Commit | Line | Data |
---|---|---|
54a7a3ed AM |
1 | .TH ED 1 "21 May 1993" |
2 | .SH NAME | |
c2714ef5 | 3 | .\" ed, red \- text editor |
4 | ed \- text editor | |
54a7a3ed AM |
5 | .SH SYNOPSIS |
6 | ed [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] | |
c2714ef5 | 7 | .\" .LP |
8 | .\" red [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] | |
54a7a3ed AM |
9 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
10 | .B ed | |
11 | is a line-oriented text editor. | |
12 | It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text | |
13 | files. | |
c2714ef5 | 14 | .\" .B red |
15 | .\" is a restricted | |
16 | .\" .BR ed : | |
17 | .\" it can only edit files in the current | |
18 | .\" directory and cannot execute shell commands. | |
54a7a3ed AM |
19 | |
20 | If invoked with a | |
21 | .I file | |
22 | argument, then a copy of | |
23 | .I file | |
24 | is read into the editor's buffer. | |
25 | Changes are made to this copy and not directly to | |
26 | .I file | |
27 | itself. | |
28 | Upon quitting | |
29 | .BR ed , | |
30 | any changes not explicitly saved with a | |
31 | .I `w' | |
32 | command are lost. | |
33 | ||
34 | Editing is done in two distinct modes: | |
35 | .I command | |
36 | and | |
37 | .IR input . | |
38 | When first invoked, | |
39 | .B ed | |
40 | is in command mode. | |
41 | In this mode commands are read from the standard input and | |
42 | executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. | |
43 | A typical command might look like: | |
44 | .sp | |
45 | .RS | |
46 | ,s/\fIold\fR/\fInew\fR/g | |
47 | .RE | |
48 | .sp | |
c2714ef5 | 49 | which replaces all occurrences of the string |
54a7a3ed AM |
50 | .I old |
51 | with | |
52 | .IR new . | |
53 | ||
54 | When an input command, such as | |
55 | .I `a' | |
56 | (append), | |
57 | .I `i' | |
58 | (insert) or | |
59 | .I `c' | |
60 | (change), is given, | |
61 | .B ed | |
62 | enters input mode. This is the primary means | |
63 | of adding text to a file. | |
64 | In this mode, no commands are available; | |
65 | instead, the standard input is written | |
66 | directly to the editor buffer. Lines consist of text up to and | |
67 | including a | |
68 | .IR newline | |
69 | character. | |
70 | Input mode is terminated by | |
71 | entering a single period (\fI.\fR) on a line. | |
72 | ||
73 | All | |
74 | .B ed | |
75 | commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g., | |
76 | the | |
77 | .I `d' | |
78 | command deletes lines; the | |
79 | .I `m' | |
80 | command moves lines, and so on. | |
81 | It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, | |
82 | as in the example above. However even here, the | |
83 | .I `s' | |
84 | command is applied to whole lines at a time. | |
85 | ||
86 | In general, | |
87 | .B ed | |
88 | commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single | |
89 | character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e., | |
90 | commands have the structure: | |
91 | .sp | |
92 | .RS | |
93 | .I [address [,address]]command[parameters] | |
94 | .RE | |
95 | .sp | |
e8bd1b9a AM |
96 | The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the |
97 | command. If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then | |
98 | default addresses are supplied. | |
54a7a3ed AM |
99 | |
100 | .SS OPTIONS | |
101 | .TP 8 | |
102 | -s | |
103 | Suppresses diagnostics. This should be used if | |
104 | .BR ed 's | |
105 | standard input is from a script. | |
106 | ||
107 | .TP 8 | |
108 | -x | |
109 | Prompts for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes | |
110 | (see the | |
111 | .I `x' | |
112 | command). | |
113 | ||
114 | .TP 8 | |
115 | .RI \-p \ string | |
116 | Specifies a command prompt. This may be toggled on and off with the | |
117 | .I `P' | |
118 | command. | |
119 | ||
120 | .TP 8 | |
121 | .I file | |
122 | Specifies the name of a file to read. If | |
123 | .I file | |
124 | is prefixed with a | |
125 | bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. In this case, | |
126 | what is read is | |
127 | the standard output of | |
128 | .I file | |
129 | executed via | |
130 | .IR sh (1). | |
131 | To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the | |
132 | name with a backslash (\\). | |
133 | The default filename is set to | |
134 | .I file | |
135 | only if it is not prefixed with a bang. | |
136 | ||
137 | .SS LINE ADDRESSING | |
84ee7b23 | 138 | An address represents the number of a line in the buffer. |
54a7a3ed AM |
139 | .B ed |
140 | maintains a | |
141 | .I current address | |
142 | which is | |
143 | typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified. | |
144 | When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line | |
145 | of the file. In general, the current address is set to the last line | |
146 | affected by a command. | |
147 | ||
148 | A line address is | |
149 | constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed | |
150 | by a numeric offset. The offset may include any combination | |
151 | of digits, operators (i.e., | |
152 | .IR + , | |
153 | .I - | |
154 | and | |
155 | .IR ^ ) | |
156 | and whitespace. | |
157 | Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed | |
158 | relative to the current address. | |
159 | ||
160 | One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the | |
161 | address | |
162 | .I 0 | |
163 | (zero). | |
164 | This means "before the first line," | |
165 | and is legal wherever it makes sense. | |
166 | ||
167 | An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or | |
168 | semi-colon. The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the | |
84ee7b23 AM |
169 | value of the the second. If only one address is given in a range, then |
170 | the second address is set to the given address. If an | |
54a7a3ed AM |
171 | .IR n- tuple |
172 | of addresses is given where | |
173 | .I n > 2, | |
84ee7b23 AM |
174 | then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in |
175 | the | |
54a7a3ed | 176 | .IR n- tuple. |
84ee7b23 | 177 | If only one address is expected, then the last address is used. |
54a7a3ed AM |
178 | |
179 | Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the | |
180 | current address. In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is | |
181 | used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted | |
182 | relative to the first. | |
183 | ||
84ee7b23 | 184 | |
54a7a3ed AM |
185 | The following address symbols are recognized. |
186 | ||
187 | .TP 8 | |
84ee7b23 | 188 | \&. |
54a7a3ed AM |
189 | The current line (address) in the buffer. |
190 | ||
191 | .TP 8 | |
192 | $ | |
193 | The last line in the buffer. | |
194 | ||
195 | .TP 8 | |
196 | n | |
197 | The | |
198 | .IR n th, | |
199 | line in the buffer | |
200 | where | |
201 | .I n | |
202 | is a number in the range | |
203 | .I [0,$]. | |
204 | ||
205 | .TP 8 | |
206 | - or ^ | |
207 | The previous line. | |
208 | This is equivalent to | |
209 | .I -1 | |
210 | and may be repeated with cumulative effect. | |
211 | ||
212 | .TP 8 | |
213 | -\fIn\fR or ^\fIn\fR | |
214 | The | |
215 | .IR n th | |
216 | previous line, where | |
217 | .I n | |
218 | is a non-negative number. | |
219 | ||
220 | .TP 8 | |
221 | + | |
222 | The | |
223 | next line. | |
224 | This is equivalent to | |
225 | .I +1 | |
226 | and may be repeated with cumulative effect. | |
227 | ||
228 | .TP 8 | |
229 | +\fIn\fR or whitespace\fIn\fR | |
230 | The | |
231 | .IR n th | |
232 | next line, where | |
233 | .I n | |
234 | is a non-negative number. | |
235 | .I whitespace | |
236 | followed by a number | |
237 | .I n | |
238 | is interpreted as | |
239 | .IR +n . | |
240 | ||
241 | .TP 8 | |
242 | , \fRor\fB % | |
243 | The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to | |
244 | the address range | |
245 | .I 1,$. | |
246 | ||
247 | .TP 8 | |
248 | ; | |
249 | The | |
250 | current through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to | |
251 | the address range | |
252 | .I .,$. | |
253 | ||
254 | .TP 8 | |
255 | .RI / re/ | |
256 | The | |
257 | next line containing the regular expression | |
258 | .IR re . | |
259 | The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the | |
260 | current line, if necessary. | |
261 | // repeats the last search. | |
262 | ||
263 | .TP 8 | |
264 | .RI ? re? | |
265 | The | |
266 | previous line containing the regular expression | |
267 | .IR re . | |
268 | The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the | |
269 | current line, if necessary. | |
270 | ?? repeats the last search. | |
271 | ||
272 | .TP 8 | |
273 | .RI \' lc | |
274 | The | |
275 | line previously marked by a | |
276 | .I `k' | |
277 | (mark) command, where | |
278 | .I lc | |
279 | is a lower case letter. | |
280 | ||
281 | .SS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS | |
282 | Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. | |
283 | For example, the | |
284 | .B ed | |
285 | command | |
286 | .sp | |
287 | .RS | |
288 | g/\fIstring\fR/ | |
289 | .RE | |
290 | .sp | |
291 | prints all lines containing | |
292 | .IR string . | |
293 | Regular expressions are also | |
294 | used by the | |
295 | .I `s' | |
296 | command for selecting old text to be replaced with new. | |
297 | ||
298 | In addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions can | |
299 | represent | |
300 | classes of strings. Strings thus represented are said to be matched | |
301 | by the corresponding regular expression. | |
302 | If it is possible for a regular expression | |
303 | to match several strings in a line, then the left-most longest match is | |
304 | the one selected. | |
305 | ||
306 | The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions: | |
307 | ||
308 | .TP 8 | |
309 | c | |
310 | Any character | |
311 | .I c | |
312 | not listed below, including `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>', | |
313 | matches itself. | |
314 | ||
315 | .TP 8 | |
e8bd1b9a | 316 | \fR\e\fIc\fR |
54a7a3ed AM |
317 | Any backslash-escaped character |
318 | .IR c , | |
319 | except for `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>', | |
320 | matches itself. | |
321 | ||
322 | .TP 8 | |
323 | \fR.\fR | |
324 | Matches any single character. | |
325 | ||
326 | .TP 8 | |
327 | .I [char-class] | |
328 | Matches any single character in | |
329 | .IR char-class . | |
330 | To include a `]' | |
331 | in | |
332 | .IR char-class , | |
333 | it must be the first character. | |
334 | A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters | |
335 | of the range with a `-', e.g., `a-z' specifies the lower case characters. | |
336 | The following literal expressions can also be used in | |
337 | .I char-class | |
338 | to specify sets of characters: | |
339 | .sp | |
340 | \ \ [:alnum:]\ \ [:cntrl:]\ \ [:lower:]\ \ [:space:] | |
341 | .PD 0 | |
342 | \ \ [:alpha:]\ \ [:digit:]\ \ [:print:]\ \ [:upper:] | |
343 | .PD 0 | |
344 | \ \ [:blank:]\ \ [:graph:]\ \ [:punct:]\ \ [:xdigit:] | |
345 | .sp | |
346 | If `-' appears as the first or last | |
347 | character of | |
348 | .IR char-class , | |
349 | then it matches itself. | |
350 | All other characters in | |
351 | .I char-class | |
352 | match themselves. | |
353 | .sp | |
354 | Patterns in | |
355 | .I char-class | |
356 | of the form: | |
357 | .sp | |
358 | \ \ [.\fIcol-elm\fR.] or, | |
359 | .PD 0 | |
360 | \ \ [=\fIcol-elm\fR=] | |
361 | .sp | |
362 | where | |
363 | .I col-elm | |
364 | is a | |
365 | .I collating element | |
366 | are interpreted according to | |
367 | .IR locale (5) | |
368 | (not currently supported). | |
369 | See | |
370 | .IR regex (3) | |
371 | for an explanation of these constructs. | |
372 | ||
373 | .TP 8 | |
374 | [^\fIchar-class\fR] | |
375 | Matches any single character, other than newline, not in | |
376 | .IR char-class . | |
377 | .IR char-class | |
378 | is defined | |
379 | as above. | |
380 | ||
381 | .TP 8 | |
382 | ^ | |
383 | If `^' is the first character of a regular expression, then it | |
384 | anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line. | |
385 | Otherwise, it matches itself. | |
386 | ||
387 | .TP 8 | |
388 | $ | |
389 | If `$' is the last character of a regular expression, it | |
390 | anchors the regular expression to the end of a line. | |
391 | Otherwise, it matches itself. | |
392 | ||
393 | .TP 8 | |
e8bd1b9a | 394 | \fR\e<\fR |
54a7a3ed AM |
395 | Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression |
396 | immediately following it to the beginning of a word. | |
397 | (This may not be available) | |
398 | ||
399 | .TP 8 | |
e8bd1b9a | 400 | \fR\e>\fR |
54a7a3ed AM |
401 | Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression |
402 | immediately following it to the end of a word. | |
403 | (This may not be available) | |
404 | ||
405 | .TP 8 | |
e8bd1b9a | 406 | \fR\e(\fIre\fR\e)\fR |
54a7a3ed AM |
407 | Defines a subexpression |
408 | .IR re . | |
409 | Subexpressions may be nested. | |
e8bd1b9a | 410 | A subsequent backreference of the form \fI`\en'\fR, where |
54a7a3ed AM |
411 | .I n |
412 | is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the | |
413 | .IR n th | |
414 | subexpression. | |
e8bd1b9a | 415 | For example, the regular expression `\e(.*\e)\e1' matches any string |
54a7a3ed AM |
416 | consisting of identical adjacent substrings. |
417 | Subexpressions are ordered relative to | |
418 | their left delimiter. | |
419 | ||
420 | .TP 8 | |
421 | * | |
422 | Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression | |
423 | immediately preceding it zero or more times. If '*' is the first | |
424 | character of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches | |
425 | itself. The `*' operator sometimes yields unexpected results. | |
426 | For example, the regular expression `b*' matches the beginning of | |
427 | the string `abbb' (as opposed to the substring `bbb'), since a null match | |
428 | is the only left-most match. | |
429 | ||
430 | .TP 8 | |
e8bd1b9a | 431 | \fR\e{\fIn,m\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn,\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn\fR\e}\fR |
54a7a3ed AM |
432 | Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression |
433 | immediately preceding it at least | |
434 | .I n | |
435 | and at most | |
436 | .I m | |
437 | times. | |
438 | If | |
439 | .I m | |
440 | is omitted, then it matches at least | |
441 | .I n | |
442 | times. | |
443 | If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly | |
444 | .I n | |
445 | times. | |
446 | ||
447 | .LP | |
448 | Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the | |
449 | particular | |
450 | .IR regex (3) | |
451 | implementation. | |
452 | ||
453 | .SS COMMANDS | |
454 | All | |
455 | .B ed | |
456 | commands are single characters, though some require additonal parameters. | |
457 | If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then | |
458 | each line except for the last | |
459 | must be terminated with a backslash (\\). | |
460 | ||
461 | In general, at most one command is allowed per line. | |
462 | However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of | |
463 | .I `p' | |
464 | (print), | |
465 | .I `l' | |
466 | (list) , | |
467 | or | |
468 | .I `n' | |
469 | (enumerate), | |
470 | to print the last line affected by the command. | |
471 | ||
472 | An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command | |
473 | and returning the editor to command mode. | |
474 | ||
475 | .B ed | |
476 | recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together with | |
477 | the default address or address range supplied if none is | |
478 | specified (in parenthesis). | |
479 | ||
480 | .TP 8 | |
481 | (.)a | |
482 | Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. | |
483 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
484 | The current address is set to last line entered. | |
485 | ||
486 | .TP 8 | |
487 | (.,.)c | |
488 | Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted | |
489 | from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. | |
490 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
491 | The current address is set to last line entered. | |
492 | ||
493 | .TP 8 | |
494 | (.,.)d | |
495 | Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. | |
496 | If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set | |
497 | to this line. Otherwise the current address is set to the line | |
498 | before the deleted range. | |
499 | ||
500 | .TP 8 | |
501 | .RI e \ file | |
502 | Edits | |
503 | .IR file , | |
504 | and sets the default filename. | |
505 | If | |
506 | .I file | |
507 | is not specified, then the default filename is used. | |
508 | Any lines in the buffer are deleted before | |
509 | the new file is read. | |
510 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
511 | ||
512 | .TP 8 | |
513 | .RI e \ !command | |
514 | Edits the standard output of | |
515 | .IR `!command' , | |
84ee7b23 AM |
516 | (see |
517 | .RI ! command | |
518 | below). | |
54a7a3ed AM |
519 | The default filename is unchanged. |
520 | Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of | |
521 | .I command | |
522 | is read. | |
523 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
524 | ||
525 | .TP 8 | |
526 | .RI E \ file | |
527 | Edits | |
528 | .I file | |
529 | unconditionally. | |
530 | This is similar to the | |
531 | .I e | |
532 | command, | |
533 | except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. | |
534 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
535 | ||
536 | .TP 8 | |
537 | .RI f \ file | |
538 | Sets the default filename to | |
539 | .IR file . | |
540 | If | |
541 | .I file | |
542 | is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. | |
543 | ||
544 | .TP 8 | |
545 | .RI (1,$)g /re/command-list | |
546 | Applies | |
547 | .I command-list | |
548 | to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression | |
549 | .IR re . | |
550 | The current address is set to the | |
551 | line currently matched before | |
552 | .I command-list | |
553 | is executed. | |
554 | At the end of the | |
555 | .I `g' | |
556 | command, the current address is set to the last line affected by | |
557 | .IR command-list . | |
558 | ||
559 | Each command in | |
560 | .I command-list | |
561 | must be on a separate line, | |
562 | and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash | |
563 | (\\). | |
564 | Any commands are allowed, except for | |
565 | .IR `g' , | |
566 | .IR `G' , | |
567 | .IR `v' , | |
568 | and | |
569 | .IR `V' . | |
570 | A newline alone in | |
571 | .I command-list | |
572 | is equivalent to a | |
573 | .I `p' | |
574 | command. | |
575 | ||
576 | .TP 8 | |
577 | .RI (1,$)G /re/ | |
578 | Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expression | |
579 | .IR re. | |
580 | For each matching line, | |
581 | the line is printed, | |
582 | the current address is set, | |
583 | and the user is prompted to enter a | |
584 | .IR command-list . | |
585 | At the end of the | |
586 | .I `G' | |
587 | command, the current address | |
588 | is set to the last line affected by (the last) | |
589 | .IR command-list . | |
590 | ||
591 | The format of | |
592 | .I command-list | |
593 | is the same as that of the | |
594 | .I `g' | |
595 | command. A newline alone acts as a null command list. | |
596 | A single `&' repeats the last non-null command list. | |
597 | ||
598 | .TP 8 | |
599 | H | |
600 | Toggles the printing of error explanations. | |
601 | By default, explanations are not printed. | |
602 | It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to | |
603 | aid in debugging. | |
604 | ||
605 | .TP 8 | |
606 | h | |
607 | Prints an explanation of the last error. | |
608 | ||
609 | .TP 8 | |
610 | (.)i | |
611 | Inserts text in the buffer before the current line. | |
612 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
613 | The current address is set to the last line entered. | |
614 | ||
615 | .TP 8 | |
616 | (.,.+1)j | |
617 | Joins the addressed lines. The addressed lines are | |
618 | deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single | |
619 | line containing their joined text. | |
620 | The current address is set to the resultant line. | |
621 | ||
622 | .TP 8 | |
623 | .RI (.)k lc | |
624 | Marks a line with a lower case letter | |
625 | .IR lc . | |
626 | The line can then be addressed as | |
627 | .I 'lc | |
628 | (i.e., a single quote followed by | |
629 | .I lc | |
630 | ) in subsequent commands. The mark is not cleared until the line is | |
631 | deleted or otherwise modified. | |
632 | ||
633 | .TP 8 | |
634 | (.,.)l | |
635 | Prints the addressed lines unambiguously. | |
84ee7b23 AM |
636 | If a single line fills for than one screen (as might be the case |
637 | when viewing a binary file, for instance), a `--More--' | |
638 | prompt is printed on the last line. | |
639 | .B ed | |
640 | waits until the RETURN key is pressed | |
641 | before displaying the next screen. | |
54a7a3ed AM |
642 | The current address is set to the last line |
643 | printed. | |
644 | ||
645 | .TP 8 | |
646 | (.,.)m(.) | |
647 | Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to after the | |
648 | right-hand destination address, which may be the address | |
649 | .IR 0 | |
650 | (zero). | |
651 | The current address is set to the | |
652 | last line moved. | |
653 | ||
654 | .TP 8 | |
655 | (.,.)n | |
656 | Prints the addressed lines along with | |
657 | their line numbers. The current address is set to the last line | |
658 | printed. | |
659 | ||
660 | .TP 8 | |
661 | (.,.)p | |
662 | Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the last line | |
663 | printed. | |
664 | ||
665 | .TP 8 | |
666 | P | |
667 | Toggles the command prompt on and off. | |
668 | Unless a prompt was specified by with command-line option | |
669 | \fI-p string\fR, the command prompt is by default turned off. | |
670 | ||
671 | .TP 8 | |
672 | q | |
673 | Quits ed. | |
674 | ||
675 | .TP 8 | |
676 | Q | |
677 | Quits ed unconditionally. | |
678 | This is similar to the | |
679 | .I q | |
680 | command, | |
681 | except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. | |
682 | ||
683 | .TP 8 | |
684 | .RI ($)r \ file | |
685 | Reads | |
686 | .I file | |
687 | to after the addressed line. If | |
688 | .I file | |
689 | is not specified, then the default | |
690 | filename is used. If there was no default filename prior to the command, | |
691 | then the default filename is set to | |
692 | .IR file . | |
693 | Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. | |
694 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
695 | ||
696 | .TP 8 | |
697 | .RI ($)r \ !command | |
698 | Reads | |
699 | to after the addressed line | |
700 | the standard output of | |
701 | .IR `!command' , | |
84ee7b23 AM |
702 | (see the |
703 | .RI ! command | |
704 | below). | |
54a7a3ed AM |
705 | The default filename is unchanged. |
706 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
707 | ||
708 | .HP | |
709 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/ | |
710 | .PD 0 | |
711 | .HP | |
712 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/\fRg\fR | |
713 | .HP | |
714 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/n | |
715 | .br | |
716 | Replaces text in the addressed lines | |
717 | matching a regular expression | |
718 | .I re | |
719 | with | |
720 | .IR replacement . | |
721 | By default, only the first match in each line is replaced. | |
84ee7b23 | 722 | If the |
54a7a3ed | 723 | .I `g' |
84ee7b23 | 724 | (global) suffix is given, then every match to be replaced. |
54a7a3ed AM |
725 | The |
726 | .I `n' | |
727 | suffix, where | |
728 | .I n | |
c2714ef5 | 729 | is a positive number, causes only the |
54a7a3ed AM |
730 | .IR n th |
731 | match to be replaced. | |
732 | It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed | |
733 | lines. | |
734 | The current address is set the last line affected. | |
735 | ||
736 | .I re | |
737 | and | |
738 | .I replacement | |
84ee7b23 AM |
739 | may be delimited by any character other than space and newline |
740 | (see the | |
741 | .I `s' | |
742 | command below). | |
54a7a3ed AM |
743 | If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line |
744 | affected is printed as though the print suffix | |
745 | .I `p' | |
746 | were specified. | |
747 | ||
748 | ||
749 | An unescaped `&' in | |
750 | .I replacement | |
751 | is replaced by the currently matched text. | |
752 | The character sequence | |
e8bd1b9a | 753 | \fI`\em'\fR, |
54a7a3ed AM |
754 | where |
755 | .I m | |
756 | is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the | |
757 | .IR m th | |
758 | backreference expression of the matched text. | |
759 | If | |
760 | .I replacement | |
761 | consists of a single `%', then | |
762 | .I replacement | |
763 | from the last substitution is used. | |
764 | Newlines may be embedded in | |
765 | .I replacement | |
766 | if they are escaped with a backslash (\\). | |
767 | ||
768 | .TP 8 | |
769 | (.,.)s | |
770 | Repeats the last substitution. | |
771 | This form of the | |
772 | .I `s' | |
84ee7b23 AM |
773 | command accepts a count suffix |
774 | .IR `n' , | |
775 | or any combination of the characters | |
54a7a3ed AM |
776 | .IR `r' , |
777 | .IR `g' , | |
778 | and | |
779 | .IR `p' . | |
84ee7b23 AM |
780 | If a count suffix |
781 | .I `n' | |
782 | is given, then only the | |
783 | .IR n th | |
784 | match is replaced. | |
54a7a3ed AM |
785 | The |
786 | .I `r' | |
787 | suffix causes | |
788 | the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of the | |
789 | that of the last substitution. | |
790 | The | |
791 | .I `g' | |
792 | suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution. | |
793 | The | |
794 | .I `p' | |
795 | suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution | |
796 | The current address is set to the last line affected. | |
797 | ||
798 | .TP 8 | |
799 | (.,.)t(.) | |
800 | Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand | |
801 | destination address, which may be the address | |
802 | .IR 0 | |
803 | (zero). | |
804 | The current address is set to the last line | |
805 | copied. | |
806 | ||
807 | .TP 8 | |
808 | u | |
809 | Undoes the last command and restores the current address | |
810 | to what it was before the command. | |
811 | The global commands | |
812 | .IR `g' , | |
813 | .IR `G' , | |
814 | .IR `v' , | |
815 | and | |
816 | .IR `V' . | |
817 | are treated as a single command by undo. | |
818 | .I `u' | |
819 | is its own inverse. | |
820 | ||
821 | .TP 8 | |
822 | .RI (1,$)v /pat/command-list | |
823 | Applies | |
824 | .I command-list | |
825 | to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression | |
826 | .IR re . | |
827 | This is similar to the | |
828 | .I `g' | |
829 | command. | |
830 | ||
831 | .TP 8 | |
832 | .RI (1,$)V /re/ | |
833 | Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching a regular expression | |
834 | .IR re. | |
835 | This is similar to the | |
836 | .I `G' | |
837 | command. | |
838 | ||
839 | .TP 8 | |
840 | .RI (1,$)w \ file | |
841 | Writes the addressed lines to | |
842 | .IR file . | |
843 | Any previous contents of | |
844 | .I file | |
845 | is lost without warning. | |
846 | If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to | |
847 | .IR file, | |
848 | otherwise it is unchanged. If no filename is specified, then the default | |
849 | filename is used. | |
850 | The current address is unchanged. | |
851 | ||
852 | .TP 8 | |
853 | .RI (1,$)wq \ file | |
854 | Writes the addressed lines to | |
855 | .IR file , | |
856 | and then executes a | |
857 | .I `q' | |
858 | command. | |
859 | ||
860 | .TP 8 | |
861 | .RI (1,$)w \ !command | |
862 | Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of | |
863 | .IR `!command' , | |
84ee7b23 AM |
864 | (see the |
865 | .RI ! command | |
866 | below). | |
54a7a3ed AM |
867 | The default filename and current address are unchanged. |
868 | ||
869 | .TP 8 | |
870 | .RI (1,$)W \ file | |
871 | Appends the addressed lines to the end of | |
872 | .IR file . | |
873 | This is similar to the | |
874 | .I `w' | |
875 | command, expect that the previous contents of file is not clobbered. | |
876 | The current address is unchanged. | |
877 | ||
878 | .TP 8 | |
879 | x | |
880 | Prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and | |
881 | writes. If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is | |
882 | turned off. Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. | |
883 | Encryption/decryption is done using the bdes(1) algorithm. | |
884 | ||
885 | .TP 8 | |
886 | .RI (.+1)z n | |
887 | Scrolls | |
888 | .I n | |
889 | lines at a time starting at addressed line. If | |
890 | .I n | |
891 | is not specified, then the current window size is used. | |
892 | The current address is set to the last line printed. | |
893 | ||
894 | .TP 8 | |
895 | .RI ! command | |
896 | Executes | |
897 | .I command | |
898 | via | |
899 | .IR sh (1). | |
900 | If the first character of | |
901 | .I command | |
902 | is `!', then it is replaced by text of the | |
903 | previous | |
904 | .IR `!command' . | |
905 | .B ed | |
906 | does not process | |
907 | .I command | |
908 | for backslash (\\) escapes. | |
909 | However, an unescaped | |
910 | .I `%' | |
911 | is replaced by the default filename. | |
912 | When the shell returns from execution, a `!' | |
913 | is printed to the standard output. | |
914 | The current line is unchanged. | |
915 | ||
54a7a3ed AM |
916 | .TP 8 |
917 | ($)= | |
918 | Prints the line number of the addressed line. | |
919 | ||
920 | .TP 8 | |
921 | (.+1)newline | |
922 | Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to | |
923 | that line. | |
924 | ||
925 | .SH FILES | |
926 | .TP 20 | |
927 | /tmp/ed.* | |
928 | Buffer file | |
929 | .PD 0 | |
930 | .TP 20 | |
e8bd1b9a AM |
931 | ed.hup |
932 | The file to which | |
54a7a3ed AM |
933 | .B ed |
934 | attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up. | |
935 | ||
936 | .SH SEE ALSO | |
937 | ||
938 | .IR vi (1), | |
939 | .IR sed (1), | |
940 | .IR regex (3), | |
941 | .IR bdes (1), | |
942 | .IR sh (1). | |
943 | ||
944 | USD:12-13 | |
945 | ||
946 | B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, | |
947 | .I Software Tools in Pascal , | |
948 | Addison-Wesley, 1981. | |
949 | ||
950 | .SH LIMITATIONS | |
951 | .B ed | |
952 | processes | |
953 | .I file | |
954 | arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename, | |
955 | any characters preceded by a backslash (\\) are | |
956 | interpreted literally. | |
957 | ||
958 | If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character, | |
959 | then | |
960 | .B ed | |
961 | appends one on reading/writing it. In the case of a binary file, | |
962 | .B ed | |
963 | does not append a newline on reading/writing. | |
964 | ||
965 | per line overhead: 4 ints | |
966 | ||
967 | .SH DIAGNOSTICS | |
968 | When an error occurs, | |
969 | .B ed | |
970 | prints a `?' and either returns to command mode | |
971 | or exits if its input is from a script. | |
972 | An explanation of the last error can be | |
973 | printed with the | |
974 | .I `h' | |
975 | (help) command. | |
976 | ||
977 | Since the | |
978 | .I `g' | |
979 | (global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, | |
980 | it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g., | |
981 | .sp | |
982 | .RS | |
983 | g/\fIold\fR/s//\fInew\fR/ | |
984 | .RE | |
985 | .sp | |
986 | replaces any occurrences of | |
987 | .I old | |
988 | with | |
989 | .IR new . | |
e8bd1b9a AM |
990 | If the |
991 | .I `u' | |
992 | (undo) command occurs in a global command list, then | |
993 | the command list is executed only once. | |
54a7a3ed AM |
994 | |
995 | If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit | |
996 | .B ed | |
997 | or edit another file before writing a modified buffer | |
998 | results in an error. | |
999 | If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, | |
1000 | but any changes to the buffer are lost. |