[unix-history] / usr / share / man / cat1 / ls.0

LS(1)                        BSD Reference Manual                        LS(1)

N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
     l\bls\bs - list directory contents

S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
     l\bls\bs [-\b-A\bAC\bCF\bFL\bLR\bRT\bTW\bWa\bac\bcd\bdf\bfi\bil\blo\boq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\bu1\b1] [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\b._\b._\b.]

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
     For each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of a type other than directory, l\bls\bs
     displays its name as well as any requested, associated information.  For
     each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of type directory, l\bls\bs displays the names
     of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-
     ciated information.

     If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-
     played.  If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are
     displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-
     rately and in lexicographical order.

     The following options are available:

     -\b-A\bA      List all entries except for `.' and `..'. Always set for the su-
             per-user.

     -\b-C\bC      Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to
             a terminal.

     -\b-F\bF      Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that is a di-
             rectory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, an at
             sign (@) after each symbolic link, and a percent sign (%) after
             each whiteout.

     -\b-L\bL      If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
             link references rather than the link itself.

     -\b-R\bR      Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

     -\b-T\bT      Display complete time information for the file, including month,
             day, hour, minute, second, and year.

     -\b-W\bW      Display whiteouts when scanning directories.

     -\b-a\ba      Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).

     -\b-c\bc      Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-
             ing.

     -\b-d\bd      Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively)
             and symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected
             through.

     -\b-f\bf      Output is not sorted.

     -\b-i\bi      For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode num-
             ber).

     -\b-l\bl      (The lowercase letter ``ell.'')  List in long format. (See be-
             low.)  If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the
             file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.

     -\b-o\bo      Include the file flags in a long (-\b-l\bl) output

     -\b-q\bq      Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
             character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.


     -\b-r\br      Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical or-
             der or the oldest entries first.

     -\b-s\bs      Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each
             file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up
             to the next integer value.  If the output is to a terminal, a to-
             tal sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
             listing.

     -\b-t\bt      Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-
             ing the operands by lexicographical order.

     -\b-u\bu      Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file
             for sorting (-\b-t\bt) or printing (-\b-l\bl).

     -\b-1\b1      (The numeric digit ``one.'')  Force output to be one entry per
             line.  This is the default when output is not to a terminal.

     The -\b-1\b1, -\b-C\bC, and -\b-l\bl options all override each other; the last one speci-
     fied determines the format used.

     The -\b-c\bc, and -\b-u\bu options override each other; the last one specified deter-
     mines the file time used.

     By default, l\bls\bs lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-
     tions are to terminals or when the -\b-C\bC option is specified.

     File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the
     information associated with the -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, and -\b-l\bl options.

   T\bTh\bhe\be L\bLo\bon\bng\bg F\bFo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bt
     If the -\b-l\bl option is given, the following information is displayed for
     each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
     bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
     fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
     name.  In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
     total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
     displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the
     files in the directory.

     If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name the numer-
     ic ID's are displayed.

     If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and
     minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field. If the
     file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is preceded by
     ``->''.

     The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the entry type,
     owner permissions, and group permissions.  The entry type character de-
     scribes the type of file, as follows:

           b\bb     Block special file.
           c\bc     Character special file.
           d\bd     Directory.
           l\bl     Symbolic link.
           s\bs     Socket link.
           w\bw     Whiteout.
           -\b-     Regular file.

     The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
     permissions, and other permissions.  Each field has three character posi-


     tions:

           1.   If r\br, the file is readable; if -\b-, it is not readable.

           2.   If w\bw, the file is writable; if -\b-, it is not writable.

           3.   The first of the following that applies:

                      S\bS     If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is not executable and
                            set-group-ID mode is set.

                      s\bs     If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is executable and set-
                            group-ID mode is set.

                      x\bx     The file is executable or the directory is search-
                            able.

                      -\b-     The file is neither readable, writeable, exe-
                            cutable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode,
                            nor sticky. (See below.)

                These next two apply only to the third character in the last
                group (other permissions).

                      T\bT     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
                            or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)


                      t\bt     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is search-
                            able or executable.  (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)

     The l\bls\bs utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTA\bAL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS
     The following environment variables affect the execution of l\bls\bs:

     BLOCKSIZE  If the environmental variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block
                counts (see -\b-s\bs) will be displayed in units of that size block.

     COLUMNS    If this variable contains a string representing a decimal in-
                teger, it is used as the column position width for displaying
                multiple-text-column output.  The l\bls\bs utility calculates how
                many pathname text columns to display based on the width pro-
                vided.  (See -\b-C\bC.)

     TZ         The timezone to use when displaying dates.  See environ(7) for
                more information.

C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY
     The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
     files in order to be compatible with the IEEE Std1003.2 (``POSIX'') spec-
     ification.

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
     chmod(1),  symlink(7),  sticky(8)

H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
     An l\bls\bs command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.

S\bST\bTA\bAN\bND\bDA\bAR\bRD\bDS\bS
     The l\bls\bs function is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
     (``POSIX'') specification.
Commit	Line	Data
32424d04 C	1	LS(1) BSD Reference Manual LS(1)
	2
	3	N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
	4	l\bls\bs - list directory contents
	5
	6	S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
	7	l\bls\bs [-\b-A\bAC\bCF\bFL\bLR\bRT\bTW\bWa\bac\bcd\bdf\bfi\bil\blo\boq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\bu1\b1] [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
	8
	9	D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
	10	For each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of a type other than directory, l\bls\bs
	11	displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For
	12	each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of type directory, l\bls\bs displays the names
	13	of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-
	14	ciated information.
	15
	16	If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-
	17	played. If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are
	18	displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-
	19	rately and in lexicographical order.
	20
	21	The following options are available:
	22
	23	-\b-A\bA List all entries except for `.' and `..'. Always set for the su-
	24	per-user.
	25
	26	-\b-C\bC Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to
	27	a terminal.
	28
	29	-\b-F\bF Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that is a di-
	30	rectory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, an at
	31	sign (@) after each symbolic link, and a percent sign (%) after
	32	each whiteout.
	33
	34	-\b-L\bL If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
	35	link references rather than the link itself.
	36
	37	-\b-R\bR Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
	38
	39	-\b-T\bT Display complete time information for the file, including month,
	40	day, hour, minute, second, and year.
	41
	42	-\b-W\bW Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
	43
	44	-\b-a\ba Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).
	45
	46	-\b-c\bc Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-
	47	ing.
	48
	49	-\b-d\bd Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively)
	50	and symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected
	51	through.
	52
	53	-\b-f\bf Output is not sorted.
	54
	55	-\b-i\bi For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode num-
	56	ber).
	57
	58	-\b-l\bl (The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See be-
	59	low.) If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the
	60	file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
	61
	62	-\b-o\bo Include the file flags in a long (-\b-l\bl) output
	63
	64	-\b-q\bq Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
65	character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
66
67
68	-\b-r\br Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical or-
69	der or the oldest entries first.
70
71	-\b-s\bs Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each
72	file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up
73	to the next integer value. If the output is to a terminal, a to-
74	tal sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
75	listing.
76
77	-\b-t\bt Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-
78	ing the operands by lexicographical order.
79
80	-\b-u\bu Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file
81	for sorting (-\b-t\bt) or printing (-\b-l\bl).
82
83	-\b-1\b1 (The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be one entry per
84	line. This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
85
86	The -\b-1\b1, -\b-C\bC, and -\b-l\bl options all override each other; the last one speci-
87	fied determines the format used.
88
89	The -\b-c\bc, and -\b-u\bu options override each other; the last one specified deter-
90	mines the file time used.
91
92	By default, l\bls\bs lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-
93	tions are to terminals or when the -\b-C\bC option is specified.
94
95	File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the
96	information associated with the -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, and -\b-l\bl options.
97
98	T\bTh\bhe\be L\bLo\bon\bng\bg F\bFo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bt
99	If the -\b-l\bl option is given, the following information is displayed for
100	each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
101	bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
102	fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
103	name. In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
104	total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
105	displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the
106	files in the directory.
107
108	If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name the numer-
109	ic ID's are displayed.
110
111	If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and
112	minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field. If the
113	file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is preceded by
114	``->''.
115
116	The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the entry type,
117	owner permissions, and group permissions. The entry type character de-
118	scribes the type of file, as follows:
119
120	b\bb Block special file.
121	c\bc Character special file.
122	d\bd Directory.
123	l\bl Symbolic link.
124	s\bs Socket link.
125	w\bw Whiteout.
126	-\b- Regular file.
127
128	The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
129	permissions, and other permissions. Each field has three character posi-
130
131
132	tions:
133
134	1. If r\br, the file is readable; if -\b-, it is not readable.
135
136	2. If w\bw, the file is writable; if -\b-, it is not writable.
137
138	3. The first of the following that applies:
139
140	S\bS If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
141	cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the
142	group permissions, the file is not executable and
143	set-group-ID mode is set.
144
145	s\bs If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
146	cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the
147	group permissions, the file is executable and set-
148	group-ID mode is set.
149
150	x\bx The file is executable or the directory is search-
151	able.
152
153	-\b- The file is neither readable, writeable, exe-
154	cutable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode,
155	nor sticky. (See below.)
156
157	These next two apply only to the third character in the last
158	group (other permissions).
159
160	T\bT The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
161	or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)
162
163
164	t\bt The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is search-
165	able or executable. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)
166
167	The l\bls\bs utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
168
169	E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTA\bAL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS
170	The following environment variables affect the execution of l\bls\bs:
171
172	BLOCKSIZE If the environmental variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block
173	counts (see -\b-s\bs) will be displayed in units of that size block.
174
175	COLUMNS If this variable contains a string representing a decimal in-
176	teger, it is used as the column position width for displaying
177	multiple-text-column output. The l\bls\bs utility calculates how
178	many pathname text columns to display based on the width pro-
179	vided. (See -\b-C\bC.)
180
181	TZ The timezone to use when displaying dates. See environ(7) for
182	more information.
183
184	C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY
185	The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
186	files in order to be compatible with the IEEE Std1003.2 (``POSIX'') spec-
187	ification.
188
189	S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
190	chmod(1), symlink(7), sticky(8)
191
192	H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
193	An l\bls\bs command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
194
195	S\bST\bTA\bAN\bND\bDA\bAR\bRD\bDS\bS
196	The l\bls\bs function is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
197	(``POSIX'') specification.
198