NEWFS(8) BSD System Manager's Manual NEWFS(8)
n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs, m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs - construct a new file system
S
\bSY
\bYN
\bNO
\bOP
\bPS
\bSI
\bIS
\bS
n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs [-
\b-N
\bNO
\bO] [-
\b-S
\bS _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be] [-
\b-T
\bT _
\bd_
\bi_
\bs_
\bk_
\bt_
\by_
\bp_
\be] [-
\b-a
\ba _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bc_
\bo_
\bn_
\bt_
\bi_
\bg] [-
\b-b
\bb _
\bb_
\bl_
\bo_
\bc_
\bk_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be]
[-
\b-c
\bc _
\bc_
\by_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br_
\bs] [-
\b-d
\bd _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\bd_
\be_
\bl_
\ba_
\by] [-
\b-e
\be _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bb_
\bp_
\bg] [-
\b-f
\bf _
\bf_
\br_
\ba_
\bg_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be] [-
\b-i
\bi _
\bb_
\by_
\bt_
\be_
\bs]
[-
\b-k
\bk _
\bs_
\bk_
\be_
\bw] [-
\b-l
\bl _
\bi_
\bn_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bl_
\be_
\ba_
\bv_
\be] [-
\b-m
\bm _
\bf_
\br_
\be_
\be _
\bs_
\bp_
\ba_
\bc_
\be] [-
\b-n
\bn _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\ba_
\bl _
\bp_
\bo_
\bs_
\bi_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs]
[-
\b-o
\bo _
\bo_
\bp_
\bt_
\bi_
\bm_
\bi_
\bz_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn] [-
\b-p
\bp _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs] [-
\b-r
\br _
\br_
\be_
\bv_
\bo_
\bl_
\bu_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs] [-
\b-s
\bs _
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be] [-
\b-t
\bt
_
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\bk_
\bs] [-
\b-u
\bu _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs] [-
\b-x
\bx _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs] _
\bs_
\bp_
\be_
\bc_
\bi_
\ba_
\bl
m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs [-
\b-N
\bN] [-
\b-T
\bT _
\bd_
\bi_
\bs_
\bk_
\bt_
\by_
\bp_
\be] [-
\b-a
\ba _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bc_
\bo_
\bn_
\bt_
\bi_
\bg] [-
\b-b
\bb _
\bb_
\bl_
\bo_
\bc_
\bk_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be] [-
\b-c
\bc
_
\bc_
\by_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br_
\bs] [-
\b-d
\bd _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\bd_
\be_
\bl_
\ba_
\by] [-
\b-e
\be _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bb_
\bp_
\bg] [-
\b-f
\bf _
\bf_
\br_
\ba_
\bg_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be] [-
\b-i
\bi _
\bb_
\by_
\bt_
\be_
\bs] [-
\b-m
\bm
_
\bf_
\br_
\be_
\be _
\bs_
\bp_
\ba_
\bc_
\be] [-
\b-n
\bn _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\ba_
\bl _
\bp_
\bo_
\bs_
\bi_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs] [-
\b-o
\bo _
\bo_
\bp_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs] [-
\b-s
\bs _
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be]
_
\bs_
\bp_
\be_
\bc_
\bi_
\ba_
\bl _
\bn_
\bo_
\bd_
\be
D
\bDE
\bES
\bSC
\bCR
\bRI
\bIP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bN
N
\bNe
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs replaces the more obtuse mkfs(8) program. Before running n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs or
m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs, the disk must be labeled using disklabel(8). N
\bNe
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs builds a
file system on the specified special device basing its defaults on the
information in the disk label. Typically the defaults are reasonable,
however n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selective-
M
\bMo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount
it on a specified node. M
\bMo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs exits and the contents of the file
system are lost when the file system is unmounted. If m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs is sent
a signal while running, for example during system shutdown, it will at-
tempt to unmount its corresponding file system. The parameters to
m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs are the same as those to n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs. If the -
\b-T
\bT flag is specified
(see below), the special file is unused. Otherwise, it is only used to
read the disk label which provides a set of configuration parameters for
the memory based file system. The special file is typically that of the
primary swap area, since that is where the file system will be backed up
when free memory gets low and the memory supporting the file system has
The following options define the general layout policies.
-
\b-N
\bN Causes the file system parameters to be printed out without
really creating the file system.
-
\b-O
\bO Creates a 4.3BSD format filesystem. This options is primari-
ly used to build root filesystems that can be understood by
-
\b-T
\bT Uses information for the specified disk from _
\b/_
\be_
\bt_
\bc_
\b/_
\bd_
\bi_
\bs_
\bk_
\bt_
\ba_
\bb in-
stead of trying to get the information from a disklabel.
-
\b-a
\ba _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bc_
\bo_
\bn_
\bt_
\bi_
\bg
This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that
will be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the
-
\b-d
\bd option). The default value is one. See tunefs(8) for
more details on how to set this option.
-
\b-b
\bb _
\bb_
\bl_
\bo_
\bc_
\bk_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be
The block size of the file system, in bytes.
-
\b-c
\bc _
\b#_
\bc_
\by_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br_
\bs_
\b/_
\bg_
\br_
\bo_
\bu_
\bp
The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
-
\b-d
\bd _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\bd_
\be_
\bl_
\ba_
\by
This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds) to service
a transfer completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer
on the same disk. The default is 4 milliseconds. See
tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-
\b-e
\be _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\bb_
\bp_
\bg This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file
can allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to
begin allocating blocks from another cylinder group. The de-
fault is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder
group. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this op-
-
\b-f
\bf _
\bf_
\br_
\ba_
\bg_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be
The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
-
\b-i
\bi _
\bn_
\bu_
\bm_
\bb_
\be_
\br _
\bo_
\bf _
\bb_
\by_
\bt_
\be_
\bs _
\bp_
\be_
\br _
\bi_
\bn_
\bo_
\bd_
\be
This specifies the density of inodes in the file system. The
default is to create an inode for each 2048 bytes of data
space. If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should
be used; to create more inodes a smaller number should be
-
\b-m
\bm _
\bf_
\br_
\be_
\be _
\bs_
\bp_
\ba_
\bc_
\be _
\b%
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the mini-
mum free space threshold. The default value used is 10%.
See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-
\b-n
\bn _
\br_
\bo_
\bt_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\ba_
\bl _
\bp_
\bo_
\bs_
\bi_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs
Determines how many rotational time slots there are in one
-
\b-o
\bo _
\bo_
\bp_
\bt_
\bi_
\bm_
\bi_
\bz_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn _
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bf_
\be_
\br_
\be_
\bn_
\bc_
\be
(``space'' or ``time'') The file system can either be in-
structed to try to minimize the time spent allocating blocks,
or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 10%, the de-
fault is to optimize for space; if the value of minfree is
greater than or equal to 10%, the default is to optimize for
time. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this op-
-
\b-s
\bs _
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be The size of the file system in sectors.
The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
Their default values are taken from the disk label. Changing these de-
faults is useful only when using n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs to build a file system whose raw
image will eventually be used on a different type of disk than the one on
which it is initially created (for example on a write-once disk). Note
that changing any of these values from their defaults will make it impos-
sible for fsck to find the alternate superblocks if the standard su-
-
\b-S
\bS _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\b-_
\bs_
\bi_
\bz_
\be
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but
-
\b-k
\bk _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\b0 _
\bs_
\bk_
\be_
\bw, _
\bp_
\be_
\br _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\bk
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compen-
sate for a slow controller. Track skew is the offset of sec-
tor 0 on track N relative to sector 0 on track N-1 on the
-
\b-l
\bl _
\bh_
\ba_
\br_
\bd_
\bw_
\ba_
\br_
\be _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bi_
\bn_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bl_
\be_
\ba_
\bv_
\be
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compen-
sate for a slow controller. Interleave is physical sector
interleave on each track, specified as the denominator of the
sectors read/sectors passed over
Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while
1/2 implies logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from
-
\b-p
\bp _
\bs_
\bp_
\ba_
\br_
\be _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs _
\bp_
\be_
\br _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\bk
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
that occupy space at the end of each track. They are not
counted as part of the sectors/track (-
\b-u
\bu) since they are not
available to the file system for data allocation.
-
\b-r
\br _
\br_
\be_
\bv_
\bo_
\bl_
\bu_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs_
\b/_
\bm_
\bi_
\bn_
\bu_
\bt_
\be
The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
-
\b-t
\bt _
\b#_
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\bk_
\bs_
\b/_
\bc_
\by_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br
The number of tracks/cylinder available for data allocation
-
\b-u
\bu _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs_
\b/_
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\bk
The number of sectors per track available for data allocation
by the file system. This does not include sectors reserved
at the end of each track for bad block replacement (see the
-
\b-x
\bx _
\bs_
\bp_
\ba_
\br_
\be _
\bs_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bs _
\bp_
\be_
\br _
\bc_
\by_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
that occupy space at the end of the last track in the cylin-
der. They are deducted from the sectors/track (-
\b-u
\bu) of the
last track of each cylinder since they are not available to
the file system for data allocation.
The options to the m
\bmo
\bou
\bun
\bnt
\bt_
\b_m
\bmf
\bfs
\bs command are as described for the n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs com-
mand, except for the -
\b-o
\bo option.
That option is as follows:
-
\b-o
\bo Options are specified with a -
\b-o
\bo flag followed by a comma separat-
ed string of options. See the mount(8) man page for possible op-
tions and their meanings.
S
\bSE
\bEE
\bE A
\bAL
\bLS
\bSO
\bO
disktab(5), fs(5), dumpfs(8), disklabel(8), diskpart(8), fsck(8),
format(8), mount(8), tunefs(8)
M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for
UNIX,", _
\bA_
\bC_
\bM _
\bT_
\br_
\ba_
\bn_
\bs_
\ba_
\bc_
\bt_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn_
\bs _
\bo_
\bn _
\bC_
\bo_
\bm_
\bp_
\bu_
\bt_
\be_
\br _
\bS_
\by_
\bs_
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bs _
\b2, 3, pp 181-197, August
1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual).
H
\bHI
\bIS
\bST
\bTO
\bOR
\bRY
\bY
The n
\bne
\bew
\bwf
\bfs
\bs command appeared in 4.2BSD.
4.2 Berkeley Distribution May 3, 1995 3
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