "{ne} : Nepali"
.PD
eq Nepalese.  Notable forms:
{ne\-np} Nepal Nepali;
{ne\-in} India Nepali.
.IP "{new} : Newari" 4
.IX Item "{new} : Newari"
.PD 0
.IP "{nia} : Nias" 4
.IX Item "{nia} : Nias"
.IP "[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]"
.IP "[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]"
.IP "{niu} : Niuean" 4
.IX Item "{niu} : Niuean"
.IP "{non} : Old Norse" 4
.IX Item "{non} : Old Norse"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "[{nai} : North American Indian]" 4
.IX Item "[{nai} : North American Indian]"
Do not use this.
.IP "{se} : Northern Sami" 4
.IX Item "{se} : Northern Sami"
eq Lappish.  eq Lapp.  eq (Northern) Saami.
.IP "{no} : Norwegian" 4
.IX Item "{no} : Norwegian"
Note the two following forms:
.IP "{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal" 4
.IX Item "{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal"
eq Bokma\*ol, (A form of Norwegian.)  (Formerly no\-bok.)
.IP "{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk" 4
.IX Item "{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk"
(A form of Norwegian.)  (Formerly no\-nyn.)
.IP "[{nub} : Nubian languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{nub} : Nubian languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{nym} : Nyamwezi" 4
.IX Item "{nym} : Nyamwezi"
.IP "{nyn} : Nyankole" 4
.IX Item "{nyn} : Nyankole"
.IP "{nyo} : Nyoro" 4
.IX Item "{nyo} : Nyoro"
.IP "{nzi} : Nzima" 4
.IX Item "{nzi} : Nzima"
.IP "{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)" 4
.IX Item "{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)"
.PD
eq Provenc\*,al, eq Provencal
.IP "{oji} : Ojibwa" 4
.IX Item "{oji} : Ojibwa"
eq Ojibwe.
.IP "{or} : Oriya" 4
.IX Item "{or} : Oriya"
.PD 0
.IP "{om} : Oromo" 4
.IX Item "{om} : Oromo"
.IP "{osa} : Osage" 4
.IX Item "{osa} : Osage"
.IP "{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic" 4
.IX Item "{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic"
.IP "[{oto} : Otomian languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{oto} : Otomian languages]"
.PD
Group of languages collectively called "Otomi\*'".
.IP "{pal} : Pahlavi" 4
.IX Item "{pal} : Pahlavi"
eq Pahlevi
.IP "{i\-pwn} : Paiwan" 4
.IX Item "{i-pwn} : Paiwan"
eq Pariwan
.IP "{pau} : Palauan" 4
.IX Item "{pau} : Palauan"
.PD 0
.IP "{pi} : Pali" 4
.IX Item "{pi} : Pali"
.PD
(Historical?)
.IP "{pam} : Pampanga" 4
.IX Item "{pam} : Pampanga"
.PD 0
.IP "{pag} : Pangasinan" 4
.IX Item "{pag} : Pangasinan"
.IP "{pa} : Panjabi" 4
.IX Item "{pa} : Panjabi"
.PD
eq Punjabi
.IP "{pap} : Papiamento" 4
.IX Item "{pap} : Papiamento"
eq Papiamentu.
.IP "[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{fa} : Persian" 4
.IX Item "{fa} : Persian"
.PD
eq Farsi.  eq Iranian.
.IP "{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600\-400 B.C.)" 4
.IX Item "{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)"
.PD 0
.IP "[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]"
.IP "{phn} : Phoenician" 4
.IX Item "{phn} : Phoenician"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{pon} : Pohnpeian" 4
.IX Item "{pon} : Pohnpeian"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Pompeiian!
.IP "{pl} : Polish" 4
.IX Item "{pl} : Polish"
.PD 0
.IP "{pt} : Portuguese" 4
.IX Item "{pt} : Portuguese"
.PD
eq Portugese.  Notable forms:
{pt\-pt} Portugal Portuguese;
{pt\-br} Brazilian Portuguese.
.IP "[{pra} : Prakrit languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{pra} : Prakrit languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)" 4
.IX Item "{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)"
.PD
eq Old Provenc\*,al.  (Historical.)
.IP "{ps} : Pushto" 4
.IX Item "{ps} : Pushto"
eq Pashto.  eq Pushtu.
.IP "{qu} : Quechua" 4
.IX Item "{qu} : Quechua"
eq Quecha.
.IP "{rm} : Raeto-Romance" 4
.IX Item "{rm} : Raeto-Romance"
eq Romansh.
.IP "{raj} : Rajasthani" 4
.IX Item "{raj} : Rajasthani"
.PD 0
.IP "{rap} : Rapanui" 4
.IX Item "{rap} : Rapanui"
.IP "{rar} : Rarotongan" 4
.IX Item "{rar} : Rarotongan"
.IP "[{qaa \- qtz} : Reserved for local use.]" 4
.IX Item "[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]"
.IP "[{roa} : Romance (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{roa} : Romance (Other)]"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Romanian!  \s-1NOT\s0 Romany!  \s-1NOT\s0 Romansh!
.IP "{ro} : Romanian" 4
.IX Item "{ro} : Romanian"
eq Rumanian.  \s-1NOT\s0 Romany!
.IP "{rom} : Romany" 4
.IX Item "{rom} : Romany"
eq Rom.  \s-1NOT\s0 Romanian!
.IP "{rn} : Rundi" 4
.IX Item "{rn} : Rundi"
.PD 0
.IP "{ru} : Russian" 4
.IX Item "{ru} : Russian"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 White Russian!  \s-1NOT\s0 Rusyn!
.IP "[{sal} : Salishan languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{sal} : Salishan languages]"
Large language group.
.IP "{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic" 4
.IX Item "{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Aramaic!
.IP "[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{sm} : Samoan" 4
.IX Item "{sm} : Samoan"
.IP "{sad} : Sandawe" 4
.IX Item "{sad} : Sandawe"
.IP "{sg} : Sango" 4
.IX Item "{sg} : Sango"
.IP "{sa} : Sanskrit" 4
.IX Item "{sa} : Sanskrit"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{sat} : Santali" 4
.IX Item "{sat} : Santali"
.PD 0
.IP "{sc} : Sardinian" 4
.IX Item "{sc} : Sardinian"
.PD
eq Sard.
.IP "{sas} : Sasak" 4
.IX Item "{sas} : Sasak"
.PD 0
.IP "{sco} : Scots" 4
.IX Item "{sco} : Scots"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Scots Gaelic!
.IP "{sel} : Selkup" 4
.IX Item "{sel} : Selkup"
.PD 0
.IP "[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]"
.IP "{sr} : Serbian" 4
.IX Item "{sr} : Serbian"
.PD
eq Serb.  \s-1NOT\s0 Sorbian.
.IP "{srr} : Serer" 4
.IX Item "{srr} : Serer"
.PD 0
.IP "{shn} : Shan" 4
.IX Item "{shn} : Shan"
.IP "{sn} : Shona" 4
.IX Item "{sn} : Shona"
.IP "{sid} : Sidamo" 4
.IX Item "{sid} : Sidamo"
.IP "{sgn\-...} : Sign Languages" 4
.IX Item "{sgn-...} : Sign Languages"
.PD
Always use with a subtag.  Notable forms:
{sgn\-gb} British Sign Language (\s-1BSL\s0);
{sgn\-ie} Irish Sign Language (\s-1ESL\s0);
{sgn\-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (\s-1ISN\s0);
{sgn\-us} American Sign Language (\s-1ASL\s0).
.IP "{bla} : Siksika" 4
.IX Item "{bla} : Siksika"
eq Blackfoot.  eq Pikanii.
.IP "{sd} : Sindhi" 4
.IX Item "{sd} : Sindhi"
.PD 0
.IP "{si} : Sinhalese" 4
.IX Item "{si} : Sinhalese"
.PD
eq Sinhala.
.IP "[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "[{sio} : Siouan languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{sio} : Siouan languages]"
.IP "{den} : Slave (Athapascan)" 4
.IX Item "{den} : Slave (Athapascan)"
.PD
(\*(L"Slavey\*(R" is a subform.)
.IP "[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{sk} : Slovak" 4
.IX Item "{sk} : Slovak"
.PD
eq Slovakian.
.IP "{sl} : Slovenian" 4
.IX Item "{sl} : Slovenian"
eq Slovene.
.IP "{sog} : Sogdian" 4
.IX Item "{sog} : Sogdian"
.PD 0
.IP "{so} : Somali" 4
.IX Item "{so} : Somali"
.IP "{son} : Songhai" 4
.IX Item "{son} : Songhai"
.IP "{snk} : Soninke" 4
.IX Item "{snk} : Soninke"
.IP "{wen} : Sorbian languages" 4
.IX Item "{wen} : Sorbian languages"
.PD
eq Wendish.  eq Sorb.  eq Lusatian.  eq Wend.  \s-1NOT\s0 Venda!  \s-1NOT\s0 Serbian!
.IP "{nso} : Northern Sotho" 4
.IX Item "{nso} : Northern Sotho"
.PD 0
.IP "{st} : Southern Sotho" 4
.IX Item "{st} : Southern Sotho"
.PD
eq Sutu.  eq Sesotho.
.IP "[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]"
.PD 0
.IP "{es} : Spanish" 4
.IX Item "{es} : Spanish"
.PD
Notable forms:
{es\-ar} Argentine Spanish;
{es\-bo} Bolivian Spanish;
{es\-cl} Chilean Spanish;
{es\-co} Colombian Spanish;
{es\-do} Dominican Spanish;
{es\-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish;
{es\-es} Spain Spanish;
{es\-gt} Guatemalan Spanish;
{es\-hn} Honduran Spanish;
{es\-mx} Mexican Spanish;
{es\-pa} Panamanian Spanish;
{es\-pe} Peruvian Spanish;
{es\-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish;
{es\-py} Paraguay Spanish;
{es\-sv} Salvadoran Spanish;
{es\-us} \s-1US\s0 Spanish;
{es\-uy} Uruguayan Spanish;
{es\-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.
.IP "{suk} : Sukuma" 4
.IX Item "{suk} : Sukuma"
.PD 0
.IP "{sux} : Sumerian" 4
.IX Item "{sux} : Sumerian"
.PD
(Historical)
.IP "{su} : Sundanese" 4
.IX Item "{su} : Sundanese"
.PD 0
.IP "{sus} : Susu" 4
.IX Item "{sus} : Susu"
.IP "{sw} : Swahili" 4
.IX Item "{sw} : Swahili"
.PD
eq Kiswahili
.IP "{ss} : Swati" 4
.IX Item "{ss} : Swati"
.PD 0
.IP "{sv} : Swedish" 4
.IX Item "{sv} : Swedish"
.PD
Notable forms:
{sv\-se} Sweden Swedish;
{sv\-fi} Finland Swedish.
.IP "{syr} : Syriac" 4
.IX Item "{syr} : Syriac"
.PD 0
.IP "{tl} : Tagalog" 4
.IX Item "{tl} : Tagalog"
.IP "{ty} : Tahitian" 4
.IX Item "{ty} : Tahitian"
.IP "[{tai} : Tai (Other)]" 4
.IX Item "[{tai} : Tai (Other)]"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Thai!
.IP "{tg} : Tajik" 4
.IX Item "{tg} : Tajik"
.PD 0
.IP "{tmh} : Tamashek" 4
.IX Item "{tmh} : Tamashek"
.IP "{ta} : Tamil" 4
.IX Item "{ta} : Tamil"
.IP "{i\-tao} : Tao" 4
.IX Item "{i-tao} : Tao"
.PD
eq Yami.
.IP "{tt} : Tatar" 4
.IX Item "{tt} : Tatar"
.PD 0
.IP "{i\-tay} : Tayal" 4
.IX Item "{i-tay} : Tayal"
.PD
eq Atayal.  eq Atayan.
.IP "{te} : Telugu" 4
.IX Item "{te} : Telugu"
.PD 0
.IP "{ter} : Tereno" 4
.IX Item "{ter} : Tereno"
.IP "{tet} : Tetum" 4
.IX Item "{tet} : Tetum"
.IP "{th} : Thai" 4
.IX Item "{th} : Thai"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Tai!
.IP "{bo} : Tibetan" 4
.IX Item "{bo} : Tibetan"
.PD 0
.IP "{tig} : Tigre" 4
.IX Item "{tig} : Tigre"
.IP "{ti} : Tigrinya" 4
.IX Item "{ti} : Tigrinya"
.IP "{tem} : Timne" 4
.IX Item "{tem} : Timne"
.PD
eq Themne.  eq Timene.
.IP "{tiv} : Tiv" 4
.IX Item "{tiv} : Tiv"
.PD 0
.IP "{tli} : Tlingit" 4
.IX Item "{tli} : Tlingit"
.IP "{tpi} : Tok Pisin" 4
.IX Item "{tpi} : Tok Pisin"
.IP "{tkl} : Tokelau" 4
.IX Item "{tkl} : Tokelau"
.IP "{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)" 4
.IX Item "{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Tsonga!
.IP "{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)" 4
.IX Item "{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)"
(Pronounced \*(L"Tong\-a\*(R", not \*(L"Tong\-ga\*(R")
.Sp
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Tsonga!
.IP "{tsi} : Tsimshian" 4
.IX Item "{tsi} : Tsimshian"
eq Sm'algyax
.IP "{ts} : Tsonga" 4
.IX Item "{ts} : Tsonga"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Tonga!
.IP "{i\-tsu} : Tsou" 4
.IX Item "{i-tsu} : Tsou"
.PD 0
.IP "{tn} : Tswana" 4
.IX Item "{tn} : Tswana"
.PD
Same as Setswana.
.IP "{tum} : Tumbuka" 4
.IX Item "{tum} : Tumbuka"
.PD 0
.IP "{tr} : Turkish" 4
.IX Item "{tr} : Turkish"
.PD
(Typically in Roman script)
.IP "{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500\-1928)" 4
.IX Item "{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"
(Typically in Arabic script)  (Historical)
.IP "{tk} : Turkmen" 4
.IX Item "{tk} : Turkmen"
eq Turkmeni.
.IP "{tvl} : Tuvalu" 4
.IX Item "{tvl} : Tuvalu"
.PD 0
.IP "{tyv} : Tuvinian" 4
.IX Item "{tyv} : Tuvinian"
.PD
eq Tuvan.  eq Tuvin.
.IP "{tw} : Twi" 4
.IX Item "{tw} : Twi"
.PD 0
.IP "{uga} : Ugaritic" 4
.IX Item "{uga} : Ugaritic"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Ugric!
.IP "{ug} : Uighur" 4
.IX Item "{ug} : Uighur"
.PD 0
.IP "{uk} : Ukrainian" 4
.IX Item "{uk} : Ukrainian"
.IP "{umb} : Umbundu" 4
.IX Item "{umb} : Umbundu"
.IP "{und} : Undetermined" 4
.IX Item "{und} : Undetermined"
.PD
Not a tag for normal use.
.IP "{ur} : Urdu" 4
.IX Item "{ur} : Urdu"
.PD 0
.IP "{uz} : Uzbek" 4
.IX Item "{uz} : Uzbek"
.PD
eq O\*:zbek
.IP "{vai} : Vai" 4
.IX Item "{vai} : Vai"
.PD 0
.IP "{ven} : Venda" 4
.IX Item "{ven} : Venda"
.PD
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Wendish!  \s-1NOT\s0 Wend!  \s-1NOT\s0 Avestan!
.IP "{vi} : Vietnamese" 4
.IX Item "{vi} : Vietnamese"
eq Viet.
.IP "{vo} : Volapuk" 4
.IX Item "{vo} : Volapuk"
eq Volapu\*:k.  (Artificial)
.IP "{vot} : Votic" 4
.IX Item "{vot} : Votic"
eq Votian.  eq Vod.
.IP "[{wak} : Wakashan languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{wak} : Wakashan languages]"
.PD 0
.IP "{wal} : Walamo" 4
.IX Item "{wal} : Walamo"
.PD
eq Wolaytta.
.IP "{war} : Waray" 4
.IX Item "{war} : Waray"
Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samaren\*~o),
not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct
Australian language Waray.
.IP "{was} : Washo" 4
.IX Item "{was} : Washo"
eq Washoe
.IP "{cy} : Welsh" 4
.IX Item "{cy} : Welsh"
.PD 0
.IP "{wo} : Wolof" 4
.IX Item "{wo} : Wolof"
.IP "{x\-...} : Unregistered (Semi\-Private Use)" 4
.IX Item "{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)"
.PD
\&\*(L"x\-\*(R" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with \s-1ISO\s0
or \s-1IANA\s0.  Example, x\-double-dutch
.IP "{xh} : Xhosa" 4
.IX Item "{xh} : Xhosa"
.PD 0
.IP "{sah} : Yakut" 4
.IX Item "{sah} : Yakut"
.IP "{yao} : Yao" 4
.IX Item "{yao} : Yao"
.PD
(The Yao in Malawi?)
.IP "{yap} : Yapese" 4
.IX Item "{yap} : Yapese"
eq Yap
.IP "{yi} : Yiddish" 4
.IX Item "{yi} : Yiddish"
Formerly \*(L"ji\*(R".  Sometimes in Roman script, sometimes in Hebrew script.
.IP "{yo} : Yoruba" 4
.IX Item "{yo} : Yoruba"
.PD 0
.IP "[{ypk} : Yupik languages]" 4
.IX Item "[{ypk} : Yupik languages]"
.PD
Several \*(L"Eskimo\*(R" languages.
.IP "{znd} : Zande" 4
.IX Item "{znd} : Zande"
.PD 0
.IP "[{zap} : Zapotec]" 4
.IX Item "[{zap} : Zapotec]"
.PD
(A group of languages.)
.IP "{zen} : Zenaga" 4
.IX Item "{zen} : Zenaga"
\&\s-1NOT\s0 Zend.
.IP "{za} : Zhuang" 4
.IX Item "{za} : Zhuang"
.PD 0
.IP "{zu} : Zulu" 4
.IX Item "{zu} : Zulu"
.IP "{zun} : Zuni" 4
.IX Item "{zun} : Zuni"
.PD
eq Zun\*~i
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
I18N::LangTags and its \*(L"See Also\*(R" section.
.SH "COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER"
Copyright (c) 2001,2002 Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.
.PP
You can redistribute and/or
modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.
.PP
This document is provided in the hope that it will be
useful, but without any warranty;
without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness,
completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.
.PP
Email any corrections or questions to me.
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org