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<H2><A NAME="SECTION008120000000000000000"></A><A NAME="os-newstreams"></A>
<BR>
6.1.2 File Object Creation 
</H2>

<P>
These functions create new file objects.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1551' xml:id='l2h-1551' class="function">fdopen</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>fd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
<a id='l2h-1557' xml:id='l2h-1557'></a>
The <var>mode</var> and <var>bufsize</var> arguments have the same meaning as
the corresponding arguments to the built-in <tt class="function">open()</tt>
function.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.3:
When specified, the <var>mode</var> argument must now start
  with one of the letters "<tt class="character">r</tt>", "<tt class="character">w</tt>", or "<tt class="character">a</tt>",
  otherwise a <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> is raised.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1552' xml:id='l2h-1552' class="function">popen</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>command</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Open a pipe to or from <var>command</var>.  The return value is an open
file object connected to the pipe, which can be read or written
depending on whether <var>mode</var> is <code>'r'</code> (default) or <code>'w'</code>.
The <var>bufsize</var> argument has the same meaning as the corresponding
argument to the built-in <tt class="function">open()</tt> function.  The exit status of
the command (encoded in the format specified for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>) is
available as the return value of the <tt class="method">close()</tt> method of the file
object, except that when the exit status is zero (termination without
errors), <code>None</code> is returned.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.0:
This function worked unreliably under Windows in
  earlier versions of Python.  This was due to the use of the
  <tt class="cfunction">_popen()</tt> function from the libraries provided with
  Windows.  Newer versions of Python do not use the broken
  implementation from the Windows libraries.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1553' xml:id='l2h-1553' class="function">tmpfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return a new file object opened in update mode ("<tt class="samp">w+b</tt>").  The file
has no directory entries associated with it and will be automatically
deleted once there are no file descriptors for the file.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
</dl>

<P>
For each of the following <tt class="function">popen()</tt> variants, if <var>bufsize</var> is
specified, it specifies the buffer size for the I/O pipes.
<var>mode</var>, if provided, should be the string <code>'b'</code> or
<code>'t'</code>; on Windows this is needed to determine whether the file
objects should be opened in binary or text mode.  The default value
for <var>mode</var> is <code>'t'</code>.

<P>
Also, for each of these variants, on <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, <var>cmd</var> may be a sequence, in
which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell
intervention (as with <tt class="function">os.spawnv()</tt>). If <var>cmd</var> is a string it will
be passed to the shell (as with <tt class="function">os.system()</tt>).

<P>
These methods do not make it possible to retrieve the exit status from
the child processes.  The only way to control the input and output
streams and also retrieve the return codes is to use the
<tt class="class">Popen3</tt> and <tt class="class">Popen4</tt> classes from the <tt class="module"><a href="module-popen2.html">popen2</a></tt>
module; these are only available on <span class="Unix">Unix</span>.

<P>
For a discussion of possible deadlock conditions related to the use
of these functions, see ``<a class="ulink" href="popen2-flow-control.html"
  >Flow Control
Issues</a>''
(section&nbsp;<A href="popen2-flow-control.html#popen2-flow-control">6.9.2</A>).

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1554' xml:id='l2h-1554' class="function">popen2</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process.  Returns the file objects
<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>)</code>.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1555' xml:id='l2h-1555' class="function">popen3</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process.  Returns the file objects
<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>, <var>child_stderr</var>)</code>.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1556' xml:id='l2h-1556' class="function">popen4</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process.  Returns the file objects
<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout_and_stderr</var>)</code>.
Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>

</dl>

<P>
(Note that <code><var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>, and
<var>child_stderr</var></code> are named from the point of view of the child
process, i.e. <var>child_stdin</var> is the child's standard input.)

<P>
This functionality is also available in the <tt class="module"><a href="module-popen2.html">popen2</a></tt> module
using functions of the same names, but the return values of those
functions have a different order.

<P>

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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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	54
	55	<H2><A NAME="SECTION008120000000000000000"></A><A NAME="os-newstreams"></A>
	56	<BR>
	57	6.1.2 File Object Creation
	58	</H2>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	These functions create new file objects.
	62
	63	<P>
	64	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
65	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1551' xml:id='l2h-1551' class="function">fdopen</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
66	<td><var>fd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
67	<dd>
68	Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
69	<a id='l2h-1557' xml:id='l2h-1557'></a>
70	The <var>mode</var> and <var>bufsize</var> arguments have the same meaning as
71	the corresponding arguments to the built-in <tt class="function">open()</tt>
72	function.
73	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
74
75	<P>
76
77	<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.3:
78	When specified, the <var>mode</var> argument must now start
79	with one of the letters "<tt class="character">r</tt>", "<tt class="character">w</tt>", or "<tt class="character">a</tt>",
80	otherwise a <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> is raised.</span>
81
82	</dl>
83
84	<P>
85	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
86	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1552' xml:id='l2h-1552' class="function">popen</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
87	<td><var>command</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
88	<dd>
89	Open a pipe to or from <var>command</var>. The return value is an open
90	file object connected to the pipe, which can be read or written
91	depending on whether <var>mode</var> is <code>'r'</code> (default) or <code>'w'</code>.
92	The <var>bufsize</var> argument has the same meaning as the corresponding
93	argument to the built-in <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. The exit status of
94	the command (encoded in the format specified for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>) is
95	available as the return value of the <tt class="method">close()</tt> method of the file
96	object, except that when the exit status is zero (termination without
97	errors), <code>None</code> is returned.
98	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
99
100	<P>
101
102	<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.0:
103	This function worked unreliably under Windows in
104	earlier versions of Python. This was due to the use of the
105	<tt class="cfunction">_popen()</tt> function from the libraries provided with
106	Windows. Newer versions of Python do not use the broken
107	implementation from the Windows libraries.</span>
108
109	</dl>
110
111	<P>
112	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
113	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1553' xml:id='l2h-1553' class="function">tmpfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
114	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
115	<dd>
116	Return a new file object opened in update mode ("<tt class="samp">w+b</tt>"). The file
117	has no directory entries associated with it and will be automatically
118	deleted once there are no file descriptors for the file.
119	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
120	</dl>
121
122	<P>
123	For each of the following <tt class="function">popen()</tt> variants, if <var>bufsize</var> is
124	specified, it specifies the buffer size for the I/O pipes.
125	<var>mode</var>, if provided, should be the string <code>'b'</code> or
126	<code>'t'</code>; on Windows this is needed to determine whether the file
127	objects should be opened in binary or text mode. The default value
128	for <var>mode</var> is <code>'t'</code>.
129
130	<P>
131	Also, for each of these variants, on <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, <var>cmd</var> may be a sequence, in
132	which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell
133	intervention (as with <tt class="function">os.spawnv()</tt>). If <var>cmd</var> is a string it will
134	be passed to the shell (as with <tt class="function">os.system()</tt>).
135
136	<P>
137	These methods do not make it possible to retrieve the exit status from
138	the child processes. The only way to control the input and output
139	streams and also retrieve the return codes is to use the
140	<tt class="class">Popen3</tt> and <tt class="class">Popen4</tt> classes from the <tt class="module"><a href="module-popen2.html">popen2</a></tt>
141	module; these are only available on <span class="Unix">Unix</span>.
142
143	<P>
144	For a discussion of possible deadlock conditions related to the use
145	of these functions, see ``<a class="ulink" href="popen2-flow-control.html"
146	>Flow Control
147	Issues</a>''
148	(section <A href="popen2-flow-control.html#popen2-flow-control">6.9.2</A>).
149
150	<P>
151	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
152	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1554' xml:id='l2h-1554' class="function">popen2</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
153	<td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
154	<dd>
155	Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process. Returns the file objects
156	<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>)</code>.
157	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
158
159	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
160
161	</dl>
162
163	<P>
164	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
165	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1555' xml:id='l2h-1555' class="function">popen3</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
166	<td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
167	<dd>
168	Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process. Returns the file objects
169	<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>, <var>child_stderr</var>)</code>.
170	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
171
172	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
173
174	</dl>
175
176	<P>
177	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
178	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1556' xml:id='l2h-1556' class="function">popen4</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
179	<td><var>cmd</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
180	<dd>
181	Executes <var>cmd</var> as a sub-process. Returns the file objects
182	<code>(<var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout_and_stderr</var>)</code>.
183	Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows.
184
185	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span>
186
187	</dl>
188
189	<P>
190	(Note that <code><var>child_stdin</var>, <var>child_stdout</var>, and
191	<var>child_stderr</var></code> are named from the point of view of the child
192	process, i.e. <var>child_stdin</var> is the child's standard input.)
193
194	<P>
195	This functionality is also available in the <tt class="module"><a href="module-popen2.html">popen2</a></tt> module
196	using functions of the same names, but the return values of those
197	functions have a different order.
198
199	<P>
200
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