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EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
eqn - format equations for troff
S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
e\beq\bqn\bn [ -\b-r\brv\bvC\bCN\bNR\bR ] [ -\b-d\bd_\bc_\bc ] [ -\b-T\bT_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ] [ -\b-M\bM_\bd_\bi_\br ] [ -\b-f\bf_\bF ] [ -\b-s\bs_\bn
] [ -\b-p\bp_\bn ] [ -\b-m\bm_\bn ] [ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bs... ]
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
This manual page describes the GNU version of e\beq\bqn\bn, which
is part of the groff document formatting system. e\beq\bqn\bn com-
piles descriptions of equations embedded within t\btr\bro\bof\bff\bf
input files into commands that are understood by t\btr\bro\bof\bff\bf.
Normally, it should be invoked using the -\b-e\be option of
g\bgr\bro\bof\bff\bf. The syntax is quite compatible with Unix eqn. The
output of GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it
must be processed with GNU troff. If no files are given
on the command line, the standard input will be read. A
filename of -\b- will cause the standard input to be read.
e\beq\bqn\bn searches for the file e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc using the path
.\b.:\b:/\b/u\bus\bsr\br/\b/s\bsh\bha\bar\bre\be/\b/t\btm\bma\bac\bc:\b:/\b/u\bus\bsr\br/\b/s\bsh\bha\bar\bre\be/\b/t\btm\bma\bac\bc. If it exists, eqn will
process it before the other input files. The -\b-R\bR option
prevents this.
GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it
does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices
(although it may work adequately for very simple input).
O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
-\b-C\bC Recognize .\b.E\bEQ\bQ and .\b.E\bEN\bN even when followed by a char-
acter other than space or newline.
-\b-N\bN Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This
option allows e\beq\bqn\bn to recover better from missing
closing delimiters.
-\b-v\bv Print the version number.
-\b-r\br Only one size reduction.
-\b-m\bm_\bn The minimum point-size is _\bn. eqn will not reduce
the size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller
size than _\bn.
-\b-T\bT_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be The output is for device _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The only effect of
this is to define a macro _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be with a value of 1\b1.
Typically e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc will use this to provide defini-
tions appropriate for the output device. The
default output device is p\bps\bs.
-\b-M\bM_\bd_\bi_\br Search _\bd_\bi_\br for e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc before the default
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 1
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
directories.
-\b-R\bR Don't load e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc.
-\b-f\bf_\bF This is equivalent to a g\bgf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt _\bF command.
-\b-s\bs_\bn This is equivalent to a g\bgs\bsi\biz\bze\be _\bn command. This
option is deprecated. eqn will normally set equa-
tions at whatever the current point size is when
the equation is encountered.
-\b-p\bp_\bn This says that subscripts and superscripts should
be _\bn points smaller than the surrounding text.
This option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets
subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of
the surrounding text.
U\bUS\bSA\bAG\bGE\bE
Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are
described here.
Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX.
There are some references to the differences between TeX
and GNU eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do
not know TeX.
A\bAu\but\bto\bom\bma\bat\bti\bic\bc s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg
e\beq\bqn\bn gives each component of an equation a type, and
adjusts the spacing between components using that type.
Possible types are:
ordinary an ordinary character such as 1 or _\bx;
_
operator a large operator such as _\b>;
binary a binary operator such as +;
relation a relation such as =;
opening a opening bracket such as (;
closing a closing bracket such as );
punctuation a punctutation character such as ,;
inner a subformula contained within brackets;
suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing
adjustment.
Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 2
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
t\bty\byp\bpe\be _\bt _\be
This yields an equation component that contains _\be
but that has type _\bt, where _\bt is one of the types
mentioned above. For example, t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs is defined as
t\bty\byp\bpe\be "\b"b\bbi\bin\bna\bar\bry\by"\b" \\b\(\b(m\bmu\bu
The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but
quoting protects from macro expansion.
c\bch\bha\bar\brt\bty\byp\bpe\be _\bt _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
Unquoted groups of characters are split up into
individual characters, and the type of each charac-
ter is looked up; this changes the type that is
stored for each character; it says that the charac-
ters in _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt from now on have type _\bt. For example,
c\bch\bha\bar\brt\bty\byp\bpe\be "\b"p\bpu\bun\bnc\bct\btu\bua\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn"\b" .\b.,\b,;\b;:\b:
would make the characters .\b.,\b,;\b;:\b: have type punctua-
tion whenever they subsequently appeared in an
equation. The type _\bt can also be l\ble\bet\btt\bte\ber\br or d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt;
in these cases c\bch\bha\bar\brt\bty\byp\bpe\be changes the font type of
the characters. See the Fonts subsection.
N\bNe\bew\bw p\bpr\bri\bim\bmi\bit\bti\biv\bve\bes\bs
_\be_\b1 s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br _\be_\b2
This is similar to o\bov\bve\ber\br; s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br reduces the size
of _\be_\b1 and _\be_\b2; it also puts less vertical space
between _\be_\b1 or _\be_\b2 and the fraction bar. The o\bov\bve\ber\br
primitive corresponds to the TeX \\b\o\bov\bve\ber\br primitive in
display styles; s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br corresponds to \\b\o\bov\bve\ber\br in
non-display styles.
v\bvc\bce\ben\bnt\bte\ber\br _\be
This vertically centers _\be about the math axis. The
math axis is the vertical position about which
characters such as + and - are centered; also it is
the vertical position used for the bar of frac-
tions. For example, s\bsu\bum\bm is defined as
{\b{ t\bty\byp\bpe\be "\b"o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br"\b" v\bvc\bce\ben\bnt\bte\ber\br s\bsi\biz\bze\be +\b+5\b5 \\b\(\b(*\b*S\bS }\b}
_\be_\b1 a\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt _\be_\b2
This sets _\be_\b2 as an accent over _\be_\b1. _\be_\b2 is assumed
to be at the correct height for a lowercase letter;
_\be_\b2 will be moved down according if _\be_\b1 is taller or
shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, h\bha\bat\bt
is defined as
a\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt {\b{ "\b"^\b^"\b" }\b}
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 3
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
d\bdo\bot\btd\bdo\bot\bt, d\bdo\bot\bt, t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be, v\bve\bec\bc and d\bdy\bya\bad\bd are also defined
using the a\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt primitive.
_\be_\b1 u\bua\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt _\be_\b2
This sets _\be_\b2 as an accent under _\be_\b1. _\be_\b2 is assumed
to be at the correct height for a character without
a descender; _\be_\b2 will be moved down if _\be_\b1 has a
descender. u\but\bti\bil\bld\bde\be is pre-defined using u\bua\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt as
a tilde accent below the baseline.
s\bsp\bpl\bli\bit\bt "\b"_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt"\b"
This has the same effect as simply
_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
but _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is not subject to macro expansion because
it is quoted; _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt will be split up and the spacing
between individual characters will be adjusted.
n\bno\bos\bsp\bpl\bli\bit\bt _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
This has the same effect as
"\b"_\bt_\be_\bx_\bt"\b"
but because _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is not quoted it will be subject
to macro expansion; _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt will not be split up and
the spacing between individual characters will not
be adjusted.
_\be o\bop\bpp\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be
This is a variant of p\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be that acts as an operator
on _\be. It produces a different result from p\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be in
a case such as A\bA o\bop\bpp\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be s\bsu\bub\bb 1\b1: with o\bop\bpp\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be the 1\b1
will be tucked under the prime as a subscript to
the A\bA (as is conventional in mathematical typeset-
ting), whereas with p\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be the 1\b1 will be a subscript
to the prime character. The precedence of o\bop\bpp\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be
is the same as that of b\bba\bar\br and u\bun\bnd\bde\ber\br, which is
higher than that of everything except a\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt and
u\bua\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt. In unquoted text a '\b' that is not the
first character will be treated like o\bop\bpp\bpr\bri\bim\bme\be.
s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt _\be
This constructs a new object from _\be using a
t\btr\bro\bof\bff\bf(1) macro named _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt. When the macro is
called, the string 0\b0s\bs will contain the output for
_\be, and the number registers 0\b0w\bw, 0\b0h\bh, 0\b0d\bd, 0\b0s\bsk\bke\ber\brn\bn and
0\b0s\bsk\bke\bew\bw will contain the width, height, depth, sub-
script kern, and skew of _\be. (The _\bs_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bc_\br_\bi_\bp_\bt _\bk_\be_\br_\bn of
an object says how much a subscript on that object
should be tucked in; the _\bs_\bk_\be_\bw of an object says how
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 4
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
far to the right of the center of the object an
accent over the object should be placed.) The
macro must modify 0\b0s\bs so that it will output the
desired result with its origin at the current
point, and increase the current horizontal position
by the width of the object. The number registers
must also be modified so that they correspond to
the result.
For example, suppose you wanted a construct that
`cancels' an expression by drawing a diagonal line
through it.
.\b.E\bEQ\bQ
d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be c\bca\ban\bnc\bce\bel\bl '\b's\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl C\bCa\ba'\b'
.\b.E\bEN\bN
.\b.d\bde\be C\bCa\ba
.\b.d\bds\bs 0\b0s\bs \\b\Z\bZ'\b'\\b\\\b\*\b*(\b(0\b0s\bs'\b'\\b\v\bv'\b'\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0d\bdu\bu'\b'\\b\D\bD'\b'l\bl \\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0w\bwu\bu -\b-\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0h\bhu\bu-\b-\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0d\bdu\bu'\b'\\b\v\bv'\b'\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0h\bhu\bu'\b'
.\b..\b.
Then you could cancel an expression _\be with
c\bca\ban\bnc\bce\bel\bl {\b{ _\be }\b}
Here's a more complicated construct that draws a
box round an expression:
.\b.E\bEQ\bQ
d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be b\bbo\box\bx '\b's\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl B\bBx\bx'\b'
.\b.E\bEN\bN
.\b.d\bde\be B\bBx\bx
.\b.d\bds\bs 0\b0s\bs \\b\Z\bZ'\b'\\b\h\bh'\b'1\b1n\bn'\b'\\b\\\b\*\b*(\b(0\b0s\bs'\b'\\b\
\\b\Z\bZ'\b'\\b\v\bv'\b'\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0d\bdu\bu+\b+1\b1n\bn'\b'\\b\D\bD'\b'l\bl \\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0w\bwu\bu+\b+2\b2n\bn 0\b0'\b'\\b\D\bD'\b'l\bl 0\b0 -\b-\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0h\bhu\bu-\b-\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0d\bdu\bu-\b-2\b2n\bn'\b'\\b\
\\b\D\bD'\b'l\bl -\b-\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0w\bwu\bu-\b-2\b2n\bn 0\b0'\b'\\b\D\bD'\b'l\bl 0\b0 \\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0h\bhu\bu+\b+\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0d\bdu\bu+\b+2\b2n\bn'\b''\b'\\b\h\bh'\b'\\b\\\b\n\bn(\b(0\b0w\bwu\bu+\b+2\b2n\bn'\b'
.\b.n\bnr\br 0\b0w\bw +\b+2\b2n\bn
.\b.n\bnr\br 0\b0d\bd +\b+1\b1n\bn
.\b.n\bnr\br 0\b0h\bh +\b+1\b1n\bn
.\b..\b.
C\bCu\bus\bst\bto\bom\bmi\biz\bza\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
The appearance of equations is controlled by a large num-
ber of parameters. These can be set using the s\bse\bet\bt command.
s\bse\bet\bt _\bp _\bn
This sets parameter _\bp to value _\bn _\b; _\bn is an integer.
For example,
s\bse\bet\bt x\bx_\b_h\bhe\bei\big\bgh\bht\bt 4\b45\b5
says that e\beq\bqn\bn should assume an x height of 0.45
ems.
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 5
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in
units of hundredths of an em unless otherwise
stated. These descriptions are intended to be
expository rather than definitive.
m\bmi\bin\bni\bim\bmu\bum\bm_\b_s\bsi\biz\bze\be e\beq\bqn\bn will not set anything
at a smaller point-size
than this. The value is in
points.
f\bfa\bat\bt_\b_o\bof\bff\bfs\bse\bet\bt The f\bfa\bat\bt primitive emboldens
an equation by overprinting
two copies of the equation
horizontally offset by this
amount.
o\bov\bve\ber\br_\b_h\bha\ban\bng\bg A fraction bar will be
longer by twice this amount
than the maximum of the
widths of the numerator and
denominator; in other
words, it will overhang the
numerator and denominator
by at least this amount.
a\bac\bcc\bce\ben\bnt\bt_\b_w\bwi\bid\bdt\bth\bh When b\bba\bar\br or u\bun\bnd\bde\ber\br is
applied to a single charac-
ter, the line will be this
long. Normally, b\bba\bar\br or
u\bun\bnd\bde\ber\br produces a line whose
length is the width of the
object to which it applies;
in the case of a single
character, this tends to
produce a line that looks
too long.
d\bde\bel\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\br_\b_f\bfa\bac\bct\bto\bor\br Extensible delimiters pro-
duced with the l\ble\bef\bft\bt and
r\bri\big\bgh\bht\bt primitives will have
a combined height and depth
of at least this many thou-
sandths of twice the maxi-
mum amount by which the
sub-equation that the
delimiters enclose extends
away from the axis.
d\bde\bel\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\br_\b_s\bsh\bho\bor\brt\btf\bfa\bal\bll\bl Extensible delimiters pro-
duced with the l\ble\bef\bft\bt and
r\bri\big\bgh\bht\bt primitives will have
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 6
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
a combined height and depth
not less than the differ-
ence of twice the maximum
amount by which the sub-
equation that the delim-
iters enclose extends away
from the axis and this
amount.
n\bnu\bul\bll\bl_\b_d\bde\bel\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\ber\br_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be This much horizontal space
is inserted on each side of
a fraction.
s\bsc\bcr\bri\bip\bpt\bt_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be The width of subscripts and
superscripts is increased
by this amount.
t\bth\bhi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be This amount of space is
automatically inserted
after punctuation charac-
ters.
m\bme\bed\bdi\biu\bum\bm_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be This amount of space is
automatically inserted on
either side of binary oper-
ators.
t\bth\bhi\bic\bck\bk_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be This amount of space is
automatically inserted on
either side of relations.
x\bx_\b_h\bhe\bei\big\bgh\bht\bt The height of lowercase
letters without ascenders
such as x.
a\bax\bxi\bis\bs_\b_h\bhe\bei\big\bgh\bht\bt The height above the base-
line of the center of char-
acters such as + and -. It
is important that this
value is correct for the
font you are using.
d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt_\b_r\bru\bul\ble\be_\b_t\bth\bhi\bic\bck\bkn\bne\bes\bss\bs This should set to the
thickness of the \\b\(\b(r\bru\bu char-
acter, or the thickness of
horizontal lines produced
with the \\b\D\bD escape
sequence.
n\bnu\bum\bm1\b1 The o\bov\bve\ber\br command will shift
up the numerator by at
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 7
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
least this amount.
n\bnu\bum\bm2\b2 The s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br command will
shift up the numerator by
at least this amount.
d\bde\ben\bno\bom\bm1\b1 The o\bov\bve\ber\br command will shift
down the denominator by at
least this amount.
d\bde\ben\bno\bom\bm2\b2 The s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br command will
shift down the denominator
by at least this amount.
s\bsu\bup\bp1\b1 Normally superscripts will
be shifted up by at least
this amount.
s\bsu\bup\bp2\b2 Superscripts within super-
scripts or upper limits or
numerators of s\bsm\bma\bal\bll\blo\bov\bve\ber\br
fractions will be shifted
up by at least this amount.
This is usually less than
sup1.
s\bsu\bup\bp3\b3 Superscripts within denomi-
nators or square roots or
subscripts or lower limits
will be shifted up by at
least this amount. This is
usually less than sup2.
s\bsu\bub\bb1\b1 Subscripts will normally be
shifted down by at least
this amount.
s\bsu\bub\bb2\b2 When there is both a sub-
script and a superscript,
the subscript will be
shifted down by at least
this amount.
s\bsu\bup\bp_\b_d\bdr\bro\bop\bp The baseline of a super-
script will be no more than
this much amount below the
top of the object on which
the superscript is set.
s\bsu\bub\bb_\b_d\bdr\bro\bop\bp The baseline of a subscript
will be at least this much
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 8
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
below the bottom of the
object on which the sub-
script is set.
b\bbi\big\bg_\b_o\bop\bp_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg1\b1 The baseline of an upper
limit will be at least this
much above the top of the
object on which the limit
is set.
b\bbi\big\bg_\b_o\bop\bp_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg2\b2 The baseline of a lower
limit will be at least this
much below the bottom of
the object on which the
limit is set.
b\bbi\big\bg_\b_o\bop\bp_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg3\b3 The bottom of an upper
limit will be at least this
much above the top of the
object on which the limit
is set.
b\bbi\big\bg_\b_o\bop\bp_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg4\b4 The top of a lower limit
will be at least this much
below the bottom of the
object on which the limit
is set.
b\bbi\big\bg_\b_o\bop\bp_\b_s\bsp\bpa\bac\bci\bin\bng\bg5\b5 This much vertical space
will be added above and
below limits.
b\bba\bas\bse\bel\bli\bin\bne\be_\b_s\bse\bep\bp The baselines of the rows
in a pile or matrix will
normally be this far apart.
In most cases this should
be equal to the sum of n\bnu\bum\bm1\b1
and d\bde\ben\bno\bom\bm1\b1.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_d\bdo\bow\bwn\bn The midpoint between the
top baseline and the bottom
baseline in a matrix or
pile will be shifted down
by this much from the axis.
In most cases this should
be equal to a\bax\bxi\bis\bs_\b_h\bhe\bei\big\bgh\bht\bt.
c\bco\bol\blu\bum\bmn\bn_\b_s\bse\bep\bp This much space will be
added between columns in a
matrix.
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 9
EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
m\bma\bat\btr\bri\bix\bx_\b_s\bsi\bid\bde\be_\b_s\bse\bep\bp This much space will be
added at each side of a
matrix.
d\bdr\bra\baw\bw_\b_l\bli\bin\bne\bes\bs If this is non-zero, lines
will be drawn using the \\b\D\bD
escape sequence, rather
than with the \\b\l\bl escape
sequence and the \\b\(\b(r\bru\bu char-
acter.
b\bbo\bod\bdy\by_\b_h\bhe\bei\big\bgh\bht\bt The amount by which the
height of the equation
exceeds this will be added
as extra space before the
line containing the equa-
tion (using \\b\x\bx.) The
default value is 85.
b\bbo\bod\bdy\by_\b_d\bde\bep\bpt\bth\bh The amount by which the
depth of the equation
exceeds this will be added
as extra space after the
line containing the equa-
tion (using \\b\x\bx.) The
default value is 35.
n\bnr\bro\bof\bff\bf If this is non-zero, then
n\bnd\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be will behave like
d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be and t\btd\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be will be
ignored, otherwise t\btd\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be
will behave like d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be and
n\bnd\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be will be ignored.
The default value is 0
(This is typically changed
to 1 by the e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc file for
the a\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bi and l\bla\bat\bti\bin\bn1\b1
devices.)
A more precise description of the role of many of
these parameters can be found in Appendix H of
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bT_\be_\bX_\bb_\bo_\bo_\bk.
M\bMa\bac\bcr\bro\bos\bs
Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $\b$_\bn where _\bn is
between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the _\bn_\b-_\bt_\bh argument if
the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer
than _\bn arguments, it will be replaced by nothing. A word
containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word
before the left parenthesis has been defined using the
d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be command will be recognized as a macro call with
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EQN(1) BSD Reference Manual EQN(1)
arguments; characters following the left parenthesis up to
a matching right parenthesis will be treated as comma-
separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do
not terminate an argument.
s\bsd\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bX _\ba_\bn_\by_\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bX
This is like the d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be command, but _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will not
be recognized if called with arguments.
i\bin\bnc\bcl\blu\bud\bde\be "\b"_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be"\b"
Include the contents of _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. Lines of _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be begin-
ning with .\b.E\bEQ\bQ or .\b.E\bEN\bN will be ignored.
i\bif\bfd\bde\bef\bf _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bX _\ba_\bn_\by_\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bX
If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be has been defined by d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be (or has been
automatically defined because _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is the output
device) process _\ba_\bn_\by_\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg; otherwise ignore _\ba_\bn_\by_\b-
_\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg. _\bX can be any character not appearing in
_\ba_\bn_\by_\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg.
F\bFo\bon\bnt\bts\bs
e\beq\bqn\bn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation:
an italic font for letters, and a roman font for every-
thing else. The existing g\bgf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt command changes the font
that is used as the italic font. By default this is I\bI.
The font that is used as the roman font can be changed
using the new g\bgr\brf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt command.
g\bgr\brf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt _\bf
Set the roman font to _\bf.
The i\bit\bta\bal\bli\bic\bc primitive uses the current italic font set by
g\bgf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt; the r\bro\bom\bma\ban\bn primitive uses the current roman font set
by g\bgr\brf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt. There is also a new g\bgb\bbf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt command, which
changes the font used by the b\bbo\bol\bld\bd primitive. If you only
use the r\bro\bom\bma\ban\bn, i\bit\bta\bal\bli\bic\bc and b\bbo\bol\bld\bd primitives to changes fonts
within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by
your equations just by using g\bgf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt, g\bgr\brf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt and g\bgb\bbf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt com-
mands.
You can control which characters are treated as letters
(and therefore set in italics) by using the c\bch\bha\bar\brt\bty\byp\bpe\be com-
mand described above. A type of l\ble\bet\btt\bte\ber\br will cause a char-
acter to be set in italic type. A type of d\bdi\big\bgi\bit\bt will
cause a character to be set in roman type.
F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
/\b/u\bus\bsr\br/\b/s\bsh\bha\bar\bre\be/\b/t\btm\bma\bac\bc/\b/e\beq\bqn\bnr\brc\bc Initialization file.
B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
Inline equations will be set at the point size that is
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current at the beginning of the input line.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
g\bgr\bro\bof\bff\bf(1), t\btr\bro\bof\bff\bf(1), g\bgr\bro\bof\bff\bf_\b_f\bfo\bon\bnt\bt(5), _\bT_\bh_\be _\bT_\be_\bX_\bb_\bo_\bo_\bk
Groff Version 1.08 6 October 1992 12
Continuous source code history from original PDP-7 UNIX to FreeBSD 2, the first fully unencumbered FreeBSD release.