.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff%
.\" @(#)ls.1 8.4 (Berkeley) %G%
.Nd list directory contents
.Op Fl ACFLRTacdfiloqrstu1
For each operand that names a
displays its name as well as any requested,
For each operand that names a
displays the names of files contained
within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
If no operands are given, the contents of the current
If more than one operand is given,
non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
The following options are available:
List all entries except for
Always set for the super-user.
Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname
that is a directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is
and an at sign (@) after each symbolic link.
.\" and a vertical bar (|) after each that is a
If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
rather than the link itself.
Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
Display complete time information for the file, including
month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
Include directory entries whose names begin with a
Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and
symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected through.
For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
(The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See below.)
If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
Include the file flags in a long
Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
lexicographical order or the oldest entries first.
Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value.
If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
sizes is output on a line before the listing.
Sort by time modified (most recently modified
first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
instead of last modification
(The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be
output is not to a terminal.
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
options override each other; the last one specified determines
lists one entry per line to standard
output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
File information is displayed with one or more
<blank>s separating the information associated with the
option is given, the following information
is displayed for each file:
number of links, owner name, group name,
number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
month, day-of-month file was last modified,
hour file last modified, minute file last
modified, and the pathname.
In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total
number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed
on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the
If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name
the numeric ID's are displayed.
If the file is a character special or block special file,
the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
in the size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
linked-to file is preceded by
The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the
entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions.
The entry type character describes the type of file, as
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
are three characters each:
Each field has three character positions:
The first of the following that applies:
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
and set-group-ID mode is set.
If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
and set-user-ID mode is set.
If in the group permissions, the file is executable
and setgroup-ID mode is set.
The file is executable or the directory is
The file is neither readable, writeable, executable,
nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky. (See below.)
These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
but not execute or search permission. (See
The sticky bit is set (mode
and is searcheable or executable.
utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
.Sh ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
The following environment variables affect the execution of
.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE
If the environmental variable
will be displayed in units of that size block.
If this variable contains a string representing a
decimal integer, it is used as the
column position width for displaying
multiple-text-column output.
many pathname text columns to display
based on the width provided.
The timezone to use when displaying dates.
The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
files in order to be compatible with the
function is expected to be a superset of the