.\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
.\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
.\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
.\" @(#)ls.1 6.10 (Berkeley) %G%
ls \- list contents of directory
For each directory argument,
lists the contents of the directory;
repeats its name and any other information requested.
By default, the output is sorted alphabetically.
When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
When several arguments are given,
the arguments are first sorted appropriately,
but file arguments are processed
before directories and their contents.
The options are as follows:
force one entry per line output format; this is the default when
output is not to a terminal.
List all entries except for ``.'' and ``..''.
Always set for the super-user.
List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose
names begin with a period
force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
If argument is a directory, list only its name;
often used with \fB\-l\fR to get the status of a directory.
cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/',
sockets with a trailing `=',
symbolic links with a trailing `@', and executable
files with a trailing `*'.
Include the group ownership of the file in a long output.
For each file, print the i-number in the first column of the report.
option, causing the sizes to be reported in kilobytes.
If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
rather than the link itself.
List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner,
size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file.
If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
the major and minor device numbers.
If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of
the linked-to file is printed preceded by ``\->''.
force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
recursively list subdirectories encountered.
Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
or oldest first as appropriate.
Display the sizes of files and directories in 512-byte blocks.
Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
Use time of last access instead of last
(with the \fB\-t\fP option)
and/or printing (with the \fB\-l\fP option).
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
options override each other; the last one specified determines
The mode printed under the
option contains 11 characters
if the entry is a directory;
if the entry is a block-type special file;
if the entry is a character-type special file;
if the entry is a symbolic link;
if the entry is a socket, or
if the entry is a plain file.
The next 9 characters are interpreted
as three sets of three bits each.
The first set refers to owner permissions;
the next refers to permissions to others in the same user-group;
and the last to all others.
Within each set the three characters indicate
permission respectively to read, to write, or to
execute the file as a program.
For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
to mean permission to search the directory.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
if the file is executable;
if the indicated permission is not granted.
The group-execute permission character is given as \fBs\fP if the file has
the set-group-id bit set; likewise the user-execute permission character is
given as \fBs\fP if the file has the set-user-id bit set. These are given
as \fBS\fP (capitalized) if the corresponding execute permission is NOT
The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `\-') is
if the 1000 bit of the mode is on.
for the meaning of this mode. This is given as
(capitalized) if the corresponding execute permission is NOT set.
When the sizes of the files in a directory
are listed, a total count of blocks,
including indirect blocks is printed.
/etc/passwd to get user id's for
/etc/group to get group id's for
The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is
undesirable as ``ls\ \-s'' is much different than ``ls\ \-s\ |\ lpr''.
On the other hand, not doing this setting would make old shell scripts
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