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BC(1)               UNIX Programmer's Manual                BC(1)



N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
    bc - arbitrary-precision arithmetic language and calculator

S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
    b\bbc\bc [ -\b-c\bc ] [ -\b-l\bl ] [ file ... ]

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
    _\bB_\bc is an interactive processor for a language which resem-
    bles C but provides unlimited precision arithmetic.  It
    takes input from any files given, then reads the standard
    input.  The -\b-l\bl argument stands for the name of an arbitrary
    precision math library.  The syntax for _\bb_\bc programs is as
    follows; L means letter a-z, E means expression, S means
    statement.

    Comments
          are enclosed in /* and */.

    Names
          simple variables: L
          array elements: L [ E ]
          The words `ibase', `obase', and `scale'

    Other operands
          arbitrarily long numbers with optional sign and
          decimal point.
          ( E )
          sqrt ( E )
          length ( E )   number of significant decimal digits
          scale ( E )    number of digits right of decimal point
          L ( E , ... , E )

    Operators
          +  -  *  /  %  ^ (% is remainder; ^ is power)
          ++   --         (prefix and postfix; apply to names)
          ==  <=  >=  !=  <  >
          =  +=  -=  *=  /=  %=  ^=

    Statements
          E
          { S ; ... ; S }
          if ( E ) S
          while ( E ) S
          for ( E ; E ; E ) S
          null statement
          break
          quit

    Function definitions
          define L ( L ,..., L ) {
               auto L, ... , L
               S; ... S



Printed 7/9/88            July 28, 1987                         1






BC(1)               UNIX Programmer's Manual                BC(1)



               return ( E )
          }

    Functions in -\b-l\bl math library
          s(x) sine
          c(x) cosine
          e(x) exponential
          l(x) log
          a(x) arctangent
          j(n,x)    Bessel function

    All function arguments are passed by value.

    The value of a statement that is an expression is printed
    unless the main operator is an assignment.  Either semi-
    colons or newlines may separate statements.  Assignment to
    _\bs_\bc_\ba_\bl_\be influences the number of digits to be retained on
    arithmetic operations in the manner of _\bd_\bc(1).  Assignments
    to _\bi_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be or _\bo_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be set the input and output number radix
    respectively.

    The same letter may be used as an array, a function, and a
    simple variable simultaneously.  All variables are global to
    the program.  `Auto' variables are pushed down during func-
    tion calls.  When using arrays as function arguments or
    defining them as automatic variables empty square brackets
    must follow the array name.

    For example

    scale = 20
    define e(x){
         auto a, b, c, i, s
         a = 1
         b = 1
         s = 1
         for(i=1; 1==1; i++){
              a = a*x
              b = b*i
              c = a/b
              if(c == 0) return(s)
              s = s+c
         }
    }

    defines a function to compute an approximate value of the
    exponential function and

         for(i=1; i<=10; i++) e(i)

    prints approximate values of the exponential function of the
    first ten integers.



Printed 7/9/88            July 28, 1987                         2






BC(1)               UNIX Programmer's Manual                BC(1)



    _\bB_\bc is actually a preprocessor for _\bd_\bc(1), which it invokes
    automatically, unless the -\b-c\bc (compile only) option is
    present.  In this case the _\bd_\bc input is sent to the standard
    output instead.

F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
    /usr/lib/lib.b mathematical library
    dc(1)          desk calculator proper

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
    dc(1)
    L. L. Cherry and R. Morris, _\bB_\bC - _\bA_\bn _\ba_\br_\bb_\bi_\bt_\br_\ba_\br_\by _\bp_\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn
    _\bd_\be_\bs_\bk-_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bc_\bu_\bl_\ba_\bt_\bo_\br _\bl_\ba_\bn_\bg_\bu_\ba_\bg_\be

B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
    No &&, ||, or ! operators.
    _\bF_\bo_\br statement must have all three E's.
    _\bQ_\bu_\bi_\bt is interpreted when read, not when executed.





































Printed 7/9/88            July 28, 1987                         3