##############################################################################
# These are all alike, and thus faked by AUTOLOAD
my @faked = qw
/round_mode accuracy precision div_scale/;
use vars qw
/$VERSION $AUTOLOAD $_lite/; # _lite for testsuite
$name =~ s/.*:://; # split package
Math
::BigInt
->$name($_[0]);
Math
::BigFloat
->$name($_[0]);
return Math
::BigInt
->$name();
# delayed load of Carp and avoid recursion
Carp
::croak
("Can't call bignum\-\>$name, not a valid method");
# $Math::BigInt::upgrade = $_[0];
# $Math::BigFloat::upgrade = $_[0];
return $Math::BigInt
::upgrade
;
my $upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat';
my $downgrade = 'Math::BigInt';
my @import = ( ':constant' ); # drive it w/ constant
my @a = @_; my $l = scalar @_; my $j = 0;
my ($ver,$trace); # version? trace?
my ($a,$p); # accuracy, precision
for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++,$j++ )
$upgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
elsif ($_[$i] eq 'downgrade')
# this causes downgrading
$downgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(l|lib)$/)
# this causes a different low lib to take care...
my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(a|accuracy)$/)
my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(p|precision)$/)
my $s = 2; $s = 1 if @a-$j < 2; # avoid "can not modify non-existant..."
splice @a, $j, $s; $j -= $s; $i++;
elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(v|version)$/)
elsif ($_[$i] =~ /^(t|trace)$/)
else { die "unknown option $_[$i]"; }
$_lite = 0; # using M::BI::L ?
require Math
::BigInt
::Trace
; $class = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
$upgrade = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
# see if we can find Math::BigInt::Lite
if (!defined $a && !defined $p) # rounding won't work to well
eval 'require Math::BigInt::Lite;';
@import = ( ); # :constant in Lite, not MBI
Math
::BigInt
::Lite
->import( ':constant' );
require Math
::BigInt
if $_lite == 0; # not already loaded?
$class = 'Math::BigInt'; # regardless of MBIL or not
# Math::BigInt::Trace or plain Math::BigInt
$class->import(@import, upgrade
=> $upgrade, lib
=> $lib);
require Math
::BigFloat
::Trace
; $class = 'Math::BigFloat::Trace';
$downgrade = 'Math::BigInt::Trace';
require Math
::BigFloat
; $class = 'Math::BigFloat';
$class->import(':constant','downgrade',$downgrade);
bignum
->accuracy($a) if defined $a;
bignum
->precision($p) if defined $p;
print "bignum\t\t\t v$VERSION\n";
print "Math::BigInt::Lite\t v$Math::BigInt::Lite::VERSION\n" if $_lite;
print "Math::BigInt\t\t v$Math::BigInt::VERSION";
my $config = Math
::BigInt
->config();
print " lib => $config->{lib} v$config->{lib_version}\n";
print "Math::BigFloat\t\t v$Math::BigFloat::VERSION\n";
bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
$x = 2 + 4.5,"\n"; # BigFloat 6.5
print 2 ** 512 * 0.1; # really is what you think it is
All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer and
floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or BigFloats,
bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use.
The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form.
The following options exist:
This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater
than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
perl -Mbignum=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any
integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while
a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
perl -Mbignum=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
Load a different math lib, see L<MATH LIBRARY>.
perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
line. This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
use bignum lib => 'Calc';
You can change this by using:
use bignum lib => 'BitVect';
The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
use bignum lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
Please see respective module documentation for further details.
The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigFLoat. Mixing them together, even
with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a bright idea since there
is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hashkey, nor is a hash
The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf' and stored seperately.
You can access it with the sign() method.
A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively
minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
'-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx() notation, and not
the fxxx() notation, though. This makes it possible that the underlying object
might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
C<bignum> is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
the others to do the work.
The following modules are currently used by bignum:
Math::BigInt::Lite (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;)
perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(33)'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2*255'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print log(2)'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
perl -Mbignum=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as Perl itself.
Especially L<bigrat> as in C<perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'>.
L<Math::BigFloat>, L<Math::BigInt>, L<Math::BigRat> and L<Math::Big> as well
as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>, L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
(C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002.