EQN(1) UNIX Reference Manual EQN(1)
e
\beq
\bqn
\bn,
\b, n
\bne
\beq
\bqn
\bn, c
\bch
\bhe
\bec
\bck
\bke
\beq
\bq - typeset mathematics
S
\bSY
\bYN
\bNO
\bOP
\bPS
\bSI
\bIS
\bS
e
\beq
\bqn
\bn [-
\b-d
\bd_
\bx_
\by] [-
\b-p
\bp_
\bn] [-
\b-s
\bs_
\bn] [-
\b-f
\bf_
\bn] [file] ...
c
\bch
\bhe
\bec
\bck
\bke
\beq
\bq [file] ...
D
\bDE
\bES
\bSC
\bCR
\bRI
\bIP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bN
E
\bEq
\bqn
\bn is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics on a Graphic
Systems phototypesetter, neqn on terminals. Usage is almost always
If no files are specified, these programs read from the standard input.
A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start of an equation; the end of an
equation is marked by a line beginning with `.EN'. Neither of these
lines is altered, so they may be defined in macro packages to get center-
ing, numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two characters as `del-
imiters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also treated as e
\beq
\bqn
\bn in-
put. Delimiters may be set to characters _
\bx and _
\by with the command-line
argument -
\b-d
\bd -
\b-x
\bxy
\by or (more commonly) with `delim _
\bx_
\by ' between .EQ and .EN.
The left and right delimiters may be identical. Delimiters are turned
off by `delim off'. All text that is neither between delimiters nor
between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched.
The program c
\bch
\bhe
\bec
\bck
\bke
\beq
\bq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and .EQ/.EN
Tokens within e
\beq
\bqn
\bn are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double
quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {} are used for grouping; gen-
erally speaking, anywhere a single character like _
\bx could appear, a com-
plicated construction enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde ~
represents a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much.
Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords s
\bsu
\bub
\bb and s
\bsu
\bup
\bp.
Thus _
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bb _
\bi makes _
\bx_
\bi, _
\ba _
\bs_
\bu_
\bb _
\bi _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2 produces _
\ba_
\bi
, and _
\be _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp {_
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2 + _
\by
_
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2}" gives _
\be
Fractions are made with o
\bov
\bve
\ber
\br: _
\ba _
\bo_
\bv_
\be_
\br _
\bb yields
s
\bsq
\bqr
\brt
\bt makes square roots: _
\b1 _
\bo_
\bv_
\be_
\br _
\bs_
\bq_
\br_
\bt {_
\ba_
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2 +_
\bb_
\bx+_
\bc}" results in
v
\b/~~~~~~~~
\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\b_
\ba_
\bx
The keywords f
\bfr
\bro
\bom
\bm and t
\bto
\bo introduce lower and upper limits on arbitrary
_
\bx_
\bi is made with _
\bl_
\bi_
\bm _
\bf_
\br_
\bo_
\bm {_
\bn-> _
\bi_
\bn_
\bf } _
\bs_
\bu_
\bm _
\bf_
\br_
\bo_
\bm _
\b0 _
\bt_
\bo _
\bn _
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bb
Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
l
\ble
\bef
\bft
\bt and r
\bri
\big
\bgh
\bht
\bt: [_
\bl_
\be_
\bf_
\bt] _
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2 + _
\by _
\bs_
\bu_
\bp _
\b2 ~=~_
\b1" produces
The r
\bri
\big
\bgh
\bht
\bt clause is optional. Legal characters after l
\ble
\bef
\bft
\bt and r
\bri
\big
\bgh
\bht
\bt are
braces, brackets, bars, c
\bc and f
\bf for ceiling and floor, and "" for nothing
at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket).
Vertical piles of things are made with p
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be, l
\blp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be, c
\bcp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be, and r
\brp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be:
_
\bp_
\bi_
\bl_
\be {_
\ba _
\ba_
\bb_
\bo_
\bv_
\be _
\bb _
\ba_
\bb_
\bo_
\bv_
\be _
\bc} produces
. There can be an arbitrary number of
elements in a pile. l
\blp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be left-justifies, p
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be and c
\bcp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be center, with
different vertical spacing, and r
\brp
\bpi
\bil
\ble
\be right justifies.
Matrices are made with m
\bma
\bat
\btr
\bri
\bix
\bx: _
\bm_
\ba_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bx { _
\bl_
\bc_
\bo_
\bl { _
\bx _
\bs_
\bu_
\bb _
\bi _
\ba_
\bb_
\bo_
\bv_
\be _
\by _
\bs_
\bu_
\bb _
\b2 }
_
\bc_
\bc_
\bo_
\bl { _
\b1 _
\ba_
\bb_
\bo_
\bv_
\be _
\b2 } }" produces
. In addition, there is r
\brc
\bco
\bol
\bl for a
Diacritical marks are made with d
\bdo
\bot
\bt, d
\bdo
\bot
\btd
\bdo
\bot
\bt, h
\bha
\bat
\bt, t
\bti
\bil
\bld
\bde
\be, b
\bba
\bar
\br, v
\bve
\bec
\bc, d
\bdy
\bya
\bad
\bd,
and u
\bun
\bnd
\bde
\ber
\br: _
\bx _
\bd_
\bo_
\bt = _
\bf(_
\bt) _
\bb_
\ba_
\br is _
\bx
\b.=_
\bf(_
\bt)
\b\b\b\b~~~~, _
\by _
\bd_
\bo_
\bt_
\bd_
\bo_
\bt _
\bb_
\ba_
\br ~=~ _
\bn _
\bu_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\br" is
_
\by
\b..
\b\b~ = _
\bn
\b_, and _
\bx _
\bv_
\be_
\bc ~=~ _
\by _
\bd_
\by_
\ba_
\bd is _
\bx
\b->= _
\by
\b<-
\b\b->
\b.
Sizes and font can be changed with s
\bsi
\biz
\bze
\be [_
\bn] or s
\bsi
\biz
\bze
\be +
\b+
\b\b\b_
\b_n, r
\bro
\bom
\bma
\ban
\bn, i
\bit
\bta
\bal
\bli
\bic
\bc,
b
\bbo
\bol
\bld
\bd, and f
\bfo
\bon
\bnt
\bt _
\bn. Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document
by g
\bgs
\bsi
\biz
\bze
\be _
\bn and g
\bgf
\bfo
\bon
\bnt
\bt _
\bn, or by the command-line arguments -
\b-s
\bs_
\bn and -
\b-f
\bf_
\bn.
Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point sizes from
the previous size; this may be changed by the command-line argument -
\b-p
\bp_
\bn.
Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place m
\bma
\bar
\brk
\bk before the
desired lineup point in the first equation; place l
\bli
\bin
\bne
\beu
\bup
\bp at the place
that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined with d
\bde
\bef
\bfi
\bin
\bne
\be:
_
\bd_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bn_
\be _
\bt_
\bh_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg % _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt % defines a new token called _
\bt_
\bh_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg which will
be replaced by _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt whenever it appears thereafter. The %
\b% may be
any character that does not occur in _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt.
Keywords like _
\bs_
\bu_
\bm (_
\b>
\b_
\b~) _
\bi_
\bn_
\bt () _
\bi_
\bn_
\bf (oo) and shorthands like >= (>
\b_) -> (->),
and != (=
\b/) are recognized. Greek letters are spelled out in the desired
case, as in _
\ba_
\bl_
\bp_
\bh_
\ba or _
\bG_
\bA_
\bM_
\bM_
\bA. Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are
made Roman automatically. Troff(1) four-character escapes like \(bs ()
can be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes "..." are passed
through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and can
be used to communicate with troff(1) when all else fails.
S
\bSE
\bEE
\bE A
\bAL
\bLS
\bSO
\bO
troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, _
\bT_
\by_
\bp_
\be_
\bs_
\be_
\bt_
\bt_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg _
\bM_
\ba_
\bt_
\bh_
\be_
\bm_
\ba_
\bt_
\bi_
\bc_
\bs-_
\bU_
\bs_
\be_
\br'_
\bs _
\bG_
\bu_
\bi_
\bd_
\be J.
F. Ossanna, _
\bN_
\bR_
\bO_
\bF_
\bF/_
\bT_
\bR_
\bO_
\bF_
\bF _
\bU_
\bs_
\be_
\br'_
\bs _
\bM_
\ba_
\bn_
\bu_
\ba_
\bl
H
\bHI
\bIS
\bST
\bTO
\bOR
\bRY
\bY
E
\bEq
\bqn
\bn appeared in Version 6 AT&T Unix.
To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote them, as in
projects / unix-history / blob