.TH INTRO 3 "2 April 1983"
intro \- introduction to library functions
This section describes functions that may be found
in various libraries. The library functions are those other than the
functions which directly invoke UNIX system primitives, described in section 2.
This section has the libraries physically grouped together. This is a
departure from older versions of the UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual,
which did not group functions by library.
The functions described in this section are grouped into various libraries:
The straight ``3'' functions are the standard C library functions. The
C library also includes all the functions described in section 2. The
3S functions comprise the standard I/O library. Together with the
(3N), (3X), and (3C) routines, these functions constitute
which is automatically loaded by the C compiler
searches this library under the `\-lc' option.
Declarations for some of these functions may be obtained
from include files indicated on the appropriate pages.
The 3F functions are all functions callable from FORTRAN. These
functions perform the same jobs as do the straight ``3'' functions.
These functions constitute the math library,
They are automatically loaded as needed by the Pascal
The link editor searches this library under the `\-lm' option.
Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the include file
These functions constitute the internet network library,
These functions constitute the `standard I/O package', see
These functions are in the library
already mentioned. Declarations for these functions may be obtained from
Various specialized libraries have not been given distinctive captions.
Files in which such libraries are found are named on appropriate pages.
Routines included for compatibility with other systems. In particular,
a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of
4BSD have been included for source code compatibility. The manual page
entry for each compatibility routine indicates the proper interface to use.
Functions in the math library (3M) may return
conventional values when the function is undefined for the
given arguments or when the value is not representable.
In these cases the external variable
is set to the value EDOM (domain error) or ERANGE (range error).
The values of EDOM and ERANGE are defined in the include file
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abort abort.3 generate a fault
abort abort.3f terminate abruptly with memory image
abs abs.3 integer absolute value
access access.3f determine accessability of a file
acos sin.3m trigonometric functions
alarm alarm.3c schedule signal after specified time
alarm alarm.3f execute a subroutine after a specified time
alloca malloc.3 memory allocator
arc plot.3x graphics interface
asctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
asin sin.3m trigonometric functions
assert assert.3x program verification
atan sin.3m trigonometric functions
atan2 sin.3m trigonometric functions
atof atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
atoi atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
atol atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers
bcmp bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
bcopy bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
bessel bessel.3f of two kinds for integer orders
bit bit.3f and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions
bzero bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
cabs hypot.3m Euclidean distance
calloc malloc.3 memory allocator
ceil floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
chdir chdir.3f change default directory
chmod chmod.3f change mode of a file
circle plot.3x graphics interface
clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries
closedir directory.3 directory operations
closelog syslog.3 control system log
closepl plot.3x graphics interface
cont plot.3x graphics interface
cos sin.3m trigonometric functions
cosh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions
crypt crypt.3 DES encryption
ctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
ctime time.3f return system time
curses curses.3x screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion
dbminit dbm.3x data base subroutines
delete dbm.3x data base subroutines
dffrac flmin.3f return extreme values
dflmax flmin.3f return extreme values
dflmax range.3f return extreme values
dflmin flmin.3f return extreme values
dflmin range.3f return extreme values
drand rand.3f return random values
dtime etime.3f return elapsed execution time
ecvt ecvt.3 output conversion
edata end.3 last locations in program
encrypt crypt.3 DES encryption
end end.3 last locations in program
endfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
endgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
endhostent gethostent.3n get network host entry
endnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
endprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
endpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
endservent getservent.3n get service entry
environ execl.3 execute a file
erase plot.3x graphics interface
etext end.3 last locations in program
etime etime.3f return elapsed execution time
exec execl.3 execute a file
exece execl.3 execute a file
execl execl.3 execute a file
execle execl.3 execute a file
execlp execl.3 execute a file
exect execl.3 execute a file
execv execl.3 execute a file
execvp execl.3 execute a file
exit exit.3 terminate a process after flushing any pending output
exit exit.3f terminate process with status
exp exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square root
fabs floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream
fcvt ecvt.3 output conversion
fdate fdate.3f return date and time in an ASCII string
feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries
ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries
fetch dbm.3x data base subroutines
fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream
ffrac flmin.3f return extreme values
ffs bstring.3 bit and byte string operations
fgetc getc.3f get a character from a logical unit
fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream
fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream
fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries
firstkey dbm.3x data base subroutines
flmax flmin.3f return extreme values
flmax range.3f return extreme values
flmin flmin.3f return extreme values
flmin range.3f return extreme values
floor floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
flush flush.3f flush output to a logical unit
fork fork.3f create a copy of this process
fpecnt trpfpe.3f trap and repair floating point faults
fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
fputc putc.3f write a character to a fortran logical unit
fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream
fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output
free malloc.3 memory allocator
frexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
fseek fseek.3f reposition a file on a logical unit
fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream
fstat stat.3f get file status
ftell fseek.3f reposition a file on a logical unit
ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream
ftime time.3c get date and time
fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output
gamma gamma.3m log gamma function
gcvt ecvt.3 output conversion
gerror perror.3f get system error messages
getarg getarg.3f return command line arguments
getc getc.3f get a character from a logical unit
getc getc.3s get character or word from stream
getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream
getcwd getcwd.3f get pathname of current working directory
getdiskbyname getdisk.3x get disk description by its name
getenv getenv.3 value for environment name
getenv getenv.3f get value of environment variables
getfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
getfsfile getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
getfsspec getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
getfstype getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
getgid getuid.3f get user or group ID of the caller
getgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
getgrgid getgrent.3 get group file entry
getgrnam getgrent.3 get group file entry
gethostbyaddr gethostent.3n get network host entry
gethostbyname gethostent.3n get network host entry
gethostent gethostent.3n get network host entry
getlog getlog.3f get user's login name
getlogin getlogin.3 get login name
getnetbyaddr getnetent.3n get network entry
getnetbyname getnetent.3n get network entry
getnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
getpass getpass.3 read a password
getpid getpid.3f get process id
getprotobyname getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
getprotobynumber getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
getprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
getpw getpw.3 get name from uid
getpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
getpwnam getpwent.3 get password file entry
getpwuid getpwent.3 get password file entry
gets gets.3s get a string from a stream
getservbyname getservent.3n get service entry
getservbyport getservent.3n get service entry
getservent getservent.3n get service entry
getuid getuid.3f get user or group ID of the caller
getw getc.3s get character or word from stream
getwd getwd.3 get current working directory pathname
gmtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
gmtime time.3f return system time
gtty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct)
hostnm hostnm.3f get name of current host
htonl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
htons byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
hypot hypot.3m Euclidean distance
iargc getarg.3f return command line arguments
idate idate.3f return date or time in numerical form
ierrno perror.3f get system error messages
index index.3f tell about character objects
index string.3 string operations
inet_addr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
inet_lnaof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
inet_makeaddr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
inet_netof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
inet_network inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines
initgroups initgroups.3x initialize group access list
initstate random.3 better random number generator
inmax flmin.3f return extreme values
inmax range.3f return extreme values
insque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue
ioinit ioinit.3f change f77 I/O initialization
irand rand.3f return random values
isalnum ctype.3 character classification macros
isalpha ctype.3 character classification macros
isascii ctype.3 character classification macros
isatty ttynam.3f find name of a terminal port
isatty ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
iscntrl ctype.3 character classification macros
isdigit ctype.3 character classification macros
islower ctype.3 character classification macros
isprint ctype.3 character classification macros
ispunct ctype.3 character classification macros
isspace ctype.3 character classification macros
isupper ctype.3 character classification macros
itime idate.3f return date or time in numerical form
j0 j0.3m bessel functions
j1 j0.3m bessel functions
jn j0.3m bessel functions
kill kill.3f send a signal to a process
label plot.3x graphics interface
ldexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
len index.3f tell about character objects
lib2648 lib2648.3x subroutines for the HP 2648 graphics terminal
line plot.3x graphics interface
linemod plot.3x graphics interface
link link.3f make a link to an existing file
lnblnk index.3f tell about character objects
loc loc.3f return the address of an object
localtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
log exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square root
log10 exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square root
long long.3f integer object conversion
longjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto
lstat stat.3f get file status
ltime time.3f return system time
malloc malloc.3 memory allocator
mktemp mktemp.3 make a unique file name
modf frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent
moncontrol monitor.3 prepare execution profile
monitor monitor.3 prepare execution profile
monstartup monitor.3 prepare execution profile
move plot.3x graphics interface
nextkey dbm.3x data base subroutines
nice nice.3c set program priority
nlist nlist.3 get entries from name list
ntohl byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
ntohs byteorder.3n convert values between host and network byte order
opendir directory.3 directory operations
openlog syslog.3 control system log
pause pause.3c stop until signal
pclose popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process
perror perror.3 system error messages
perror perror.3f get system error messages
plot: openpl plot.3x graphics interface
point plot.3x graphics interface
popen popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process
pow exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square root
printf printf.3s formatted output conversion
psignal psignal.3 system signal messages
putc putc.3f write a character to a fortran logical unit
putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream
puts puts.3s put a string on a stream
putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream
qsort qsort.3 quicker sort
qsort qsort.3f quick sort
rand rand.3c random number generator
rand rand.3f return random values
random random.3 better random number generator
rcmd rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
re_comp regex.3 regular expression handler
re_exec regex.3 regular expression handler
readdir directory.3 directory operations
realloc malloc.3 memory allocator
remque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue
rename rename.3f rename a file
rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream
rewinddir directory.3 directory operations
rexec rexec.3x return stream to a remote command
rindex index.3f tell about character objects
rindex string.3 string operations
rresvport rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
ruserok rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to a remote command
scandir scandir.3 scan a directory
scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
seekdir directory.3 directory operations
setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
setegid setuid.3 set user and group ID
seteuid setuid.3 set user and group ID
setfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry
setgid setuid.3 set user and group ID
setgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry
sethostent gethostent.3n get network host entry
setjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto
setkey crypt.3 DES encryption
setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
setnetent getnetent.3n get network entry
setprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry
setpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry
setrgid setuid.3 set user and group ID
setruid setuid.3 set user and group ID
setservent getservent.3n get service entry
setstate random.3 better random number generator
setuid setuid.3 set user and group ID
short long.3f integer object conversion
signal signal.3 simplified software signal facilities
signal signal.3f change the action for a signal
sin sin.3m trigonometric functions
sinh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions
sleep sleep.3 suspend execution for interval
sleep sleep.3f suspend execution for an interval
space plot.3x graphics interface
sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
sqrt exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square root
srand rand.3c random number generator
srandom random.3 better random number generator
sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
stat stat.3f get file status
stdio intro.3s standard buffered input/output package
store dbm.3x data base subroutines
strcat string.3 string operations
strcmp string.3 string operations
strcpy string.3 string operations
strlen string.3 string operations
strncat string.3 string operations
strncmp string.3 string operations
strncpy string.3 string operations
stty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct)
sys_errlist perror.3 system error messages
sys_nerr perror.3 system error messages
sys_siglist psignal.3 system signal messages
syslog syslog.3 control system log
system system.3 issue a shell command
system system.3f execute a \s-2UNIX\s0 command
tan sin.3m trigonometric functions
tanh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions
tclose topen.3f f77 tape I/O
telldir directory.3 directory operations
tgetent termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
tgetflag termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
tgetnum termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
tgetstr termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
tgoto termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
time time.3c get date and time
time time.3f return system time
times times.3c get process times
timezone ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII
topen topen.3f f77 tape I/O
tputs termcap.3x terminal independent operation routines
traper traper.3f trap arithmetic errors
trapov trapov.3f trap and repair floating point overflow
tread topen.3f f77 tape I/O
trewin topen.3f f77 tape I/O
trpfpe trpfpe.3f trap and repair floating point faults
tskipf topen.3f f77 tape I/O
tstate topen.3f f77 tape I/O
ttynam ttynam.3f find name of a terminal port
ttyname ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
ttyslot ttyname.3 find name of a terminal
twrite topen.3f f77 tape I/O
ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream
unlink unlink.3f remove a directory entry
utime utime.3c set file times
valloc valloc.3 aligned memory allocator
varargs varargs.3 variable argument list
vlimit vlimit.3c control maximum system resource consumption
vtimes vtimes.3c get information about resource utilization
wait wait.3f wait for a process to terminate
y0 j0.3m bessel functions
y1 j0.3m bessel functions
yn j0.3m bessel functions
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