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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071900000000000000000">
5.19 <tt class="module">calendar</tt> --
         General calendar-related functions</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-calendar"></A>

<P>
This module allows you to output calendars like the <span class="Unix">Unix</span>
<b class="program">cal</b> program, and provides additional useful functions
related to the calendar. By default, these calendars have Monday as
the first day of the week, and Sunday as the last (the European
convention). Use <tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt> to set the first day of the
week to Sunday (6) or to any other weekday.  Parameters that specify
dates are given as integers.

<P>
Most of these functions rely on the <tt class="module">datetime</tt> module which
uses an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely
extended in both directions.  This matches the definition of the
"proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book
"Calendrical Calculations", where it's the base calendar for all
computations.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1446' xml:id='l2h-1446' class="function">setfirstweekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>weekday</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Sets the weekday (<code>0</code> is Monday, <code>6</code> is Sunday) to start
each week. The values <tt class="constant">MONDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">TUESDAY</tt>,
<tt class="constant">WEDNESDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">THURSDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">FRIDAY</tt>,
<tt class="constant">SATURDAY</tt>, and <tt class="constant">SUNDAY</tt> are provided for
convenience. For example, to set the first weekday to Sunday:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import calendar
calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)
</pre></div>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1447' xml:id='l2h-1447' class="function">firstweekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns the current setting for the weekday to start each week.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1448' xml:id='l2h-1448' class="function">isleap</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns <tt class="constant">True</tt> if <var>year</var> is a leap year, otherwise
<tt class="constant">False</tt>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1449' xml:id='l2h-1449' class="function">leapdays</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>y1, y2</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns the number of leap years in the range
[<var>y1</var>...<var>y2</var>), where <var>y1</var> and <var>y2</var> are years.

<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.0:
This function didn't work for ranges spanning 
                a century change in Python 1.5.2.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1450' xml:id='l2h-1450' class="function">weekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year, month, day</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns the day of the week (<code>0</code> is Monday) for <var>year</var>
(<code>1970</code>-...), <var>month</var> (<code>1</code>-<code>12</code>), <var>day</var>
(<code>1</code>-<code>31</code>).
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1451' xml:id='l2h-1451' class="function">weekheader</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return a header containing abbreviated weekday names. <var>n</var> specifies
the width in characters for one weekday.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1452' xml:id='l2h-1452' class="function">monthrange</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year, month</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns weekday of first day of the month and number of days in month, 
for the specified <var>year</var> and <var>month</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1453' xml:id='l2h-1453' class="function">monthcalendar</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year, month</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns a matrix representing a month's calendar.  Each row represents
a week; days outside of the month a represented by zeros.
Each week begins with Monday unless set by <tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1454' xml:id='l2h-1454' class="function">prmonth</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>theyear, themonth</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Prints a month's calendar as returned by <tt class="function">month()</tt>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1455' xml:id='l2h-1455' class="function">month</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>theyear, themonth</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns a month's calendar in a multi-line string. If <var>w</var> is
provided, it specifies the width of the date columns, which are
centered. If <var>l</var> is given, it specifies the number of lines that
each week will use. Depends on the first weekday as set by
<tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1456' xml:id='l2h-1456' class="function">prcal</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>[</big><var>c</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Prints the calendar for an entire year as returned by 
<tt class="function">calendar()</tt>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1457' xml:id='l2h-1457' class="function">calendar</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>year</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>[</big><var>c</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Returns a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string.
Optional parameters <var>w</var>, <var>l</var>, and <var>c</var> are for date column
width, lines per week, and number of spaces between month columns,
respectively. Depends on the first weekday as set by
<tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>.  The earliest year for which a calendar can
be generated is platform-dependent.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

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  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1458' xml:id='l2h-1458' class="function">timegm</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>tuple</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
An unrelated but handy function that takes a time tuple such as
returned by the <tt class="function">gmtime()</tt> function in the <tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt>
module, and returns the corresponding <span class="Unix">Unix</span> timestamp value, assuming
an epoch of 1970, and the POSIX encoding.  In fact,
<tt class="function">time.gmtime()</tt> and <tt class="function">timegm()</tt> are each others' inverse.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<div class="seealso">
  <p class="heading">See Also:</p>

  <dl compact="compact" class="seemodule">
    <dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-datetime.html">datetime</a></tt>:</b>
    <dd>Object-oriented interface to dates and times
                       with similar functionality to the
                       <tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt> module.
  </dl>
  <dl compact="compact" class="seemodule">
    <dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt>:</b>
    <dd>Low-level time related functions.
  </dl>
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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071900000000000000000">
	56	5.19 <tt class="module">calendar</tt> --
	57	General calendar-related functions</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-calendar"></A>
	62
	63	<P>
	64	This module allows you to output calendars like the <span class="Unix">Unix</span>
65	<b class="program">cal</b> program, and provides additional useful functions
66	related to the calendar. By default, these calendars have Monday as
67	the first day of the week, and Sunday as the last (the European
68	convention). Use <tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt> to set the first day of the
69	week to Sunday (6) or to any other weekday. Parameters that specify
70	dates are given as integers.
71
72	<P>
73	Most of these functions rely on the <tt class="module">datetime</tt> module which
74	uses an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely
75	extended in both directions. This matches the definition of the
76	"proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book
77	"Calendrical Calculations", where it's the base calendar for all
78	computations.
79
80	<P>
81	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
82	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1446' xml:id='l2h-1446' class="function">setfirstweekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
83	<td><var>weekday</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
84	<dd>
85	Sets the weekday (<code>0</code> is Monday, <code>6</code> is Sunday) to start
86	each week. The values <tt class="constant">MONDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">TUESDAY</tt>,
87	<tt class="constant">WEDNESDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">THURSDAY</tt>, <tt class="constant">FRIDAY</tt>,
88	<tt class="constant">SATURDAY</tt>, and <tt class="constant">SUNDAY</tt> are provided for
89	convenience. For example, to set the first weekday to Sunday:
90
91	<P>
92	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
93	import calendar
94	calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)
95	</pre></div>
96
97	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
98
99	</dl>
100
101	<P>
102	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
103	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1447' xml:id='l2h-1447' class="function">firstweekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
104	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
105	<dd>
106	Returns the current setting for the weekday to start each week.
107
108	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
109
110	</dl>
111
112	<P>
113	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
114	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1448' xml:id='l2h-1448' class="function">isleap</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
115	<td><var>year</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
116	<dd>
117	Returns <tt class="constant">True</tt> if <var>year</var> is a leap year, otherwise
118	<tt class="constant">False</tt>.
119	</dl>
120
121	<P>
122	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
123	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1449' xml:id='l2h-1449' class="function">leapdays</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
124	<td><var>y1, y2</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
125	<dd>
126	Returns the number of leap years in the range
127	[<var>y1</var>...<var>y2</var>), where <var>y1</var> and <var>y2</var> are years.
128
129	<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.0:
130	This function didn't work for ranges spanning
131	a century change in Python 1.5.2.</span>
132
133	</dl>
134
135	<P>
136	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
137	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1450' xml:id='l2h-1450' class="function">weekday</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
138	<td><var>year, month, day</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
139	<dd>
140	Returns the day of the week (<code>0</code> is Monday) for <var>year</var>
141	(<code>1970</code>-...), <var>month</var> (<code>1</code>-<code>12</code>), <var>day</var>
142	(<code>1</code>-<code>31</code>).
143	</dl>
144
145	<P>
146	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
147	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1451' xml:id='l2h-1451' class="function">weekheader</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
148	<td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
149	<dd>
150	Return a header containing abbreviated weekday names. <var>n</var> specifies
151	the width in characters for one weekday.
152	</dl>
153
154	<P>
155	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
156	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1452' xml:id='l2h-1452' class="function">monthrange</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
157	<td><var>year, month</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
158	<dd>
159	Returns weekday of first day of the month and number of days in month,
160	for the specified <var>year</var> and <var>month</var>.
161	</dl>
162
163	<P>
164	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
165	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1453' xml:id='l2h-1453' class="function">monthcalendar</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
166	<td><var>year, month</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
167	<dd>
168	Returns a matrix representing a month's calendar. Each row represents
169	a week; days outside of the month a represented by zeros.
170	Each week begins with Monday unless set by <tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>.
171	</dl>
172
173	<P>
174	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
175	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1454' xml:id='l2h-1454' class="function">prmonth</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
176	<td><var>theyear, themonth</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
177	<dd>
178	Prints a month's calendar as returned by <tt class="function">month()</tt>.
179	</dl>
180
181	<P>
182	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
183	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1455' xml:id='l2h-1455' class="function">month</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
184	<td><var>theyear, themonth</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
185	<dd>
186	Returns a month's calendar in a multi-line string. If <var>w</var> is
187	provided, it specifies the width of the date columns, which are
188	centered. If <var>l</var> is given, it specifies the number of lines that
189	each week will use. Depends on the first weekday as set by
190	<tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>.
191
192	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
193
194	</dl>
195
196	<P>
197	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
198	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1456' xml:id='l2h-1456' class="function">prcal</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
199	<td><var>year</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>[</big><var>c</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
200	<dd>
201	Prints the calendar for an entire year as returned by
202	<tt class="function">calendar()</tt>.
203	</dl>
204
205	<P>
206	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
207	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1457' xml:id='l2h-1457' class="function">calendar</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
208	<td><var>year</var><big>[</big><var>, w</var><big>[</big><var>, l</var><big>[</big><var>c</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
209	<dd>
210	Returns a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string.
211	Optional parameters <var>w</var>, <var>l</var>, and <var>c</var> are for date column
212	width, lines per week, and number of spaces between month columns,
213	respectively. Depends on the first weekday as set by
214	<tt class="function">setfirstweekday()</tt>. The earliest year for which a calendar can
215	be generated is platform-dependent.
216
217	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
218
219	</dl>
220
221	<P>
222	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
223	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1458' xml:id='l2h-1458' class="function">timegm</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
224	<td><var>tuple</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
225	<dd>
226	An unrelated but handy function that takes a time tuple such as
227	returned by the <tt class="function">gmtime()</tt> function in the <tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt>
228	module, and returns the corresponding <span class="Unix">Unix</span> timestamp value, assuming
229	an epoch of 1970, and the POSIX encoding. In fact,
230	<tt class="function">time.gmtime()</tt> and <tt class="function">timegm()</tt> are each others' inverse.
231
232	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
233
234	</dl>
235
236	<P>
237	<div class="seealso">
238	<p class="heading">See Also:</p>
239
240	<dl compact="compact" class="seemodule">
241	<dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-datetime.html">datetime</a></tt>:</b>
242	<dd>Object-oriented interface to dates and times
243	with similar functionality to the
244	<tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt> module.
245	</dl>
246	<dl compact="compact" class="seemodule">
247	<dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-time.html">time</a></tt>:</b>
248	<dd>Low-level time related functions.
249	</dl>
250	</div>
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