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<H1><A NAME="SECTION008400000000000000000">
6.4 <tt class="module">stat</tt> --
         Interpreting <tt class="function">stat()</tt> results</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-stat"></A>

<P>
The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines constants and functions for
interpreting the results of <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>,
<tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> and <tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt> (if they exist).  For
complete details about the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt>, <tt class="cfunction">fstat()</tt> and
<tt class="cfunction">lstat()</tt> calls, consult the documentation for your system.

<P>
The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines the following functions to test for
specific file types:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1776' xml:id='l2h-1776' class="function">S_ISDIR</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a directory.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1777' xml:id='l2h-1777' class="function">S_ISCHR</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a character special device file.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1778' xml:id='l2h-1778' class="function">S_ISBLK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a block special device file.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1779' xml:id='l2h-1779' class="function">S_ISREG</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a regular file.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1780' xml:id='l2h-1780' class="function">S_ISFIFO</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a FIFO (named pipe).
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1781' xml:id='l2h-1781' class="function">S_ISLNK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a symbolic link.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1782' xml:id='l2h-1782' class="function">S_ISSOCK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a socket.
</dl>

<P>
Two additional functions are defined for more general manipulation of
the file's mode:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1783' xml:id='l2h-1783' class="function">S_IMODE</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return the portion of the file's mode that can be set by
<tt class="function">os.chmod()</tt>--that is, the file's permission bits, plus the
sticky bit, set-group-id, and set-user-id bits (on systems that support
them).
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1784' xml:id='l2h-1784' class="function">S_IFMT</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return the portion of the file's mode that describes the file type (used
by the <tt class="function">S_IS*()</tt> functions above).
</dl>

<P>
Normally, you would use the <tt class="function">os.path.is*()</tt> functions for
testing the type of a file; the functions here are useful when you are
doing multiple tests of the same file and wish to avoid the overhead of
the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt> system call for each test.  These are also
useful when checking for information about a file that isn't handled
by <tt class="module"><a href="module-os.path.html">os.path</a></tt>, like the tests for block and character
devices.

<P>
All the variables below are simply symbolic indexes into the 10-tuple
returned by <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> or
<tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt>.

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1785' xml:id='l2h-1785'>ST_MODE</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Inode protection mode.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1786' xml:id='l2h-1786'>ST_INO</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Inode number.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1787' xml:id='l2h-1787'>ST_DEV</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Device inode resides on.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1788' xml:id='l2h-1788'>ST_NLINK</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Number of links to the inode.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1789' xml:id='l2h-1789'>ST_UID</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
User id of the owner.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1790' xml:id='l2h-1790'>ST_GID</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Group id of the owner.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1791' xml:id='l2h-1791'>ST_SIZE</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Size in bytes of a plain file; amount of data waiting on some special
files.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1792' xml:id='l2h-1792'>ST_ATIME</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Time of last access.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1793' xml:id='l2h-1793'>ST_MTIME</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Time of last modification.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1794' xml:id='l2h-1794'>ST_CTIME</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
The ``ctime'' as reported by the operating system.  On some systems
(like <span class="Unix">Unix</span>) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others
(like Windows), is the creation time (see platform documentation for
details).
</dd></dl>

<P>
The interpretation of ``file size'' changes according to the file
type.  For plain files this is the size of the file in bytes.  For
FIFOs and sockets under most flavors of <span class="Unix">Unix</span> (including Linux in
particular), the ``size'' is the number of bytes waiting to be read at
the time of the call to <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt>,
or <tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt>; this can sometimes be useful, especially for
polling one of these special files after a non-blocking open.  The
meaning of the size field for other character and block devices varies
more, depending on the implementation of the underlying system call.

<P>
Example:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import os, sys
from stat import *

def walktree(top, callback):
    '''recursively descend the directory tree rooted at top,
       calling the callback function for each regular file'''

    for f in os.listdir(top):
        pathname = os.path.join(top, f)
        mode = os.stat(pathname)[ST_MODE]
        if S_ISDIR(mode):
            # It's a directory, recurse into it
            walktree(pathname, callback)
        elif S_ISREG(mode):
            # It's a file, call the callback function
            callback(pathname)
        else:
            # Unknown file type, print a message
            print 'Skipping %s' % pathname

def visitfile(file):
    print 'visiting', file

if __name__ == '__main__':
    walktree(sys.argv[1], visitfile)
</pre></div>

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION008400000000000000000">
	56	6.4 <tt class="module">stat</tt> --
	57	Interpreting <tt class="function">stat()</tt> results</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-stat"></A>
	62
	63	<P>
	64	The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines constants and functions for
65	interpreting the results of <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>,
66	<tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> and <tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt> (if they exist). For
67	complete details about the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt>, <tt class="cfunction">fstat()</tt> and
68	<tt class="cfunction">lstat()</tt> calls, consult the documentation for your system.
69
70	<P>
71	The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines the following functions to test for
72	specific file types:
73
74	<P>
75	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
76	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1776' xml:id='l2h-1776' class="function">S_ISDIR</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
77	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
78	<dd>
79	Return non-zero if the mode is from a directory.
80	</dl>
81
82	<P>
83	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
84	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1777' xml:id='l2h-1777' class="function">S_ISCHR</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
85	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
86	<dd>
87	Return non-zero if the mode is from a character special device file.
88	</dl>
89
90	<P>
91	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
92	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1778' xml:id='l2h-1778' class="function">S_ISBLK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
93	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
94	<dd>
95	Return non-zero if the mode is from a block special device file.
96	</dl>
97
98	<P>
99	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
100	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1779' xml:id='l2h-1779' class="function">S_ISREG</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
101	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
102	<dd>
103	Return non-zero if the mode is from a regular file.
104	</dl>
105
106	<P>
107	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
108	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1780' xml:id='l2h-1780' class="function">S_ISFIFO</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
109	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
110	<dd>
111	Return non-zero if the mode is from a FIFO (named pipe).
112	</dl>
113
114	<P>
115	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
116	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1781' xml:id='l2h-1781' class="function">S_ISLNK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
117	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
118	<dd>
119	Return non-zero if the mode is from a symbolic link.
120	</dl>
121
122	<P>
123	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
124	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1782' xml:id='l2h-1782' class="function">S_ISSOCK</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
125	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
126	<dd>
127	Return non-zero if the mode is from a socket.
128	</dl>
129
130	<P>
131	Two additional functions are defined for more general manipulation of
132	the file's mode:
133
134	<P>
135	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
136	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1783' xml:id='l2h-1783' class="function">S_IMODE</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
137	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
138	<dd>
139	Return the portion of the file's mode that can be set by
140	<tt class="function">os.chmod()</tt>--that is, the file's permission bits, plus the
141	sticky bit, set-group-id, and set-user-id bits (on systems that support
142	them).
143	</dl>
144
145	<P>
146	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
147	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1784' xml:id='l2h-1784' class="function">S_IFMT</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
148	<td><var>mode</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
149	<dd>
150	Return the portion of the file's mode that describes the file type (used
151	by the <tt class="function">S_IS*()</tt> functions above).
152	</dl>
153
154	<P>
155	Normally, you would use the <tt class="function">os.path.is*()</tt> functions for
156	testing the type of a file; the functions here are useful when you are
157	doing multiple tests of the same file and wish to avoid the overhead of
158	the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt> system call for each test. These are also
159	useful when checking for information about a file that isn't handled
160	by <tt class="module"><a href="module-os.path.html">os.path</a></tt>, like the tests for block and character
161	devices.
162
163	<P>
164	All the variables below are simply symbolic indexes into the 10-tuple
165	returned by <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> or
166	<tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt>.
167
168	<P>
169	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1785' xml:id='l2h-1785'>ST_MODE</tt></b></dt>
170	<dd>
171	Inode protection mode.
172	</dd></dl>
173
174	<P>
175	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1786' xml:id='l2h-1786'>ST_INO</tt></b></dt>
176	<dd>
177	Inode number.
178	</dd></dl>
179
180	<P>
181	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1787' xml:id='l2h-1787'>ST_DEV</tt></b></dt>
182	<dd>
183	Device inode resides on.
184	</dd></dl>
185
186	<P>
187	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1788' xml:id='l2h-1788'>ST_NLINK</tt></b></dt>
188	<dd>
189	Number of links to the inode.
190	</dd></dl>
191
192	<P>
193	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1789' xml:id='l2h-1789'>ST_UID</tt></b></dt>
194	<dd>
195	User id of the owner.
196	</dd></dl>
197
198	<P>
199	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1790' xml:id='l2h-1790'>ST_GID</tt></b></dt>
200	<dd>
201	Group id of the owner.
202	</dd></dl>
203
204	<P>
205	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1791' xml:id='l2h-1791'>ST_SIZE</tt></b></dt>
206	<dd>
207	Size in bytes of a plain file; amount of data waiting on some special
208	files.
209	</dd></dl>
210
211	<P>
212	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1792' xml:id='l2h-1792'>ST_ATIME</tt></b></dt>
213	<dd>
214	Time of last access.
215	</dd></dl>
216
217	<P>
218	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1793' xml:id='l2h-1793'>ST_MTIME</tt></b></dt>
219	<dd>
220	Time of last modification.
221	</dd></dl>
222
223	<P>
224	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1794' xml:id='l2h-1794'>ST_CTIME</tt></b></dt>
225	<dd>
226	The ``ctime'' as reported by the operating system. On some systems
227	(like <span class="Unix">Unix</span>) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others
228	(like Windows), is the creation time (see platform documentation for
229	details).
230	</dd></dl>
231
232	<P>
233	The interpretation of ``file size'' changes according to the file
234	type. For plain files this is the size of the file in bytes. For
235	FIFOs and sockets under most flavors of <span class="Unix">Unix</span> (including Linux in
236	particular), the ``size'' is the number of bytes waiting to be read at
237	the time of the call to <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt>,
238	or <tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt>; this can sometimes be useful, especially for
239	polling one of these special files after a non-blocking open. The
240	meaning of the size field for other character and block devices varies
241	more, depending on the implementation of the underlying system call.
242
243	<P>
244	Example:
245
246	<P>
247	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
248	import os, sys
249	from stat import *
250
251	def walktree(top, callback):
252	'''recursively descend the directory tree rooted at top,
253	calling the callback function for each regular file'''
254
255	for f in os.listdir(top):
256	pathname = os.path.join(top, f)
257	mode = os.stat(pathname)[ST_MODE]
258	if S_ISDIR(mode):
259	# It's a directory, recurse into it
260	walktree(pathname, callback)
261	elif S_ISREG(mode):
262	# It's a file, call the callback function
263	callback(pathname)
264	else:
265	# Unknown file type, print a message
266	print 'Skipping %s' % pathname
267
268	def visitfile(file):
269	print 'visiting', file
270
271	if __name__ == '__main__':
272	walktree(sys.argv[1], visitfile)
273	</pre></div>
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