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54 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION009410000000000000000"></A><A NAME="dictObjects"></A> | |
55 | <BR> | |
56 | 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects | |
57 | </H2> | |
58 | ||
59 | <P> | |
60 | <a id='l2h-603' xml:id='l2h-603'></a><dl><dt><b><tt class="ctype"><a id='l2h-604' xml:id='l2h-604'>PyDictObject</a></tt></b></dt> | |
61 | <dd> | |
62 | This subtype of <tt class="ctype">PyObject</tt> represents a Python dictionary | |
63 | object. | |
64 | </dl> | |
65 | ||
66 | <P> | |
67 | <dl><dt>PyTypeObject <b><tt id='l2h-605' xml:id='l2h-605' class="cdata">PyDict_Type</tt></b></dt> | |
68 | <dd> | |
69 | This instance of <tt class="ctype">PyTypeObject</tt> represents the Python | |
70 | dictionary type. This is exposed to Python programs as | |
71 | <code>types.DictType</code> and <code>types.DictionaryType</code>. | |
72 | <a id='l2h-607' xml:id='l2h-607'></a></dd></dl> | |
73 | ||
74 | <P> | |
75 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-608' xml:id='l2h-608' class="cfunction">PyDict_Check</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
76 | <dd> | |
77 | Return true if <var>p</var> is a dict object or an instance of a | |
78 | subtype of the dict type. | |
79 | ||
80 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2: | |
81 | Allowed subtypes to be accepted.</span> | |
82 | ||
83 | </dd></dl> | |
84 | ||
85 | <P> | |
86 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-609' xml:id='l2h-609' class="cfunction">PyDict_CheckExact</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
87 | <dd> | |
88 | Return true if <var>p</var> is a dict object, but not an instance of a | |
89 | subtype of the dict type. | |
90 | ||
91 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> | |
92 | ||
93 | </dd></dl> | |
94 | ||
95 | <P> | |
96 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-610' xml:id='l2h-610' class="cfunction">PyDict_New</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
97 | <dd> | |
98 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
99 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
100 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
101 | </div> | |
102 | Return a new empty dictionary, or <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> on failure. | |
103 | </dd></dl> | |
104 | ||
105 | <P> | |
106 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-611' xml:id='l2h-611' class="cfunction">PyDictProxy_New</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>dict</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
107 | <dd> | |
108 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
109 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
110 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
111 | </div> | |
112 | Return a proxy object for a mapping which enforces read-only | |
113 | behavior. This is normally used to create a proxy to prevent | |
114 | modification of the dictionary for non-dynamic class types. | |
115 | ||
116 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> | |
117 | ||
118 | </dd></dl> | |
119 | ||
120 | <P> | |
121 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-612' xml:id='l2h-612' class="cfunction">PyDict_Clear</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
122 | <dd> | |
123 | Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs. | |
124 | </dd></dl> | |
125 | ||
126 | <P> | |
127 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-613' xml:id='l2h-613' class="cfunction">PyDict_Contains</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
128 | <dd> | |
129 | Determine if dictionary <var>p</var> contains <var>key</var>. If an item | |
130 | in <var>p</var> is matches <var>key</var>, return <code>1</code>, otherwise return | |
131 | <code>0</code>. On error, return <code>-1</code>. This is equivalent to the | |
132 | Python expression "<tt class="samp"><var>key</var> in <var>p</var></tt>". | |
133 | ||
134 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> | |
135 | ||
136 | </dd></dl> | |
137 | ||
138 | <P> | |
139 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-614' xml:id='l2h-614' class="cfunction">PyDict_Copy</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
140 | <dd> | |
141 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
142 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
143 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
144 | </div> | |
145 | Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as | |
146 | <var>p</var>. | |
147 | ||
148 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> | |
149 | ||
150 | </dd></dl> | |
151 | ||
152 | <P> | |
153 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-615' xml:id='l2h-615' class="cfunction">PyDict_SetItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>, | |
154 | PyObject *<var>val</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
155 | <dd> | |
156 | Insert <var>value</var> into the dictionary <var>p</var> with a key of | |
157 | <var>key</var>. <var>key</var> must be hashable; if it isn't, | |
158 | <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> will be raised. | |
159 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on failure. | |
160 | </dd></dl> | |
161 | ||
162 | <P> | |
163 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-616' xml:id='l2h-616' class="cfunction">PyDict_SetItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, | |
164 | char *<var>key</var>, | |
165 | PyObject *<var>val</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
166 | <dd> | |
167 | Insert <var>value</var> into the dictionary <var>p</var> using <var>key</var> as a | |
168 | key. <var>key</var> should be a <tt class="ctype">char*</tt>. The key object is created | |
169 | using <code>PyString_FromString(<var>key</var>)</code>. Return <code>0</code> on | |
170 | success or <code>-1</code> on failure. | |
171 | <a id='l2h-630' xml:id='l2h-630'></a> | |
172 | </dd></dl> | |
173 | ||
174 | <P> | |
175 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-617' xml:id='l2h-617' class="cfunction">PyDict_DelItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
176 | <dd> | |
177 | Remove the entry in dictionary <var>p</var> with key <var>key</var>. | |
178 | <var>key</var> must be hashable; if it isn't, <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> is | |
179 | raised. Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on failure. | |
180 | </dd></dl> | |
181 | ||
182 | <P> | |
183 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-618' xml:id='l2h-618' class="cfunction">PyDict_DelItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, char *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
184 | <dd> | |
185 | Remove the entry in dictionary <var>p</var> which has a key specified by | |
186 | the string <var>key</var>. Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on | |
187 | failure. | |
188 | </dd></dl> | |
189 | ||
190 | <P> | |
191 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-619' xml:id='l2h-619' class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
192 | <dd> | |
193 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
194 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
195 | <span class="value">Borrowed reference.</span> | |
196 | </div> | |
197 | Return the object from dictionary <var>p</var> which has a key | |
198 | <var>key</var>. Return <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> if the key <var>key</var> is not present, but | |
199 | <em>without</em> setting an exception. | |
200 | </dd></dl> | |
201 | ||
202 | <P> | |
203 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-620' xml:id='l2h-620' class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, char *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
204 | <dd> | |
205 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
206 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
207 | <span class="value">Borrowed reference.</span> | |
208 | </div> | |
209 | This is the same as <tt class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItem()</tt>, but <var>key</var> is | |
210 | specified as a <tt class="ctype">char*</tt>, rather than a <tt class="ctype">PyObject*</tt>. | |
211 | </dd></dl> | |
212 | ||
213 | <P> | |
214 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-621' xml:id='l2h-621' class="cfunction">PyDict_Items</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
215 | <dd> | |
216 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
217 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
218 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
219 | </div> | |
220 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the items from the | |
221 | dictionary, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">items()</tt> (see the | |
222 | <em class="citetitle"><a | |
223 | href="../lib/lib.html" | |
224 | title="Python Library Reference" | |
225 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). | |
226 | </dd></dl> | |
227 | ||
228 | <P> | |
229 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-622' xml:id='l2h-622' class="cfunction">PyDict_Keys</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
230 | <dd> | |
231 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
232 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
233 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
234 | </div> | |
235 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the keys from the | |
236 | dictionary, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">keys()</tt> (see the | |
237 | <em class="citetitle"><a | |
238 | href="../lib/lib.html" | |
239 | title="Python Library Reference" | |
240 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). | |
241 | </dd></dl> | |
242 | ||
243 | <P> | |
244 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-623' xml:id='l2h-623' class="cfunction">PyDict_Values</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
245 | <dd> | |
246 | <div class="refcount-info"> | |
247 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> | |
248 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> | |
249 | </div> | |
250 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the values from the | |
251 | dictionary <var>p</var>, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">values()</tt> | |
252 | (see the <em class="citetitle"><a | |
253 | href="../lib/lib.html" | |
254 | title="Python Library Reference" | |
255 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). | |
256 | </dd></dl> | |
257 | ||
258 | <P> | |
259 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-624' xml:id='l2h-624' class="cfunction">PyDict_Size</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
260 | <dd> | |
261 | Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent | |
262 | to "<tt class="samp">len(<var>p</var>)</tt>" on a dictionary.<a id='l2h-625' xml:id='l2h-625'></a></dd></dl> | |
263 | ||
264 | <P> | |
265 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-626' xml:id='l2h-626' class="cfunction">PyDict_Next</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, int *<var>ppos</var>, | |
266 | PyObject **<var>pkey</var>, PyObject **<var>pvalue</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
267 | <dd> | |
268 | Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary <var>p</var>. The | |
269 | <tt class="ctype">int</tt> referred to by <var>ppos</var> must be initialized to | |
270 | <code>0</code> prior to the first call to this function to start the | |
271 | iteration; the function returns true for each pair in the | |
272 | dictionary, and false once all pairs have been reported. The | |
273 | parameters <var>pkey</var> and <var>pvalue</var> should either point to | |
274 | <tt class="ctype">PyObject*</tt> variables that will be filled in with each key and | |
275 | value, respectively, or may be <tt class="constant">NULL</tt>. Any references returned through | |
276 | them are borrowed. <var>ppos</var> should not be altered during iteration. | |
277 | Its value represents offsets within the internal dictionary structure, | |
278 | and since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive. | |
279 | ||
280 | <P> | |
281 | For example: | |
282 | ||
283 | <P> | |
284 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> | |
285 | PyObject *key, *value; | |
286 | int pos = 0; | |
287 | ||
288 | while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) { | |
289 | /* do something interesting with the values... */ | |
290 | ... | |
291 | } | |
292 | </pre></div> | |
293 | ||
294 | <P> | |
295 | The dictionary <var>p</var> should not be mutated during iteration. It | |
296 | is safe (since Python 2.1) to modify the values of the keys as you | |
297 | iterate over the dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys | |
298 | does not change. For example: | |
299 | ||
300 | <P> | |
301 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> | |
302 | PyObject *key, *value; | |
303 | int pos = 0; | |
304 | ||
305 | while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) { | |
306 | int i = PyInt_AS_LONG(value) + 1; | |
307 | PyObject *o = PyInt_FromLong(i); | |
308 | if (o == NULL) | |
309 | return -1; | |
310 | if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) { | |
311 | Py_DECREF(o); | |
312 | return -1; | |
313 | } | |
314 | Py_DECREF(o); | |
315 | } | |
316 | </pre></div> | |
317 | </dd></dl> | |
318 | ||
319 | <P> | |
320 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-627' xml:id='l2h-627' class="cfunction">PyDict_Merge</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>b</var>, int <var>override</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
321 | <dd> | |
322 | Iterate over mapping object <var>b</var> adding key-value pairs to dictionary | |
323 | <var>a</var>. | |
324 | <var>b</var> may be a dictionary, or any object supporting | |
325 | <tt class="function">PyMapping_Keys()</tt> and <tt class="function">PyObject_GetItem()</tt>. | |
326 | If <var>override</var> is true, existing pairs in <var>a</var> will | |
327 | be replaced if a matching key is found in <var>b</var>, otherwise pairs | |
328 | will only be added if there is not a matching key in <var>a</var>. | |
329 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> if an exception was | |
330 | raised. | |
331 | ||
332 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> | |
333 | ||
334 | </dd></dl> | |
335 | ||
336 | <P> | |
337 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-628' xml:id='l2h-628' class="cfunction">PyDict_Update</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>b</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
338 | <dd> | |
339 | This is the same as <code>PyDict_Merge(<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, 1)</code> in C, | |
340 | or <code><var>a</var>.update(<var>b</var>)</code> in Python. Return <code>0</code> on | |
341 | success or <code>-1</code> if an exception was raised. | |
342 | ||
343 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> | |
344 | ||
345 | </dd></dl> | |
346 | ||
347 | <P> | |
348 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-629' xml:id='l2h-629' class="cfunction">PyDict_MergeFromSeq2</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>seq2</var>, | |
349 | int <var>override</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
350 | <dd> | |
351 | Update or merge into dictionary <var>a</var>, from the key-value pairs in | |
352 | <var>seq2</var>. <var>seq2</var> must be an iterable object producing | |
353 | iterable objects of length 2, viewed as key-value pairs. In case of | |
354 | duplicate keys, the last wins if <var>override</var> is true, else the | |
355 | first wins. | |
356 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> if an exception | |
357 | was raised. | |
358 | Equivalent Python (except for the return value): | |
359 | ||
360 | <P> | |
361 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> | |
362 | def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override): | |
363 | for key, value in seq2: | |
364 | if override or key not in a: | |
365 | a[key] = value | |
366 | </pre></div> | |
367 | ||
368 | <P> | |
369 | ||
370 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> | |
371 | ||
372 | </dd></dl> | |
373 | ||
374 | <P> | |
375 | ||
376 | <DIV CLASS="navigation"> | |
377 | <div class='online-navigation'> | |
378 | <p></p><hr /> | |
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410 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> | |
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