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1 | =for maintainers |
2 | Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT! | |
3 | ||
4 | =head1 NAME | |
5 | ||
6 | perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones | |
7 | ||
8 | =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY | |
9 | ||
10 | Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described | |
11 | below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library | |
12 | files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be | |
13 | autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated | |
14 | by the installation process. You may also discover files in the | |
15 | library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are | |
16 | old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still | |
17 | run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard | |
18 | modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up | |
19 | as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may | |
20 | already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) | |
21 | The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, | |
22 | but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. | |
23 | ||
24 | =head2 Pragmatic Modules | |
25 | ||
26 | They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they | |
27 | tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually | |
28 | work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these | |
29 | are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them | |
30 | by saying: | |
31 | ||
32 | no integer; | |
33 | no strict 'refs'; | |
34 | no warnings; | |
35 | ||
36 | which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. | |
37 | ||
38 | Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the | |
39 | C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, | |
40 | like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a | |
41 | variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than | |
42 | just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file | |
43 | for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no | |
44 | vars> or C<no subs>. | |
45 | ||
46 | The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). | |
47 | ||
48 | =over 12 | |
49 | ||
50 | =item attributes | |
51 | ||
52 | Get/set subroutine or variable attributes | |
53 | ||
54 | =item attrs | |
55 | ||
56 | Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated) | |
57 | ||
58 | =item autouse | |
59 | ||
60 | Postpone load of modules until a function is used | |
61 | ||
62 | =item base | |
63 | ||
64 | Establish IS-A relationship with base classes at compile time | |
65 | ||
66 | =item bigint | |
67 | ||
68 | Transparent BigInteger support for Perl | |
69 | ||
70 | =item bignum | |
71 | ||
72 | Transparent BigNumber support for Perl | |
73 | ||
74 | =item bigrat | |
75 | ||
76 | Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl | |
77 | ||
78 | =item blib | |
79 | ||
80 | Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package | |
81 | ||
82 | =item bytes | |
83 | ||
84 | Force byte semantics rather than character semantics | |
85 | ||
86 | =item charnames | |
87 | ||
88 | Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes | |
89 | ||
90 | =item constant | |
91 | ||
92 | Declare constants | |
93 | ||
94 | =item diagnostics | |
95 | ||
96 | Produce verbose warning diagnostics | |
97 | ||
98 | =item encoding | |
99 | ||
100 | Allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8 | |
101 | ||
102 | =item fields | |
103 | ||
104 | Compile-time class fields | |
105 | ||
106 | =item filetest | |
107 | ||
108 | Control the filetest permission operators | |
109 | ||
110 | =item if | |
111 | ||
112 | C<use> a Perl module if a condition holds | |
113 | ||
114 | =item integer | |
115 | ||
116 | Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point | |
117 | ||
118 | =item less | |
119 | ||
120 | Request less of something from the compiler | |
121 | ||
122 | =item lib | |
123 | ||
124 | Manipulate @INC at compile time | |
125 | ||
126 | =item locale | |
127 | ||
128 | Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations | |
129 | ||
130 | =item open | |
131 | ||
132 | Set default PerlIO layers for input and output | |
133 | ||
134 | =item ops | |
135 | ||
136 | Restrict unsafe operations when compiling | |
137 | ||
138 | =item overload | |
139 | ||
140 | Package for overloading Perl operations | |
141 | ||
142 | =item re | |
143 | ||
144 | Alter regular expression behaviour | |
145 | ||
146 | =item sigtrap | |
147 | ||
148 | Enable simple signal handling | |
149 | ||
150 | =item sort | |
151 | ||
152 | Control sort() behaviour | |
153 | ||
154 | =item strict | |
155 | ||
156 | Restrict unsafe constructs | |
157 | ||
158 | =item subs | |
159 | ||
160 | Predeclare sub names | |
161 | ||
162 | =item threads | |
163 | ||
164 | Perl extension allowing use of interpreter based threads from perl | |
165 | ||
166 | =item threads::shared | |
167 | ||
168 | Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads | |
169 | ||
170 | =item utf8 | |
171 | ||
172 | Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code | |
173 | ||
174 | =item vars | |
175 | ||
176 | Predeclare global variable names (obsolete) | |
177 | ||
178 | =item vmsish | |
179 | ||
180 | Control VMS-specific language features | |
181 | ||
182 | =item warnings | |
183 | ||
184 | Control optional warnings | |
185 | ||
186 | =item warnings::register | |
187 | ||
188 | Warnings import function | |
189 | ||
190 | =back | |
191 | ||
192 | =head2 Standard Modules | |
193 | ||
194 | Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined | |
195 | manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the | |
196 | Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. | |
197 | ||
198 | It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your | |
199 | system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you | |
200 | don't have the gdbm library. | |
201 | ||
202 | =over 12 | |
203 | ||
204 | =item AnyDBM_File | |
205 | ||
206 | Provide framework for multiple DBMs | |
207 | ||
208 | =item Attribute::Handlers | |
209 | ||
210 | Simpler definition of attribute handlers | |
211 | ||
212 | =item AutoLoader | |
213 | ||
214 | Load subroutines only on demand | |
215 | ||
216 | =item AutoSplit | |
217 | ||
218 | Split a package for autoloading | |
219 | ||
220 | =item B | |
221 | ||
222 | The Perl Compiler | |
223 | ||
224 | =item B::Asmdata | |
225 | ||
226 | Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode | |
227 | ||
228 | =item B::Assembler | |
229 | ||
230 | Assemble Perl bytecode | |
231 | ||
232 | =item B::Bblock | |
233 | ||
234 | Walk basic blocks | |
235 | ||
236 | =item B::Bytecode | |
237 | ||
238 | Perl compiler's bytecode backend | |
239 | ||
240 | =item B::C | |
241 | ||
242 | Perl compiler's C backend | |
243 | ||
244 | =item B::CC | |
245 | ||
246 | Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend | |
247 | ||
248 | =item B::Concise | |
249 | ||
250 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops | |
251 | ||
252 | =item B::Debug | |
253 | ||
254 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops | |
255 | ||
256 | =item B::Deparse | |
257 | ||
258 | Perl compiler backend to produce perl code | |
259 | ||
260 | =item B::Disassembler | |
261 | ||
262 | Disassemble Perl bytecode | |
263 | ||
264 | =item B::Lint | |
265 | ||
266 | Perl lint | |
267 | ||
268 | =item B::Showlex | |
269 | ||
270 | Show lexical variables used in functions or files | |
271 | ||
272 | =item B::Stackobj | |
273 | ||
274 | Helper module for CC backend | |
275 | ||
276 | =item B::Stash | |
277 | ||
278 | Show what stashes are loaded | |
279 | ||
280 | =item B::Terse | |
281 | ||
282 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops | |
283 | ||
284 | =item B::Xref | |
285 | ||
286 | Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs | |
287 | ||
288 | =item Benchmark | |
289 | ||
290 | Benchmark running times of Perl code | |
291 | ||
292 | =item ByteLoader | |
293 | ||
294 | Load byte compiled perl code | |
295 | ||
296 | =item CGI | |
297 | ||
298 | Simple Common Gateway Interface Class | |
299 | ||
300 | =item CGI::Apache | |
301 | ||
302 | Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm | |
303 | ||
304 | =item CGI::Carp | |
305 | ||
306 | CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log | |
307 | ||
308 | =item CGI::Cookie | |
309 | ||
310 | Interface to Netscape Cookies | |
311 | ||
312 | =item CGI::Fast | |
313 | ||
314 | CGI Interface for Fast CGI | |
315 | ||
316 | =item CGI::Pretty | |
317 | ||
318 | Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code | |
319 | ||
320 | =item CGI::Push | |
321 | ||
322 | Simple Interface to Server Push | |
323 | ||
324 | =item CGI::Switch | |
325 | ||
326 | Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch | |
327 | ||
328 | =item CGI::Util | |
329 | ||
330 | Internal utilities used by CGI module | |
331 | ||
332 | =item CPAN | |
333 | ||
334 | Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites | |
335 | ||
336 | =item CPAN::FirstTime | |
337 | ||
338 | Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization | |
339 | ||
340 | =item CPAN::Nox | |
341 | ||
342 | Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module | |
343 | ||
344 | =item CPAN::Version | |
345 | ||
346 | Utility functions to compare CPAN versions | |
347 | ||
348 | =item Carp | |
349 | ||
350 | Warn of errors (from perspective of caller) | |
351 | ||
352 | =item Carp::Heavy | |
353 | ||
354 | Heavy machinery, no user serviceable parts inside | |
355 | ||
356 | =item Class::ISA | |
357 | ||
358 | Report the search path for a class's ISA tree | |
359 | ||
360 | =item Class::Struct | |
361 | ||
362 | Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes | |
363 | ||
364 | =item Config | |
365 | ||
366 | Access Perl configuration information | |
367 | ||
368 | =item Cwd | |
369 | ||
370 | Get pathname of current working directory | |
371 | ||
372 | =item DB | |
373 | ||
374 | Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to | |
375 | ||
376 | =item DBM_Filter | |
377 | ||
378 | Filter DBM keys/values | |
379 | ||
380 | =item DB_File | |
381 | ||
382 | Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x | |
383 | ||
384 | =item Data::Dumper | |
385 | ||
386 | Stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and C<eval> | |
387 | ||
388 | =item Devel::DProf | |
389 | ||
390 | A Perl code profiler | |
391 | ||
392 | =item Devel::PPPort | |
393 | ||
394 | Perl/Pollution/Portability | |
395 | ||
396 | =item Devel::Peek | |
397 | ||
398 | A data debugging tool for the XS programmer | |
399 | ||
400 | =item Devel::SelfStubber | |
401 | ||
402 | Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module | |
403 | ||
404 | =item Digest | |
405 | ||
406 | Modules that calculate message digests | |
407 | ||
408 | =item Digest::MD5 | |
409 | ||
410 | Perl interface to the MD5 Algorithm | |
411 | ||
412 | =item Digest::base | |
413 | ||
414 | Digest base class | |
415 | ||
416 | =item Digest::file | |
417 | ||
418 | Calculate digests of files | |
419 | ||
420 | =item DirHandle | |
421 | ||
422 | Supply object methods for directory handles | |
423 | ||
424 | =item Dumpvalue | |
425 | ||
426 | Provides screen dump of Perl data. | |
427 | ||
428 | =item DynaLoader | |
429 | ||
430 | Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code | |
431 | ||
432 | =item Encode | |
433 | ||
434 | Character encodings | |
435 | ||
436 | =item Encode::Alias | |
437 | ||
438 | Alias definitions to encodings | |
439 | ||
440 | =item Encode::Byte | |
441 | ||
442 | Single Byte Encodings | |
443 | ||
444 | =item Encode::CJKConstants | |
445 | ||
446 | Internally used by Encode::??::ISO_2022_* | |
447 | ||
448 | =item Encode::CN | |
449 | ||
450 | China-based Chinese Encodings | |
451 | ||
452 | =item Encode::CN::HZ | |
453 | ||
454 | Internally used by Encode::CN | |
455 | ||
456 | =item Encode::Config | |
457 | ||
458 | Internally used by Encode | |
459 | ||
460 | =item Encode::EBCDIC | |
461 | ||
462 | EBCDIC Encodings | |
463 | ||
464 | =item Encode::Encoder | |
465 | ||
466 | Object Oriented Encoder | |
467 | ||
468 | =item Encode::Encoding | |
469 | ||
470 | Encode Implementation Base Class | |
471 | ||
472 | =item Encode::Guess | |
473 | ||
474 | Guesses encoding from data | |
475 | ||
476 | =item Encode::JP | |
477 | ||
478 | Japanese Encodings | |
479 | ||
480 | =item Encode::JP::H2Z | |
481 | ||
482 | Internally used by Encode::JP::2022_JP* | |
483 | ||
484 | =item Encode::JP::JIS7 | |
485 | ||
486 | Internally used by Encode::JP | |
487 | ||
488 | =item Encode::KR | |
489 | ||
490 | Korean Encodings | |
491 | ||
492 | =item Encode::KR::2022_KR | |
493 | ||
494 | Internally used by Encode::KR | |
495 | ||
496 | =item Encode::MIME::Header | |
497 | ||
498 | MIME 'B' and 'Q' header encoding | |
499 | ||
500 | =item Encode::PerlIO | |
501 | ||
502 | A detailed document on Encode and PerlIO | |
503 | ||
504 | =item Encode::Supported | |
505 | ||
506 | Encodings supported by Encode | |
507 | ||
508 | =item Encode::Symbol | |
509 | ||
510 | Symbol Encodings | |
511 | ||
512 | =item Encode::TW | |
513 | ||
514 | Taiwan-based Chinese Encodings | |
515 | ||
516 | =item Encode::Unicode | |
517 | ||
518 | Various Unicode Transformation Formats | |
519 | ||
520 | =item Encode::Unicode::UTF7 | |
521 | ||
522 | UTF-7 encoding | |
523 | ||
524 | =item English | |
525 | ||
526 | Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables | |
527 | ||
528 | =item Env | |
529 | ||
530 | Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays | |
531 | ||
532 | =item Errno | |
533 | ||
534 | System errno constants | |
535 | ||
536 | =item Exporter | |
537 | ||
538 | Implements default import method for modules | |
539 | ||
540 | =item Exporter::Heavy | |
541 | ||
542 | Exporter guts | |
543 | ||
544 | =item ExtUtils::Command | |
545 | ||
546 | Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc. | |
547 | ||
548 | =item ExtUtils::Command::MM | |
549 | ||
550 | Commands for the MM's to use in Makefiles | |
551 | ||
552 | =item ExtUtils::Constant | |
553 | ||
554 | Generate XS code to import C header constants | |
555 | ||
556 | =item ExtUtils::Constant::Base | |
557 | ||
558 | Base class for ExtUtils::Constant objects | |
559 | ||
560 | =item ExtUtils::Constant::Utils | |
561 | ||
562 | Helper functions for ExtUtils::Constant | |
563 | ||
564 | =item ExtUtils::Constant::XS | |
565 | ||
566 | Base class for ExtUtils::Constant objects | |
567 | ||
568 | =item ExtUtils::Embed | |
569 | ||
570 | Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications | |
571 | ||
572 | =item ExtUtils::Install | |
573 | ||
574 | Install files from here to there | |
575 | ||
576 | =item ExtUtils::Installed | |
577 | ||
578 | Inventory management of installed modules | |
579 | ||
580 | =item ExtUtils::Liblist | |
581 | ||
582 | Determine libraries to use and how to use them | |
583 | ||
584 | =item ExtUtils::MM | |
585 | ||
586 | OS adjusted ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass | |
587 | ||
588 | =item ExtUtils::MM_AIX | |
589 | ||
590 | AIX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
591 | ||
592 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Any | |
593 | ||
594 | Platform-agnostic MM methods | |
595 | ||
596 | =item ExtUtils::MM_BeOS | |
597 | ||
598 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
599 | ||
600 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin | |
601 | ||
602 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
603 | ||
604 | =item ExtUtils::MM_DOS | |
605 | ||
606 | DOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
607 | ||
608 | =item ExtUtils::MM_MacOS | |
609 | ||
610 | Once produced Makefiles for MacOS Classic | |
611 | ||
612 | =item ExtUtils::MM_NW5 | |
613 | ||
614 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
615 | ||
616 | =item ExtUtils::MM_OS2 | |
617 | ||
618 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
619 | ||
620 | =item ExtUtils::MM_QNX | |
621 | ||
622 | QNX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
623 | ||
624 | =item ExtUtils::MM_UWIN | |
625 | ||
626 | U/WIN specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
627 | ||
628 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
629 | ||
630 | Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
631 | ||
632 | =item ExtUtils::MM_VMS | |
633 | ||
634 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
635 | ||
636 | =item ExtUtils::MM_VOS | |
637 | ||
638 | VOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix | |
639 | ||
640 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Win32 | |
641 | ||
642 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
643 | ||
644 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Win95 | |
645 | ||
646 | Method to customize MakeMaker for Win9X | |
647 | ||
648 | =item ExtUtils::MY | |
649 | ||
650 | ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass for customization | |
651 | ||
652 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker | |
653 | ||
654 | Create a module Makefile | |
655 | ||
656 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Config | |
657 | ||
658 | Wrapper around Config.pm | |
659 | ||
660 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ | |
661 | ||
662 | Frequently Asked Questions About MakeMaker | |
663 | ||
664 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Tutorial | |
665 | ||
666 | Writing a module with MakeMaker | |
667 | ||
668 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::bytes | |
669 | ||
670 | Version-agnostic bytes.pm | |
671 | ||
672 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::vmsish | |
673 | ||
674 | Platform-agnostic vmsish.pm | |
675 | ||
676 | =item ExtUtils::Manifest | |
677 | ||
678 | Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file | |
679 | ||
680 | =item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap | |
681 | ||
682 | Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader | |
683 | ||
684 | =item ExtUtils::Mksymlists | |
685 | ||
686 | Write linker options files for dynamic extension | |
687 | ||
688 | =item ExtUtils::Packlist | |
689 | ||
690 | Manage .packlist files | |
691 | ||
692 | =item ExtUtils::testlib | |
693 | ||
694 | Add blib/* directories to @INC | |
695 | ||
696 | =item Fatal | |
697 | ||
698 | Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die | |
699 | ||
700 | =item Fcntl | |
701 | ||
702 | Load the C Fcntl.h defines | |
703 | ||
704 | =item File::Basename | |
705 | ||
706 | Parse file paths into directory, filename and suffix. | |
707 | ||
708 | =item File::CheckTree | |
709 | ||
710 | Run many filetest checks on a tree | |
711 | ||
712 | =item File::Compare | |
713 | ||
714 | Compare files or filehandles | |
715 | ||
716 | =item File::Copy | |
717 | ||
718 | Copy files or filehandles | |
719 | ||
720 | =item File::DosGlob | |
721 | ||
722 | DOS like globbing and then some | |
723 | ||
724 | =item File::Find | |
725 | ||
726 | Traverse a directory tree. | |
727 | ||
728 | =item File::Glob | |
729 | ||
730 | Perl extension for BSD glob routine | |
731 | ||
732 | =item File::Path | |
733 | ||
734 | Create or remove directory trees | |
735 | ||
736 | =item File::Spec | |
737 | ||
738 | Portably perform operations on file names | |
739 | ||
740 | =item File::Spec::Cygwin | |
741 | ||
742 | Methods for Cygwin file specs | |
743 | ||
744 | =item File::Spec::Epoc | |
745 | ||
746 | Methods for Epoc file specs | |
747 | ||
748 | =item File::Spec::Functions | |
749 | ||
750 | Portably perform operations on file names | |
751 | ||
752 | =item File::Spec::Mac | |
753 | ||
754 | File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic) | |
755 | ||
756 | =item File::Spec::OS2 | |
757 | ||
758 | Methods for OS/2 file specs | |
759 | ||
760 | =item File::Spec::Unix | |
761 | ||
762 | File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules | |
763 | ||
764 | =item File::Spec::VMS | |
765 | ||
766 | Methods for VMS file specs | |
767 | ||
768 | =item File::Spec::Win32 | |
769 | ||
770 | Methods for Win32 file specs | |
771 | ||
772 | =item File::Temp | |
773 | ||
774 | Return name and handle of a temporary file safely | |
775 | ||
776 | =item File::stat | |
777 | ||
778 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions | |
779 | ||
780 | =item FileCache | |
781 | ||
782 | Keep more files open than the system permits | |
783 | ||
784 | =item FileHandle | |
785 | ||
786 | Supply object methods for filehandles | |
787 | ||
788 | =item Filter::Simple | |
789 | ||
790 | Simplified source filtering | |
791 | ||
792 | =item Filter::Util::Call | |
793 | ||
794 | Perl Source Filter Utility Module | |
795 | ||
796 | =item FindBin | |
797 | ||
798 | Locate directory of original perl script | |
799 | ||
800 | =item GDBM_File | |
801 | ||
802 | Perl5 access to the gdbm library. | |
803 | ||
804 | =item Getopt::Long | |
805 | ||
806 | Extended processing of command line options | |
807 | ||
808 | =item Getopt::Std | |
809 | ||
810 | Process single-character switches with switch clustering | |
811 | ||
812 | =item Hash::Util | |
813 | ||
814 | A selection of general-utility hash subroutines | |
815 | ||
816 | =item I18N::Collate | |
817 | ||
818 | Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale | |
819 | ||
820 | =item I18N::LangTags | |
821 | ||
822 | Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags | |
823 | ||
824 | =item I18N::LangTags::Detect | |
825 | ||
826 | Detect the user's language preferences | |
827 | ||
828 | =item I18N::LangTags::List | |
829 | ||
830 | Tags and names for human languages | |
831 | ||
832 | =item I18N::Langinfo | |
833 | ||
834 | Query locale information | |
835 | ||
836 | =item IO | |
837 | ||
838 | Load various IO modules | |
839 | ||
840 | =item IO::Dir | |
841 | ||
842 | Supply object methods for directory handles | |
843 | ||
844 | =item IO::File | |
845 | ||
846 | Supply object methods for filehandles | |
847 | ||
848 | =item IO::Handle | |
849 | ||
850 | Supply object methods for I/O handles | |
851 | ||
852 | =item IO::Pipe | |
853 | ||
854 | Supply object methods for pipes | |
855 | ||
856 | =item IO::Poll | |
857 | ||
858 | Object interface to system poll call | |
859 | ||
860 | =item IO::Seekable | |
861 | ||
862 | Supply seek based methods for I/O objects | |
863 | ||
864 | =item IO::Select | |
865 | ||
866 | OO interface to the select system call | |
867 | ||
868 | =item IO::Socket | |
869 | ||
870 | Object interface to socket communications | |
871 | ||
872 | =item IO::Socket::INET | |
873 | ||
874 | Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets | |
875 | ||
876 | =item IO::Socket::UNIX | |
877 | ||
878 | Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets | |
879 | ||
880 | =item IPC::Open2 | |
881 | ||
882 | Open a process for both reading and writing | |
883 | ||
884 | =item IPC::Open3 | |
885 | ||
886 | Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling | |
887 | ||
888 | =item IPC::SysV | |
889 | ||
890 | SysV IPC constants | |
891 | ||
892 | =item IPC::SysV::Msg | |
893 | ||
894 | SysV Msg IPC object class | |
895 | ||
896 | =item IPC::SysV::Semaphore | |
897 | ||
898 | SysV Semaphore IPC object class | |
899 | ||
900 | =item List::Util | |
901 | ||
902 | A selection of general-utility list subroutines | |
903 | ||
904 | =item Locale::Constants | |
905 | ||
906 | Constants for Locale codes | |
907 | ||
908 | =item Locale::Country | |
909 | ||
910 | ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166) | |
911 | ||
912 | =item Locale::Currency | |
913 | ||
914 | ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217) | |
915 | ||
916 | =item Locale::Language | |
917 | ||
918 | ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639) | |
919 | ||
920 | =item Locale::Maketext | |
921 | ||
922 | Framework for localization | |
923 | ||
924 | =item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13 | |
925 | ||
926 | Article about software localization | |
927 | ||
928 | =item Locale::Script | |
929 | ||
930 | ISO codes for script identification (ISO 15924) | |
931 | ||
932 | =item MIME::Base64 | |
933 | ||
934 | Encoding and decoding of base64 strings | |
935 | ||
936 | =item MIME::Base64::QuotedPrint | |
937 | ||
938 | Encoding and decoding of quoted-printable strings | |
939 | ||
940 | =item Math::BigFloat | |
941 | ||
942 | Arbitrary size floating point math package | |
943 | ||
944 | =item Math::BigInt | |
945 | ||
946 | Arbitrary size integer/float math package | |
947 | ||
948 | =item Math::BigInt::Calc | |
949 | ||
950 | Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt | |
951 | ||
952 | =item Math::BigInt::CalcEmu | |
953 | ||
954 | Emulate low-level math with BigInt code | |
955 | ||
956 | =item Math::BigRat | |
957 | ||
958 | Arbitrary big rational numbers | |
959 | ||
960 | =item Math::Complex | |
961 | ||
962 | Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions | |
963 | ||
964 | =item Math::Trig | |
965 | ||
966 | Trigonometric functions | |
967 | ||
968 | =item Memoize | |
969 | ||
970 | Make functions faster by trading space for time | |
971 | ||
972 | =item Memoize::AnyDBM_File | |
973 | ||
974 | Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use | |
975 | ||
976 | =item Memoize::Expire | |
977 | ||
978 | Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values | |
979 | ||
980 | =item Memoize::ExpireFile | |
981 | ||
982 | Test for Memoize expiration semantics | |
983 | ||
984 | =item Memoize::ExpireTest | |
985 | ||
986 | Test for Memoize expiration semantics | |
987 | ||
988 | =item Memoize::NDBM_File | |
989 | ||
990 | Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use | |
991 | ||
992 | =item Memoize::SDBM_File | |
993 | ||
994 | Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use | |
995 | ||
996 | =item Memoize::Storable | |
997 | ||
998 | Store Memoized data in Storable database | |
999 | ||
1000 | =item NDBM_File | |
1001 | ||
1002 | Tied access to ndbm files | |
1003 | ||
1004 | =item NEXT | |
1005 | ||
1006 | Provide a pseudo-class NEXT (et al) that allows method redispatch | |
1007 | ||
1008 | =item Net::Cmd | |
1009 | ||
1010 | Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc) | |
1011 | ||
1012 | =item Net::Config | |
1013 | ||
1014 | Local configuration data for libnet | |
1015 | ||
1016 | =item Net::Domain | |
1017 | ||
1018 | Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain | |
1019 | ||
1020 | =item Net::FTP | |
1021 | ||
1022 | FTP Client class | |
1023 | ||
1024 | =item Net::NNTP | |
1025 | ||
1026 | NNTP Client class | |
1027 | ||
1028 | =item Net::Netrc | |
1029 | ||
1030 | OO interface to users netrc file | |
1031 | ||
1032 | =item Net::POP3 | |
1033 | ||
1034 | Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1939) | |
1035 | ||
1036 | =item Net::Ping | |
1037 | ||
1038 | Check a remote host for reachability | |
1039 | ||
1040 | =item Net::SMTP | |
1041 | ||
1042 | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client | |
1043 | ||
1044 | =item Net::Time | |
1045 | ||
1046 | Time and daytime network client interface | |
1047 | ||
1048 | =item Net::hostent | |
1049 | ||
1050 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions | |
1051 | ||
1052 | =item Net::libnetFAQ | |
1053 | ||
1054 | Libnet Frequently Asked Questions | |
1055 | ||
1056 | =item Net::netent | |
1057 | ||
1058 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions | |
1059 | ||
1060 | =item Net::protoent | |
1061 | ||
1062 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions | |
1063 | ||
1064 | =item Net::servent | |
1065 | ||
1066 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions | |
1067 | ||
1068 | =item O | |
1069 | ||
1070 | Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends | |
1071 | ||
1072 | =item ODBM_File | |
1073 | ||
1074 | Tied access to odbm files | |
1075 | ||
1076 | =item Opcode | |
1077 | ||
1078 | Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code | |
1079 | ||
1080 | =item POSIX | |
1081 | ||
1082 | Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 | |
1083 | ||
1084 | =item PerlIO | |
1085 | ||
1086 | On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space | |
1087 | ||
1088 | =item PerlIO::encoding | |
1089 | ||
1090 | Encoding layer | |
1091 | ||
1092 | =item PerlIO::scalar | |
1093 | ||
1094 | In-memory IO, scalar IO | |
1095 | ||
1096 | =item PerlIO::via | |
1097 | ||
1098 | Helper class for PerlIO layers implemented in perl | |
1099 | ||
1100 | =item PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint | |
1101 | ||
1102 | PerlIO layer for quoted-printable strings | |
1103 | ||
1104 | =item Pod::Checker | |
1105 | ||
1106 | Check pod documents for syntax errors | |
1107 | ||
1108 | =item Pod::Find | |
1109 | ||
1110 | Find POD documents in directory trees | |
1111 | ||
1112 | =item Pod::Functions | |
1113 | ||
1114 | Group Perl's functions a la perlfunc.pod | |
1115 | ||
1116 | =item Pod::Html | |
1117 | ||
1118 | Module to convert pod files to HTML | |
1119 | ||
1120 | =item Pod::InputObjects | |
1121 | ||
1122 | Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc. | |
1123 | ||
1124 | =item Pod::LaTeX | |
1125 | ||
1126 | Convert Pod data to formatted Latex | |
1127 | ||
1128 | =item Pod::Man | |
1129 | ||
1130 | Convert POD data to formatted *roff input | |
1131 | ||
1132 | =item Pod::ParseLink | |
1133 | ||
1134 | Parse an LE<lt>E<gt> formatting code in POD text | |
1135 | ||
1136 | =item Pod::ParseUtils | |
1137 | ||
1138 | Helpers for POD parsing and conversion | |
1139 | ||
1140 | =item Pod::Parser | |
1141 | ||
1142 | Base class for creating POD filters and translators | |
1143 | ||
1144 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToChecker | |
1145 | ||
1146 | Let Perldoc check Pod for errors | |
1147 | ||
1148 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToMan | |
1149 | ||
1150 | Let Perldoc render Pod as man pages | |
1151 | ||
1152 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff | |
1153 | ||
1154 | Let Perldoc convert Pod to nroff | |
1155 | ||
1156 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToPod | |
1157 | ||
1158 | Let Perldoc render Pod as ... Pod! | |
1159 | ||
1160 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf | |
1161 | ||
1162 | Let Perldoc render Pod as RTF | |
1163 | ||
1164 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToText | |
1165 | ||
1166 | Let Perldoc render Pod as plaintext | |
1167 | ||
1168 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToTk | |
1169 | ||
1170 | Let Perldoc use Tk::Pod to render Pod | |
1171 | ||
1172 | =item Pod::Perldoc::ToXml | |
1173 | ||
1174 | Let Perldoc render Pod as XML | |
1175 | ||
1176 | =item Pod::PlainText | |
1177 | ||
1178 | Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text | |
1179 | ||
1180 | =item Pod::Plainer | |
1181 | ||
1182 | Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod. | |
1183 | ||
1184 | =item Pod::Select | |
1185 | ||
1186 | Extract selected sections of POD from input | |
1187 | ||
1188 | =item Pod::Text | |
1189 | ||
1190 | Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text | |
1191 | ||
1192 | =item Pod::Text::Color | |
1193 | ||
1194 | Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text | |
1195 | ||
1196 | =item Pod::Text::Overstrike | |
1197 | ||
1198 | Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text | |
1199 | ||
1200 | =item Pod::Text::Termcap | |
1201 | ||
1202 | Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes | |
1203 | ||
1204 | =item Pod::Usage | |
1205 | ||
1206 | Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation | |
1207 | ||
1208 | =item SDBM_File | |
1209 | ||
1210 | Tied access to sdbm files | |
1211 | ||
1212 | =item Safe | |
1213 | ||
1214 | Compile and execute code in restricted compartments | |
1215 | ||
1216 | =item Scalar::Util | |
1217 | ||
1218 | A selection of general-utility scalar subroutines | |
1219 | ||
1220 | =item Search::Dict | |
1221 | ||
1222 | Search for key in dictionary file | |
1223 | ||
1224 | =item SelectSaver | |
1225 | ||
1226 | Save and restore selected file handle | |
1227 | ||
1228 | =item SelfLoader | |
1229 | ||
1230 | Load functions only on demand | |
1231 | ||
1232 | =item Shell | |
1233 | ||
1234 | Run shell commands transparently within perl | |
1235 | ||
1236 | =item Socket | |
1237 | ||
1238 | Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators | |
1239 | ||
1240 | =item Storable | |
1241 | ||
1242 | Persistence for Perl data structures | |
1243 | ||
1244 | =item Switch | |
1245 | ||
1246 | A switch statement for Perl | |
1247 | ||
1248 | =item Symbol | |
1249 | ||
1250 | Manipulate Perl symbols and their names | |
1251 | ||
1252 | =item Sys::Hostname | |
1253 | ||
1254 | Try every conceivable way to get hostname | |
1255 | ||
1256 | =item Sys::Syslog | |
1257 | ||
1258 | Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls | |
1259 | ||
1260 | =item Term::ANSIColor | |
1261 | ||
1262 | Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences | |
1263 | ||
1264 | =item Term::Cap | |
1265 | ||
1266 | Perl termcap interface | |
1267 | ||
1268 | =item Term::Complete | |
1269 | ||
1270 | Perl word completion module | |
1271 | ||
1272 | =item Term::ReadLine | |
1273 | ||
1274 | Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. | |
1275 | ||
1276 | =item Test | |
1277 | ||
1278 | Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts | |
1279 | ||
1280 | =item Test::Builder | |
1281 | ||
1282 | Backend for building test libraries | |
1283 | ||
1284 | =item Test::Builder::Module | |
1285 | ||
1286 | Base class for test modules | |
1287 | ||
1288 | =item Test::Builder::Tester | |
1289 | ||
1290 | Test testsuites that have been built with | |
1291 | ||
1292 | =item Test::Builder::Tester::Color | |
1293 | ||
1294 | Turn on colour in Test::Builder::Tester | |
1295 | ||
1296 | =item Test::Harness | |
1297 | ||
1298 | Run Perl standard test scripts with statistics | |
1299 | ||
1300 | =item Test::Harness::Assert | |
1301 | ||
1302 | Simple assert | |
1303 | ||
1304 | =item Test::Harness::Iterator | |
1305 | ||
1306 | Internal Test::Harness Iterator | |
1307 | ||
1308 | =item Test::Harness::Point | |
1309 | ||
1310 | Object for tracking a single test point | |
1311 | ||
1312 | =item Test::Harness::Straps | |
1313 | ||
1314 | Detailed analysis of test results | |
1315 | ||
1316 | =item Test::Harness::TAP | |
1317 | ||
1318 | Documentation for the TAP format | |
1319 | ||
1320 | =item Test::More | |
1321 | ||
1322 | Yet another framework for writing test scripts | |
1323 | ||
1324 | =item Test::Simple | |
1325 | ||
1326 | Basic utilities for writing tests. | |
1327 | ||
1328 | =item Test::Tutorial | |
1329 | ||
1330 | A tutorial about writing really basic tests | |
1331 | ||
1332 | =item Text::Abbrev | |
1333 | ||
1334 | Create an abbreviation table from a list | |
1335 | ||
1336 | =item Text::Balanced | |
1337 | ||
1338 | Extract delimited text sequences from strings. | |
1339 | ||
1340 | =item Text::ParseWords | |
1341 | ||
1342 | Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays | |
1343 | ||
1344 | =item Text::Soundex | |
1345 | ||
1346 | Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth | |
1347 | ||
1348 | =item Text::Tabs | |
1349 | ||
1350 | Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1) | |
1351 | ||
1352 | =item Text::Wrap | |
1353 | ||
1354 | Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs | |
1355 | ||
1356 | =item Thread | |
1357 | ||
1358 | Manipulate threads in Perl (for old code only) | |
1359 | ||
1360 | =item Thread::Queue | |
1361 | ||
1362 | Thread-safe queues | |
1363 | ||
1364 | =item Thread::Semaphore | |
1365 | ||
1366 | Thread-safe semaphores | |
1367 | ||
1368 | =item Thread::Signal | |
1369 | ||
1370 | Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably (for old code) | |
1371 | ||
1372 | =item Thread::Specific | |
1373 | ||
1374 | Thread-specific keys | |
1375 | ||
1376 | =item Tie::Array | |
1377 | ||
1378 | Base class for tied arrays | |
1379 | ||
1380 | =item Tie::File | |
1381 | ||
1382 | Access the lines of a disk file via a Perl array | |
1383 | ||
1384 | =item Tie::Handle | |
1385 | ||
1386 | Base class definitions for tied handles | |
1387 | ||
1388 | =item Tie::Hash | |
1389 | ||
1390 | Base class definitions for tied hashes | |
1391 | ||
1392 | =item Tie::Memoize | |
1393 | ||
1394 | Add data to hash when needed | |
1395 | ||
1396 | =item Tie::RefHash | |
1397 | ||
1398 | Use references as hash keys | |
1399 | ||
1400 | =item Tie::Scalar | |
1401 | ||
1402 | Base class definitions for tied scalars | |
1403 | ||
1404 | =item Tie::SubstrHash | |
1405 | ||
1406 | Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing | |
1407 | ||
1408 | =item Time::HiRes | |
1409 | ||
1410 | High resolution alarm, sleep, gettimeofday, interval timers | |
1411 | ||
1412 | =item Time::Local | |
1413 | ||
1414 | Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time | |
1415 | ||
1416 | =item Time::gmtime | |
1417 | ||
1418 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function | |
1419 | ||
1420 | =item Time::localtime | |
1421 | ||
1422 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function | |
1423 | ||
1424 | =item Time::tm | |
1425 | ||
1426 | Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime | |
1427 | ||
1428 | =item UNIVERSAL | |
1429 | ||
1430 | Base class for ALL classes (blessed references) | |
1431 | ||
1432 | =item Unicode::Collate | |
1433 | ||
1434 | Unicode Collation Algorithm | |
1435 | ||
1436 | =item Unicode::Normalize | |
1437 | ||
1438 | Unicode Normalization Forms | |
1439 | ||
1440 | =item Unicode::UCD | |
1441 | ||
1442 | Unicode character database | |
1443 | ||
1444 | =item User::grent | |
1445 | ||
1446 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions | |
1447 | ||
1448 | =item User::pwent | |
1449 | ||
1450 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions | |
1451 | ||
1452 | =item XS::APItest | |
1453 | ||
1454 | Test the perl C API | |
1455 | ||
1456 | =item XS::Typemap | |
1457 | ||
1458 | Module to test the XS typemaps distributed with perl | |
1459 | ||
1460 | =item XSLoader | |
1461 | ||
1462 | Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code | |
1463 | ||
1464 | =back | |
1465 | ||
1466 | To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including | |
1467 | those without documentation or outside the standard release, | |
1468 | just use the following command (under the default win32 shell, | |
1469 | double quotes should be used instead of single quotes). | |
1470 | ||
1471 | % perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \ | |
1472 | 'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ }, | |
1473 | no_chdir => 1 }, @INC' | |
1474 | ||
1475 | (The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.) | |
1476 | They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible | |
1477 | via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> | |
1478 | program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which | |
1479 | generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you | |
1480 | have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have | |
1481 | to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no | |
1482 | system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. | |
1483 | ||
1484 | Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly | |
1485 | incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on | |
1486 | your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker | |
1487 | install process.) | |
1488 | ||
1489 | =head2 Extension Modules | |
1490 | ||
1491 | Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They | |
1492 | are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, | |
1493 | but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules | |
1494 | include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. | |
1495 | ||
1496 | Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not | |
1497 | completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time | |
1498 | for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of | |
1499 | platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to | |
1500 | look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines | |
1501 | like Alta Vista or Google. | |
1502 | ||
1503 | =head1 CPAN | |
1504 | ||
1505 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally | |
1506 | replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style | |
1507 | guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and | |
1508 | occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for | |
1509 | CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/ | |
1510 | ||
1511 | Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, | |
1512 | some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of | |
1513 | modules are: | |
1514 | ||
1515 | =over | |
1516 | ||
1517 | =item * | |
1518 | ||
1519 | Language Extensions and Documentation Tools | |
1520 | ||
1521 | =item * | |
1522 | ||
1523 | Development Support | |
1524 | ||
1525 | =item * | |
1526 | ||
1527 | Operating System Interfaces | |
1528 | ||
1529 | =item * | |
1530 | ||
1531 | Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication | |
1532 | ||
1533 | =item * | |
1534 | ||
1535 | Data Types and Data Type Utilities | |
1536 | ||
1537 | =item * | |
1538 | ||
1539 | Database Interfaces | |
1540 | ||
1541 | =item * | |
1542 | ||
1543 | User Interfaces | |
1544 | ||
1545 | =item * | |
1546 | ||
1547 | Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages | |
1548 | ||
1549 | =item * | |
1550 | ||
1551 | File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) | |
1552 | ||
1553 | =item * | |
1554 | ||
1555 | String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching | |
1556 | ||
1557 | =item * | |
1558 | ||
1559 | Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing | |
1560 | ||
1561 | =item * | |
1562 | ||
1563 | Internationalization and Locale | |
1564 | ||
1565 | =item * | |
1566 | ||
1567 | Authentication, Security, and Encryption | |
1568 | ||
1569 | =item * | |
1570 | ||
1571 | World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME | |
1572 | ||
1573 | =item * | |
1574 | ||
1575 | Server and Daemon Utilities | |
1576 | ||
1577 | =item * | |
1578 | ||
1579 | Archiving and Compression | |
1580 | ||
1581 | =item * | |
1582 | ||
1583 | Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing | |
1584 | ||
1585 | =item * | |
1586 | ||
1587 | Mail and Usenet News | |
1588 | ||
1589 | =item * | |
1590 | ||
1591 | Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) | |
1592 | ||
1593 | =item * | |
1594 | ||
1595 | File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities | |
1596 | ||
1597 | =item * | |
1598 | ||
1599 | Miscellaneous Modules | |
1600 | ||
1601 | =back | |
1602 | ||
1603 | The list of the registered CPAN sites as of this writing follows. | |
1604 | Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields: | |
1605 | ||
1606 | Continent | |
1607 | | | |
1608 | |-->Country | |
1609 | | | |
1610 | |-->[state/province] | |
1611 | | | |
1612 | |-->ftp | |
1613 | | | |
1614 | |-->[http] | |
1615 | ||
1616 | and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the | |
1617 | European and the South American sites. | |
1618 | ||
1619 | You should try to choose one close to you. | |
1620 | ||
1621 | =head2 Africa | |
1622 | ||
1623 | =over 4 | |
1624 | ||
1625 | =item South Africa | |
1626 | ||
1627 | http://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1628 | ftp://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1629 | ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ | |
1630 | ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
1631 | ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/ | |
1632 | ||
1633 | =back | |
1634 | ||
1635 | =head2 Asia | |
1636 | ||
1637 | =over 4 | |
1638 | ||
1639 | =item China | |
1640 | ||
1641 | http://cpan.linuxforum.net/ | |
1642 | http://cpan.shellhung.org/ | |
1643 | ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN | |
1644 | ftp://mirrors.hknet.com/CPAN | |
1645 | ||
1646 | =item Indonesia | |
1647 | ||
1648 | http://mirrors.tf.itb.ac.id/cpan/ | |
1649 | http://cpan.cbn.net.id/ | |
1650 | ftp://ftp.cbn.net.id/mirror/CPAN | |
1651 | ||
1652 | =item Israel | |
1653 | ||
1654 | ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ | |
1655 | http://cpan.lerner.co.il/ | |
1656 | http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ | |
1657 | ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ | |
1658 | ||
1659 | =item Japan | |
1660 | ||
1661 | ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN | |
1662 | ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ | |
1663 | ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/ | |
1664 | ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1665 | http://ftp.cpan.jp/ | |
1666 | ftp://ftp.cpan.jp/CPAN/ | |
1667 | ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ | |
1668 | ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1669 | ||
1670 | =item Malaysia | |
1671 | ||
1672 | http://cpan.MyBSD.org.my | |
1673 | http://mirror.leafbug.org/pub/CPAN | |
1674 | http://ossig.mncc.com.my/mirror/pub/CPAN | |
1675 | ||
1676 | =item Russian Federation | |
1677 | ||
1678 | http://cpan.tomsk.ru | |
1679 | ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/ | |
1680 | ||
1681 | =item Saudi Arabia | |
1682 | ||
1683 | ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ | |
1684 | ||
1685 | =item Singapore | |
1686 | ||
1687 | http://CPAN.en.com.sg/ | |
1688 | ftp://cpan.en.com.sg/ | |
1689 | http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN | |
1690 | ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN | |
1691 | http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org | |
1692 | ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan | |
1693 | ||
1694 | =item South Korea | |
1695 | ||
1696 | http://CPAN.bora.net/ | |
1697 | ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
1698 | http://mirror.kr.FreeBSD.org/CPAN | |
1699 | ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/CPAN | |
1700 | ||
1701 | =item Taiwan | |
1702 | ||
1703 | ftp://ftp.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN | |
1704 | http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ | |
1705 | ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN | |
1706 | http://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN | |
1707 | ftp://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN | |
1708 | ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ | |
1709 | http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ | |
1710 | ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ | |
1711 | ||
1712 | =item Thailand | |
1713 | ||
1714 | ftp://ftp.loxinfo.co.th/pub/cpan/ | |
1715 | ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
1716 | ||
1717 | =back | |
1718 | ||
1719 | =head2 Central America | |
1720 | ||
1721 | =over 4 | |
1722 | ||
1723 | =item Costa Rica | |
1724 | ||
1725 | http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ | |
1726 | ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ | |
1727 | ||
1728 | =back | |
1729 | ||
1730 | =head2 Europe | |
1731 | ||
1732 | =over 4 | |
1733 | ||
1734 | =item Austria | |
1735 | ||
1736 | http://cpan.inode.at/ | |
1737 | ftp://cpan.inode.at | |
1738 | ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/ | |
1739 | ||
1740 | =item Belgium | |
1741 | ||
1742 | http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ | |
1743 | ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ | |
1744 | http://cpan.skynet.be | |
1745 | ftp://ftp.cpan.skynet.be/pub/CPAN | |
1746 | ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1747 | ||
1748 | =item Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
1749 | ||
1750 | http://cpan.blic.net/ | |
1751 | ||
1752 | =item Bulgaria | |
1753 | ||
1754 | http://cpan.online.bg | |
1755 | ftp://cpan.online.bg/cpan | |
1756 | http://cpan.zadnik.org | |
1757 | ftp://ftp.zadnik.org/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
1758 | http://cpan.lirex.net/ | |
1759 | ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN | |
1760 | ||
1761 | =item Croatia | |
1762 | ||
1763 | http://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ | |
1764 | ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ | |
1765 | ||
1766 | =item Czech Republic | |
1767 | ||
1768 | ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ | |
1769 | ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1770 | ||
1771 | =item Denmark | |
1772 | ||
1773 | http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/ | |
1774 | ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/ | |
1775 | http://cpan.cybercity.dk | |
1776 | http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ | |
1777 | ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ | |
1778 | ||
1779 | =item Estonia | |
1780 | ||
1781 | ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1782 | ||
1783 | =item Finland | |
1784 | ||
1785 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1786 | http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN | |
1787 | ||
1788 | =item France | |
1789 | ||
1790 | http://www.enstimac.fr/Perl/CPAN | |
1791 | http://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN | |
1792 | ftp://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN | |
1793 | http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/ | |
1794 | ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/ | |
1795 | ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1796 | http://fr.cpan.org/ | |
1797 | ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1798 | ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
1799 | ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ | |
1800 | http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org | |
1801 | ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org | |
1802 | http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ | |
1803 | ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ | |
1804 | http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN | |
1805 | ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN | |
1806 | ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ | |
1807 | ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1808 | ||
1809 | =item Germany | |
1810 | ||
1811 | ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/ | |
1812 | ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ | |
1813 | ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ | |
1814 | ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN | |
1815 | http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ | |
1816 | ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ | |
1817 | http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1818 | ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1819 | ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1820 | ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/ | |
1821 | http://cpan.noris.de/ | |
1822 | ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/ | |
1823 | ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
1824 | ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
1825 | ||
1826 | =item Greece | |
1827 | ||
1828 | ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl | |
1829 | ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN | |
1830 | ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ | |
1831 | ||
1832 | =item Hungary | |
1833 | ||
1834 | http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1835 | ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1836 | ||
1837 | =item Iceland | |
1838 | ||
1839 | http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ | |
1840 | ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ | |
1841 | ||
1842 | =item Ireland | |
1843 | ||
1844 | http://cpan.indigo.ie/ | |
1845 | ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ | |
1846 | http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN | |
1847 | ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN | |
1848 | http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ | |
1849 | ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ | |
1850 | ||
1851 | =item Italy | |
1852 | ||
1853 | http://cpan.nettuno.it/ | |
1854 | http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ | |
1855 | ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN | |
1856 | http://softcity.iol.it/cpan | |
1857 | ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan | |
1858 | ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/ | |
1859 | ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ | |
1860 | ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ | |
1861 | ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ | |
1862 | http://cpan.flashnet.it/ | |
1863 | ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ | |
1864 | ||
1865 | =item Latvia | |
1866 | ||
1867 | http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ | |
1868 | ||
1869 | =item Lithuania | |
1870 | ||
1871 | ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/ | |
1872 | ||
1873 | =item Netherlands | |
1874 | ||
1875 | ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1876 | ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
1877 | ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1878 | http://cpan.cybercomm.nl/ | |
1879 | ftp://mirror.cybercomm.nl/pub/CPAN | |
1880 | ftp://mirror.vuurwerk.nl/pub/CPAN/ | |
1881 | ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ | |
1882 | http://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN | |
1883 | ftp://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN | |
1884 | http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1885 | ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1886 | ||
1887 | =item Norway | |
1888 | ||
1889 | ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN | |
1890 | ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ | |
1891 | ||
1892 | =item Poland | |
1893 | ||
1894 | ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/CPAN | |
1895 | ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ | |
1896 | ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ | |
1897 | ||
1898 | =item Portugal | |
1899 | ||
1900 | ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ | |
1901 | ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ | |
1902 | http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/ | |
1903 | ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN | |
1904 | ftp://ftp.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN | |
1905 | http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN | |
1906 | ftp://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN | |
1907 | http://cpan.ip.pt/ | |
1908 | ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/ | |
1909 | http://cpan.telepac.pt/ | |
1910 | ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/cpan/ | |
1911 | ||
1912 | =item Romania | |
1913 | ||
1914 | ftp://ftp.bio-net.ro/pub/CPAN | |
1915 | ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ | |
1916 | ftp://ftp.lug.ro/CPAN | |
1917 | ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
1918 | ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ | |
1919 | ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ | |
1920 | http://cpan.ambra.ro/ | |
1921 | ftp://ftp.ambra.ro/pub/CPAN | |
1922 | ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ | |
1923 | ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN | |
1924 | ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
1925 | ||
1926 | =item Russia | |
1927 | ||
1928 | ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1929 | http://cpan.rinet.ru/ | |
1930 | ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1931 | ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ | |
1932 | ftp://ftp.corbina.ru/pub/CPAN/ | |
1933 | http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/ | |
1934 | ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1935 | ||
1936 | =item Slovakia | |
1937 | ||
1938 | ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/ | |
1939 | ||
1940 | =item Slovenia | |
1941 | ||
1942 | ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ | |
1943 | ||
1944 | =item Spain | |
1945 | ||
1946 | http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/ | |
1947 | ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1948 | ftp://ftp.ri.telefonica-data.net/CPAN | |
1949 | ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ | |
1950 | ||
1951 | =item Sweden | |
1952 | ||
1953 | http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ | |
1954 | ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ | |
1955 | http://mirror.dataphone.se/CPAN | |
1956 | ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN | |
1957 | ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ | |
1958 | ||
1959 | =item Switzerland | |
1960 | ||
1961 | http://cpan.mirror.solnet.ch/ | |
1962 | ftp://ftp.solnet.ch/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1963 | ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ | |
1964 | ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ | |
1965 | ||
1966 | =item Turkey | |
1967 | ||
1968 | http://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN/ | |
1969 | ftp://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN | |
1970 | ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ | |
1971 | ||
1972 | =item Ukraine | |
1973 | ||
1974 | http://cpan.org.ua/ | |
1975 | ftp://cpan.org.ua/ | |
1976 | ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/ | |
1977 | http://no-more.kiev.ua/CPAN/ | |
1978 | ftp://no-more.kiev.ua/pub/CPAN/ | |
1979 | ||
1980 | =item United Kingdom | |
1981 | ||
1982 | http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN | |
1983 | ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1984 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ | |
1985 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN | |
1986 | http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/ | |
1987 | ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/ | |
1988 | http://cpan.etla.org/ | |
1989 | ftp://cpan.etla.org/pub/CPAN | |
1990 | ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/ | |
1991 | http://cpan.m.flirble.org/ | |
1992 | ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
1993 | ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ | |
1994 | http://cpan.hambule.co.uk/ | |
1995 | http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/ | |
1996 | ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
1997 | ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ | |
1998 | ||
1999 | =back | |
2000 | ||
2001 | =head2 North America | |
2002 | ||
2003 | =over 4 | |
2004 | ||
2005 | =item Canada | |
2006 | ||
2007 | =over 8 | |
2008 | ||
2009 | =item Alberta | |
2010 | ||
2011 | http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/ | |
2012 | ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/ | |
2013 | ||
2014 | =item Manitoba | |
2015 | ||
2016 | http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ | |
2017 | ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ | |
2018 | ||
2019 | =item Nova Scotia | |
2020 | ||
2021 | ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ | |
2022 | ||
2023 | =item Ontario | |
2024 | ||
2025 | ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/ | |
2026 | ||
2027 | =back | |
2028 | ||
2029 | =item Mexico | |
2030 | ||
2031 | http://cpan.azc.uam.mx | |
2032 | ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN | |
2033 | http://www.cpan.unam.mx/ | |
2034 | ftp://ftp.unam.mx/pub/CPAN | |
2035 | http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ | |
2036 | ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ | |
2037 | ||
2038 | =item United States | |
2039 | ||
2040 | =over 8 | |
2041 | ||
2042 | =item Alabama | |
2043 | ||
2044 | http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ | |
2045 | ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ | |
2046 | ||
2047 | =item California | |
2048 | ||
2049 | http://cpan.develooper.com/ | |
2050 | http://www.cpan.org/ | |
2051 | ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2052 | http://www.mednor.net/ftp/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2053 | ftp://ftp.mednor.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2054 | http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN | |
2055 | ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2056 | http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/ | |
2057 | ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN | |
2058 | http://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/ | |
2059 | ftp://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2060 | http://cpan.digisle.net/ | |
2061 | ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN | |
2062 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ | |
2063 | http://www.uberlan.net/CPAN | |
2064 | ||
2065 | =item Colorado | |
2066 | ||
2067 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2068 | http://cpan.four10.com | |
2069 | ||
2070 | =item Delaware | |
2071 | ||
2072 | http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2073 | ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2074 | ||
2075 | =item District of Columbia | |
2076 | ||
2077 | ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2078 | ||
2079 | =item Florida | |
2080 | ||
2081 | ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2082 | http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2083 | ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2084 | http://cpan.mirrors.nks.net/ | |
2085 | ||
2086 | =item Indiana | |
2087 | ||
2088 | ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2089 | http://cpan.netnitco.net/ | |
2090 | ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2091 | http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ | |
2092 | ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ | |
2093 | http://fx.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2094 | ftp://ftp.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2095 | http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2096 | ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2097 | ||
2098 | =item Kentucky | |
2099 | ||
2100 | http://cpan.uky.edu/ | |
2101 | ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2102 | http://slugsite.louisville.edu/cpan | |
2103 | ftp://slugsite.louisville.edu/CPAN | |
2104 | ||
2105 | =item Massachusetts | |
2106 | ||
2107 | http://mirrors.towardex.com/CPAN | |
2108 | ftp://mirrors.towardex.com/pub/CPAN | |
2109 | ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
2110 | ||
2111 | =item Michigan | |
2112 | ||
2113 | ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/ | |
2114 | http://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2115 | ftp://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2116 | ||
2117 | =item Nevada | |
2118 | ||
2119 | http://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN | |
2120 | ftp://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN | |
2121 | ||
2122 | =item New Jersey | |
2123 | ||
2124 | http://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2125 | ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2126 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ | |
2127 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN | |
2128 | ||
2129 | =item New York | |
2130 | ||
2131 | http://cpan.belfry.net/ | |
2132 | http://cpan.erlbaum.net/ | |
2133 | ftp://cpan.erlbaum.net/ | |
2134 | http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ | |
2135 | ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ | |
2136 | ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2137 | http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ | |
2138 | ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ | |
2139 | ||
2140 | =item North Carolina | |
2141 | ||
2142 | http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN | |
2143 | ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN | |
2144 | ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ | |
2145 | ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/ | |
2146 | ||
2147 | =item Oklahoma | |
2148 | ||
2149 | ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2150 | ||
2151 | =item Oregon | |
2152 | ||
2153 | ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN | |
2154 | ||
2155 | =item Pennsylvania | |
2156 | ||
2157 | http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ | |
2158 | ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ | |
2159 | http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2160 | ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2161 | http://cpan.pair.com/ | |
2162 | ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2163 | ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2164 | ||
2165 | =item Tennessee | |
2166 | ||
2167 | ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2168 | ||
2169 | =item Texas | |
2170 | ||
2171 | http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2172 | http://www.binarycode.org/cpan | |
2173 | ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN | |
2174 | http://mirrors.theonlinerecordstore.com/CPAN | |
2175 | ||
2176 | =item Utah | |
2177 | ||
2178 | ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ | |
2179 | ||
2180 | =item Virginia | |
2181 | ||
2182 | http://cpan-du.viaverio.com/ | |
2183 | ftp://cpan-du.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2184 | http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ | |
2185 | ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ | |
2186 | http://perl.secsup.org/ | |
2187 | ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/ | |
2188 | http://noc.cvaix.com/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2189 | ||
2190 | =item Washington | |
2191 | ||
2192 | http://cpan.llarian.net/ | |
2193 | ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2194 | http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/ | |
2195 | ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2196 | ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2197 | ||
2198 | =item Wisconsin | |
2199 | ||
2200 | http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2201 | ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ | |
2202 | http://mirror.aphix.com/CPAN | |
2203 | ftp://mirror.aphix.com/pub/CPAN | |
2204 | ||
2205 | =back | |
2206 | ||
2207 | =back | |
2208 | ||
2209 | =head2 Oceania | |
2210 | ||
2211 | =over 4 | |
2212 | ||
2213 | =item Australia | |
2214 | ||
2215 | http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2216 | ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ | |
2217 | ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2218 | ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ | |
2219 | http://cpan.mirrors.ilisys.com.au | |
2220 | ||
2221 | =item New Zealand | |
2222 | ||
2223 | ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2224 | ||
2225 | =item United States | |
2226 | ||
2227 | http://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ | |
2228 | ftp://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ | |
2229 | ||
2230 | =back | |
2231 | ||
2232 | =head2 South America | |
2233 | ||
2234 | =over 4 | |
2235 | ||
2236 | =item Argentina | |
2237 | ||
2238 | ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ | |
2239 | http://www.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan | |
2240 | ftp://ftp.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan | |
2241 | ||
2242 | =item Brazil | |
2243 | ||
2244 | ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ | |
2245 | ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/ | |
2246 | http://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ | |
2247 | ftp://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ | |
2248 | ||
2249 | =item Chile | |
2250 | ||
2251 | http://cpan.netglobalis.net/ | |
2252 | ftp://cpan.netglobalis.net/pub/CPAN/ | |
2253 | ||
2254 | =back | |
2255 | ||
2256 | =head2 RSYNC Mirrors | |
2257 | ||
2258 | www.linux.org.ar::cpan | |
2259 | theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN | |
2260 | ftp.shellhung.org::CPAN | |
2261 | rsync.nic.funet.fi::CPAN | |
2262 | ftp.u-paris10.fr::CPAN | |
2263 | mir1.ovh.net::CPAN | |
2264 | rsync://ftp.crihan.fr::CPAN | |
2265 | ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/ | |
2266 | ftp.leo.org::CPAN | |
2267 | ftp.cbn.net.id::CPAN | |
2268 | rsync://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN | |
2269 | ftp.iglu.org.il::CPAN | |
2270 | gusp.dyndns.org::cpan | |
2271 | ftp.kddlabs.co.jp::cpan | |
2272 | ftp.ayamura.org::pub/CPAN/ | |
2273 | mirror.leafbug.org::CPAN | |
2274 | rsync.en.com.sg::CPAN | |
2275 | mirror.averse.net::cpan | |
2276 | rsync.oss.eznetsols.org | |
2277 | ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org::CPAN | |
2278 | ftp.solnet.ch::CPAN | |
2279 | cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw::CPAN | |
2280 | cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN | |
2281 | rsync://rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN | |
2282 | ftp.sedl.org::cpan | |
2283 | ibiblio.org::CPAN | |
2284 | cpan-du.viaverio.com::CPAN | |
2285 | aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu::CPAN | |
2286 | archive.progeny.com::CPAN | |
2287 | rsync://slugsite.louisville.edu::CPAN | |
2288 | mirror.aphix.com::CPAN | |
2289 | cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN | |
2290 | ftp.lug.udel.edu::cpan | |
2291 | mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN | |
2292 | mirrors.phenominet.com::CPAN | |
2293 | cpan.pair.com::CPAN | |
2294 | cpan-sj.viaverio.com::CPAN | |
2295 | mirror.csit.fsu.edu::CPAN | |
2296 | csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu::CPAN | |
2297 | ||
2298 | For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, | |
2299 | see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . | |
2300 | ||
2301 | =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse | |
2302 | ||
2303 | (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules | |
2304 | file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) | |
2305 | ||
2306 | Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a | |
2307 | package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a | |
2308 | namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be | |
2309 | used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its | |
2310 | first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), | |
2311 | or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). | |
2312 | ||
2313 | A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same | |
2314 | name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be | |
2315 | called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of | |
2316 | its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be | |
2317 | totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module | |
2318 | might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on | |
2319 | demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to | |
2320 | exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about | |
2321 | the AUTOLOAD mechanism. | |
2322 | ||
2323 | =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation | |
2324 | ||
2325 | =over 4 | |
2326 | ||
2327 | =item * | |
2328 | ||
2329 | Do similar modules already exist in some form? | |
2330 | ||
2331 | If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or | |
2332 | by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not | |
2333 | practical try to get together with the module authors to work on | |
2334 | extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. | |
2335 | A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing | |
2336 | with command line options. | |
2337 | ||
2338 | If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of | |
2339 | modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It | |
2340 | helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction | |
2341 | scheme as the original author. | |
2342 | ||
2343 | =item * | |
2344 | ||
2345 | Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. | |
2346 | ||
2347 | Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). | |
2348 | Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks | |
2349 | of code that need less warnings. | |
2350 | ||
2351 | Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless | |
2352 | into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, | |
2353 | e.g.,: | |
2354 | ||
2355 | sub new { | |
2356 | my $class = shift; | |
2357 | return bless {}, $class; | |
2358 | } | |
2359 | ||
2360 | or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static | |
2361 | or a virtual method. | |
2362 | ||
2363 | sub new { | |
2364 | my $self = shift; | |
2365 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; | |
2366 | return bless {}, $class; | |
2367 | } | |
2368 | ||
2369 | Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later | |
2370 | (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where | |
2371 | appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. | |
2372 | Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. | |
2373 | ||
2374 | Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. | |
2375 | Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. | |
2376 | Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired | |
2377 | class names as far as possible. | |
2378 | ||
2379 | Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and | |
2380 | C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). | |
2381 | ||
2382 | Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a | |
2383 | burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to | |
2384 | the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: | |
2385 | ||
2386 | eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); | |
2387 | ||
2388 | Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say | |
2389 | C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able | |
2390 | to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, | |
2391 | does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> | |
2392 | into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? | |
2393 | ||
2394 | Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it | |
2395 | difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state | |
2396 | information in objects. | |
2397 | ||
2398 | Always use B<-w>. | |
2399 | ||
2400 | Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). | |
2401 | Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks | |
2402 | of code that need less strictness. | |
2403 | ||
2404 | Always use B<-w>. | |
2405 | ||
2406 | Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. | |
2407 | ||
2408 | Always use B<-w>. | |
2409 | ||
2410 | =item * | |
2411 | ||
2412 | Some simple style guidelines | |
2413 | ||
2414 | The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. | |
2415 | ||
2416 | Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their | |
2417 | style over several years as they learn what helps them write and | |
2418 | maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that | |
2419 | seem to be widely used by experienced developers: | |
2420 | ||
2421 | Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read | |
2422 | $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for | |
2423 | non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works | |
2424 | consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. | |
2425 | ||
2426 | Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally | |
2427 | reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer | |
2428 | and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and | |
2429 | use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). | |
2430 | ||
2431 | You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope | |
2432 | or nature of a variable. For example: | |
2433 | ||
2434 | $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) | |
2435 | $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static | |
2436 | $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables | |
2437 | ||
2438 | Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. | |
2439 | e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. | |
2440 | ||
2441 | You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or | |
2442 | function should not be used outside the package that defined it. | |
2443 | ||
2444 | =item * | |
2445 | ||
2446 | Select what to export. | |
2447 | ||
2448 | Do NOT export method names! | |
2449 | ||
2450 | Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! | |
2451 | ||
2452 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must | |
2453 | export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid | |
2454 | short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. | |
2455 | ||
2456 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the | |
2457 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) | |
2458 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to | |
2459 | indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. | |
2460 | ||
2461 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: | |
2462 | C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that | |
2463 | directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol | |
2464 | table.) | |
2465 | ||
2466 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented | |
2467 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then | |
2468 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. | |
2469 | ||
2470 | =item * | |
2471 | ||
2472 | Select a name for the module. | |
2473 | ||
2474 | This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as | |
2475 | possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or | |
2476 | more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special | |
2477 | about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use | |
2478 | nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. | |
2479 | There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. | |
2480 | Module names should begin with a capital letter. | |
2481 | ||
2482 | Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone | |
2483 | (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). | |
2484 | Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. | |
2485 | If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. | |
2486 | ||
2487 | If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good | |
2488 | practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will | |
2489 | avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, | |
2490 | Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. | |
2491 | ||
2492 | If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's | |
2493 | standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in | |
2494 | those modules. | |
2495 | ||
2496 | If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, | |
2497 | that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure | |
2498 | that their names will not clash with any future public module. You | |
2499 | can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by | |
2500 | using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. | |
2501 | ||
2502 | To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to | |
2503 | 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is | |
2504 | unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. | |
2505 | ||
2506 | =item * | |
2507 | ||
2508 | Have you got it right? | |
2509 | ||
2510 | How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you | |
2511 | picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have | |
2512 | you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? | |
2513 | ||
2514 | The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, | |
2515 | is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about | |
2516 | all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. | |
2517 | ||
2518 | All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its | |
2519 | purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is | |
2520 | probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored | |
2521 | by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) | |
2522 | ||
2523 | Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be | |
2524 | ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting | |
2525 | others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! | |
2526 | ||
2527 | =item * | |
2528 | ||
2529 | README and other Additional Files. | |
2530 | ||
2531 | It's well known that software developers usually fully document the | |
2532 | software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of | |
2533 | your software and there is not enough time to write the full | |
2534 | documentation please at least provide a README file containing: | |
2535 | ||
2536 | =over 10 | |
2537 | ||
2538 | =item * | |
2539 | ||
2540 | A description of the module/package/extension etc. | |
2541 | ||
2542 | =item * | |
2543 | ||
2544 | A copyright notice - see below. | |
2545 | ||
2546 | =item * | |
2547 | ||
2548 | Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. | |
2549 | ||
2550 | =item * | |
2551 | ||
2552 | How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. | |
2553 | ||
2554 | =item * | |
2555 | ||
2556 | How to install it. | |
2557 | ||
2558 | =item * | |
2559 | ||
2560 | Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities | |
2561 | ||
2562 | =item * | |
2563 | ||
2564 | Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. | |
2565 | ||
2566 | =back | |
2567 | ||
2568 | If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to | |
2569 | split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, | |
2570 | Copying, ToDo etc. | |
2571 | ||
2572 | =over 4 | |
2573 | ||
2574 | =item * | |
2575 | ||
2576 | Adding a Copyright Notice. | |
2577 | ||
2578 | How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. | |
2579 | The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make | |
2580 | a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. | |
2581 | ||
2582 | Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL | |
2583 | and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic, | |
2584 | or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT | |
2585 | just using the GNU GPL. | |
2586 | ||
2587 | My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the | |
2588 | Perl community at large is to state something simply like: | |
2589 | ||
2590 | Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. | |
2591 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
2592 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. | |
2593 | ||
2594 | This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may | |
2595 | also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. | |
2596 | Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. | |
2597 | ||
2598 | =item * | |
2599 | ||
2600 | Give the module a version/issue/release number. | |
2601 | ||
2602 | To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you | |
2603 | should store your module's version number in a non-my package | |
2604 | variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point | |
2605 | number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, | |
2606 | e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. | |
2607 | See L<Exporter> for details. | |
2608 | ||
2609 | It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. | |
2610 | Use the number in announcements and archive file names when | |
2611 | releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). | |
2612 | See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. | |
2613 | ||
2614 | =item * | |
2615 | ||
2616 | How to release and distribute a module. | |
2617 | ||
2618 | It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your | |
2619 | module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce | |
2620 | Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off | |
2621 | distribution. | |
2622 | ||
2623 | If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should | |
2624 | include details of its location in your announcement. | |
2625 | ||
2626 | Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file | |
2627 | name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories | |
2628 | will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your | |
2629 | file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification | |
2630 | message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get | |
2631 | deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed | |
2632 | and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its | |
2633 | location. | |
2634 | ||
2635 | FTP Archives for Perl Modules: | |
2636 | ||
2637 | Follow the instructions and links on: | |
2638 | ||
2639 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html | |
2640 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html | |
2641 | ||
2642 | or upload to one of these sites: | |
2643 | ||
2644 | https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ | |
2645 | http://pause.perl.org/pause/ | |
2646 | ||
2647 | and notify <modules@perl.org>. | |
2648 | ||
2649 | By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror | |
2650 | your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on | |
2651 | CPAN! | |
2652 | ||
2653 | Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! | |
2654 | ||
2655 | =item * | |
2656 | ||
2657 | Take care when changing a released module. | |
2658 | ||
2659 | Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. | |
2660 | Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the | |
2661 | old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. | |
2662 | ||
2663 | =back | |
2664 | ||
2665 | =back | |
2666 | ||
2667 | =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules | |
2668 | ||
2669 | =over 4 | |
2670 | ||
2671 | =item * | |
2672 | ||
2673 | There is no requirement to convert anything. | |
2674 | ||
2675 | If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should | |
2676 | continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor | |
2677 | changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but | |
2678 | there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. | |
2679 | ||
2680 | =item * | |
2681 | ||
2682 | Consider the implications. | |
2683 | ||
2684 | All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to | |
2685 | be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is | |
2686 | it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? | |
2687 | ||
2688 | =item * | |
2689 | ||
2690 | Make the most of the opportunity. | |
2691 | ||
2692 | If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the | |
2693 | opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module | |
2694 | creation above include many of the issues you should consider. | |
2695 | ||
2696 | =item * | |
2697 | ||
2698 | The pl2pm utility will get you started. | |
2699 | ||
2700 | This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write | |
2701 | corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: | |
2702 | ||
2703 | =over 10 | |
2704 | ||
2705 | =item * | |
2706 | ||
2707 | Adds the standard Module prologue lines | |
2708 | ||
2709 | =item * | |
2710 | ||
2711 | Converts package specifiers from ' to :: | |
2712 | ||
2713 | =item * | |
2714 | ||
2715 | Converts die(...) to croak(...) | |
2716 | ||
2717 | =item * | |
2718 | ||
2719 | Several other minor changes | |
2720 | ||
2721 | =back | |
2722 | ||
2723 | Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted | |
2724 | code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. | |
2725 | Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! | |
2726 | ||
2727 | =back | |
2728 | ||
2729 | =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code | |
2730 | ||
2731 | =over 4 | |
2732 | ||
2733 | =item * | |
2734 | ||
2735 | Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. | |
2736 | ||
2737 | =item * | |
2738 | ||
2739 | Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. | |
2740 | ||
2741 | Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy | |
2742 | to reuse. | |
2743 | ||
2744 | =item * | |
2745 | ||
2746 | Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. | |
2747 | ||
2748 | =item * | |
2749 | ||
2750 | Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. | |
2751 | ||
2752 | =item * | |
2753 | ||
2754 | In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small | |
2755 | ||
2756 | fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases | |
2757 | the application could invoked as: | |
2758 | ||
2759 | % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... | |
2760 | or | |
2761 | % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) | |
2762 | ||
2763 | =back | |
2764 | ||
2765 | =head1 NOTE | |
2766 | ||
2767 | Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may | |
2768 | have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl | |
2769 | doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer | |
2770 | that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not | |
2771 | because it has a shotgun. | |
2772 | ||
2773 | The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, | |
2774 | and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is | |
2775 | that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The | |
2776 | written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other | |
2777 | provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that | |
2778 | you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |