+.\" Copyright (c) 1992 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Rodney Ruddock of the University of Guelph.
+.\"
+.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff%
+.\"
+.\" @(#)ed.1 5.1 (Berkeley) %G%
+.\"
+.TH ED 1 ""
+.SH NAME
+ed \- line oriented text editor
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B ed
+[
+.B \-p
+.I prompt-string
+] [
+.B \-s
+] [
+.B \-v
+] [
+.I filename
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Ed
+is the standard text editor.
+.PP
+\fIEd\fR is a powerful line oriented editor. Although ex(1)/vi(1) have gained
+popularity, \fIed\fR still maintains advantages over them. Most notable points
+are the
+.I W
+command (see below) (which is not part of ex(1)/vi(1)\|), the
+smaller executable size (you can often be editting before the others finish
+loading), and the better response when editting from slow terminals or across
+low baud data lines. \fIEd\fR continues to be used by many system utilities.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.PP
+When a filename is present \fIed\fR starts by simulating an
+.I e
+command (see below)
+If no filename is present \fIed\fR
+starts with an empty buffer.
+The option
+.B \-p
+allows for the setting of a prompt string in
+.IR ed .
+The option
+.B \-s
+suppresses the printing
+of explanatory output
+(from the commands
+.IR e ,
+.IR E ,
+.IR r ,
+.IR w ,
+.I W
+and
+.IR wq ;
+see below) and should be used with a script.
+The
+.B \-v
+option will display a message of which mode (BSD or POSIX)
+.I ed
+as been set locally. This is useful for determining the described
+behavior below.
+.PP
+.I Ed
+performs all changes to a copy of the file which is contained in a \fBbuffer\fR.
+For the changes to have an effect one of the write commands (
+.IR w ,
+.IR W ,
+.IR wq ,
+or
+.IR Wq )
+must be issued.
+.PP
+The contents of the
+.B buffer
+can changed by issuing commands that are lead
+by zero, one, or two addresses. All commands are alphabetically listed below
+with their parameter structures if applicable; trailing structures not
+described with commands are regarded as erroneous. Commands that
+accept zero addresses regard the presence of any address as an error.
+.PP
+.I Ed
+works in two modes: command, and input. The two modes are exclusive of
+each other. While in command mode
+.I ed
+accepts commands that display, modify, or give information about the
+.BR buffer .
+While in input mode
+.I ed
+accepts lines of text to be added to the
+.BR buffer .
+.PP
+Addressing in \fIed\fR specifies one or more lines contained in the
+.BR buffer .
+For commands that expect at least one address, and none are given, default
+addresses will be used.
+Using addresses in
+.I ed
+involves understanding that during the execution of most
+.I ed
+commands that a
+.I "current line"
+(
+.BR current )
+exists.
+.B Current
+(as a rule of thumb) is the location in the
+.B buffer
+that the last command issued affected; some
+commands do not affect
+.BR current .
+Each command description (below) describes
+its affects on
+.B current
+as the affect will vary depending under which compile option (BSD or POSIX)
+.I ed
+was compiled under.
+Addresses can be divided into three cases: one
+address (\fBsingle address\fR), two addresses (an \fBaddress pair\fR),
+and special address forms.
+
+For the first two cases
+an address is formed with the use of:
+.TP
+1.
+A positive decimal integer (e.g. 123) indicating a line number in the buffer.
+Line number 1 is the first line in the buffer.
+.TP
+2.
+The `.' character indicating the current line (\fBcurrent\fR).
+.TP
+3.
+The `$' character which indicates the last line in the buffer.
+.TP
+4.
+A regular expression (RE) enclosed with `/'s as delimiters (i.e. /RE/).
+This causes a forward search to the first occurrence of the specified RE. The
+address will then become this line.
+The character sequence \e/ escapes the forwardslash from being a
+delimiter.
+The search will wrap from the bottom of
+the buffer to the top of the buffer if need be.
+.I Ed
+RE's are, outside of this document, now refered to as
+.IR "basic regular expressions" .
+Basic regular expressions (BRE's), traditionally described in \fIed(1)\fR are
+now fully described in regex(1). BRE's are, for the most part, the same as
+the old RE's - the name has changed and the expressions extended to meet
+POSIX 1003.2 specifications. (See the search command for more details.)
+.TP
+5.
+A RE enclosed with `?'s as delimiters (i.e. ?RE?).
+This will cause a backward search to the first occurrence of the
+specified BRE. The address will then become this line.
+The character sequence \e? escapes the questionmark from being a
+delimiter.
+The search will wrap
+from the top of the buffer to the
+bottom of the buffer if need be. (See the search command for more details.)
+.TP
+6.
+A line previously marked by the `k' command (see below). \fB`x\fR addresses
+the line marked by the single lower-case letter `\fBx\fR' (from the
+portable character set in the range a-z).
+.TP
+7.
+An address of the form 1-6 followed by a `+' followed by an integer number,
+.BR n ,
+specifies the line to be addressed is
+.B n
+lines after the address of the form
+1-6.
+If the address starts with a `+' then by default the addressed line is taken
+with respect to
+.B current
+(equivalent to `.'\|; form 2).
+If no integer number is given then 1 is added to the address.
+Hence, if
+more than one `+' is given in a sequence, with no integer number following,
+1 is added to the address for each `+'. Therefore, +++ is eqivalent to +3,
+but +++1 is equivalent to +1.
+.TP
+8.
+An address of the form 1-6 followed by a `\-' followed by an integer number,
+.BR n ,
+specifies the line to be addressed is
+.B n
+lines before the address of the form
+1-6.
+If the address starts with a `\-' then by default the
+addressed line is taken
+with respect to
+.B current
+(`.'\|; form 1).
+If no integer number is given then 1 is subtracted from the address.
+Hence, if
+more than one `\-' is given in a sequence, with no integer number following,
+1 is subtracted from the address for each `\-'. Therefore, \-\-\-
+is eqivalent to \-3,
+but \-\-\-1 is equivalent to \-1.
+For backward compatibility `^' is the equivalent to `\-'.
+.TP
+9.
+A `,' (comma) may be used to separate two addresses of the form 1-8 to
+create an \fBaddress pair\fR.
+The first address must occur no later in
+the buffer than the second address to be legal.
+.TP
+10.
+A `;' (semicolon) may be used to separate two addresses of the form 1-8 to
+create an \fBaddress pair\fR.
+With this form the second address is evaluated with respect to
+and after the first address has been evaluated. This is useful when
+addresses of the forms 2-8 are used.
+The first address must occur no later in
+the buffer than the second address to be legal.
+.TP
+NOTE:
+Addresses of the forms 7 and 8 cannot be followed by addresses
+of forms 2-6; it is an error.
+.PP
+The following are special address forms that cannot be combined
+with any of the address forms listed above.
+A `,' by itself represents the address pair `1,$'.
+Likewise `%' by itself represents the address pair `1,$'.
+A `;' by itself represents the address pair `.,$'.
+.PP
+The \fIed\fR commands listed below default to the addresses prefixing the
+commands. Commands without default addresses accept zero addresses.
+The parentheses with the default addresses are not part of
+the address; they are used to show that the addresses are
+default.
+.PP
+Generally only one command appears on a line at a time.
+However, many of the commands may be suffixed by `l', `n',
+or `p', in which case
+the current line is printed
+in the manner discussed below.
+These suffixes may be combined in any order.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|)\|a
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 5
+<text>
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 5
+.B .
+.br
+Append text after the addressed line. A `.' in the first column
+followed immediately by a <newline> places
+.I ed
+back in command mode - the `.' is not included in the text. Line 0
+is legal for this command; text will be placed at the top of the buffer.
+.B Current
+is the last line appended (or the addressed line if no text given).
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|c
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 5
+<text>
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 5
+.B .
+.br
+Change text on the addressed line(s). The addressed lines are deleted
+before
+.I
+ed
+is placed in input mode. A `.' in the first column
+followed immediately by a <newline> places
+.I ed
+back in command mode - the `.' is not included in the text.
+.B Current
+is the new last line appended (or if no text is given the line after
+the addressed line deleted).
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|d
+Delete the addressed line(s) from the buffer. Deleted lines may be
+recovered with the undo command (\fIu\fR; see below).
+.B
+Current
+is the line after the last addressed line deleted.
+.TP 5
+e [filename]
+Edit the new file `filename'. The
+.B buffer
+is cleared and the new file is placed in the
+.BR buffer .
+If the
+.B buffer
+has been modified since the last write command
+.I ed
+will issue a warning (`?'); a second issuing of
+the command will be obeyed regardless.
+The number of characters read is printed (unless -s is specified
+at startup). If `filename' is missing, the remembered
+name is used.
+If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
+command from which the output will be used as a non-remembered name.
+Undo will not restore the
+.B buffer
+to its state before the edit command.
+.B Current
+is the last line in the
+.B buffer
+(`$').
+.TP 5
+E [filename]
+.I E
+works the same as
+.I e
+except if the buffer has been modified no warning is issued.
+.TP 5
+f [filename]
+Print the
+.BR "remembered filename" .
+If `filename' is specified the
+.B "remembered filename"
+will be set to `filename'.
+If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
+command from which the output will be used as a non-remembered name.
+.B Current
+is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+(1,$)\|g/regular expression/command list
+The global command first marks all lines matching
+the regular expression.
+For each matching line, the
+command list is executed. At the start of each command list execution,
+\fBcurrent\fR is set to equal that line; \fBcurrent\fR may change
+as each command in the command list is executed for that line.
+The first command of the command list begins on the same line as
+the global command.
+Generally, in the command list one command occupies a line. Thus to
+have multiple commands in the command list it is necessary to escape the
+<newline> at the end of each line so that the global command does not
+interpret it as an indication that the command list entry has ended.
+The <newline> is escaped by proceeding it with a backslash (\e).
+Similarly with the commands that set \fIed\fR into input mode the <newlines>
+of the entered text
+need to be escaped. If the `.' used to end input mode is the last line
+of the command list the <newline> following it need not be escaped.
+Commands in the command list can affect any line in the buffer.
+For the behaviour of each \fIed\fR command within a command list refer to the
+information on the individual command.
+The commands
+.IR g ,
+.IR G ,
+.IR v ,
+.IR V ,
+and \fI!\fR
+are permitted in the command list, but should be used with caution.
+The command list defaults to
+.I p
+if left empty (i.e. g/RE/p).
+For the regular expression the delimiters can be any characters except
+for <space> and <newline>; delimiters within a regular expression can
+be escaped with a backslash preceeding it.
+.TP 5
+(1,$)\|G/regular expression/
+.br
+The interactive global command works similar to \fIg\fR. The first step
+is to mark every line which matches the given regular expression.
+For every line matched it will print this line, set \fBcurrent\fR
+to this line, and accept one command (not including \fIa\fR, \fIc\fR, \fIi\fR, \fIg\fR, \fIG\fR, \fIv\fR, and \fIV\fR)
+for execution.
+The command can affect any line in the buffer. `%' by itself executes
+the last non-null command.
+A return by itself will act as a null command. \fBCurrent\fR
+will be set to the last line affected by the last successful command
+input. If no match or an input command error occurs \fBcurrent\fR
+will be set to the last line searched by \fIG\fR. \fIG\fR can be prematurely
+ended by `ctrl-C' (SIGINT).
+
+.TP 5
+h
+.br
+The help command displays a message explaining the most recent command
+error (indicated by `?'). \fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+H
+.br
+This toggles on or off the automatic display of messages explaining
+the most recent command error in place of `?'. \fBCurrent\fR is
+unchanged.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|)\|i
+.TP 5
+<text>
+.br
+.TP 5
+.B .
+.br
+The insert command places
+.I ed
+in input mode with the text being placed before the
+addressed line. Line 0 is invalid for this command.
+A `.' in the first column
+followed immediately by a return places
+.I ed
+back in command mode - the `.' is not included in the text.
+.B Current
+is the last line inserted. If no text is inserted then
+.B current
+is the addressed when
+.I ed
+is compiled for POSIX; compiled for BSD,
+.B current
+is the addressed line -1.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.+1)\|j
+The join command joins the addressed lines together to make one
+line. If no addresses are specified
+.B current
+and
+.BR current +1
+lines are joined.
+If one address only is given then
+no join is performed.
+.B Current
+becomes that line if
+.I ed
+has been compiled under the BSD option; if compiled under the POSIX
+option
+.B current
+is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+( \fB. \fR)\|k\fBx\fR
+The mark command marks the addressed line with label
+.BR x ,
+where
+.B x
+is a lowercase letter from the portable character set (a-z).
+The address form \fB`x\fR will refer to
+this line (address form 6 above).
+.B Current
+is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|l
+The list command
+prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
+non-graphic characters are
+printed in three-digit octal preceded by a \e
+unless they are one of the following in which case they will be printed
+as indicated in the brackets:
+backslash (`\e\\'),
+horizontal tab (\et), form feed (\ef).
+return (\er), vertical tab (\ev), and backspace (\eb).
+Long lines will be broken base on the type of terminal currently in
+use.
+.B Current
+is set to the last line printed.
+The
+.I l
+command may be placed on the same line after any
+command except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|m\fBa\fR
+The move command moves the addressed lines in the buffer
+to after the address
+.BR a .
+Line 0 is valid for this command.
+.B Current
+is the location in the
+.B buffer
+of the last line moved.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|n
+The number command prints the addressed lines preceding the text with the line number.
+The
+.I n
+command
+may
+be placed on the same line after any command
+except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
+.B Current
+is the last line printed.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|p
+The print command prints the addressed lines.
+The
+.I p
+command
+may
+be placed on the same line after any command
+except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
+.B Current
+is the last line printed.
+.TP
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|P
+This command is a synonym for
+.I p
+if
+.I ed
+has been compiled under the BSD option. If
+.I ed
+has been compiled under the POSIX option then the prompt is toggled on or off.
+.B Current
+is unchanged when compiled under the POSIX option.
+The default prompt is "*" if not specified with the \-p option at startup.
+The prompt is initially off unless the \-p option is specified.
+.TP 5
+q
+The quit command causes
+.I ed
+to exit. If the
+.B buffer
+has been modified since the last write command
+.I ed
+will
+issue a warning once (`?'); a second issuing of the command will be obeyed
+regardless.
+.TP 5
+Q
+.I Q
+works the same as
+.I q
+except if the buffer has been modified no warning is issued.
+.TP 5
+($)\|r [filename]
+The read command reads in the file `filename' after the
+addressed line. If no `filename' is specified then the
+.B "remembered filename"
+is used. Address 0 is valid for this command.
+If read is successful then the number of characters
+read is printed (unless the -s option is specified).
+If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
+command from which the output will be used as a non-remembered name.
+.B Current
+is the last line read.
+.TP 5
+(\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/\fBreplacement\fR/\fBflags\fR
+.br
+The substitute command searches for the regular expression in the
+addressed lines.
+On each line in which a match is found,
+matched strings are replaced by the \fBreplacement\fR as specified
+by the \fBflags\fR (see below).
+If no \fBflags\fR appear, by default only the first occurrence
+of the matched string in each line is replaced.
+It is an error if no matches to the RE occur.
+.IP
+The delimiters may be any character except <space> or <newline>.
+The delimiter lead by a \e will escape it to be a literal
+in the RE or
+.BR replacement .
+.IP
+An ampersand, `&', appearing in the replacement
+will equal the string matching the RE.
+The `&'s special meaning is supressable by leading
+it with a `\e'.
+When `%' is the only replacement character in
+.B replacement
+the most recent
+replacement is used.
+The `%'s special meaning is supressable by leading
+it with a `\e'.
+.IP
+The characters `\fB\en\fR' (where \fBn\fR is a digit 1-9) is
+replaced by the text matching the RE subexpression
+.B n
+(known as backreferencing).
+.I S
+may be used to break lines by including a <newline> in
+.B replacement
+preceeded by a backslash (`\e') to escape it.
+.B Replacement
+can continue on the next line and can include another escaped <newline>.
+.IP
+The following extention should not be included in portable scripts.
+When spliting lines using \fIs\fR with the global commands (\fIg\fR,
+\fIG\fR, \fIv\fR, or \fIV\fR) the new-line in the replacement string
+must be escaped by preceding it with `\e\e\e' (three adjacent `\e'\|s \-
+the first \e escapes the second \e so that it is passed to \fIs\fR
+to escape the <newline>).
+.IP
+The \fBflags\fR may be any combination of:
+.RS
+.IP \fIcount\fR
+in each addressed line replace the \fIcount\fR\-th matching occurrence.
+.IP g
+in each addressed line replace all matching occurrences. When \fIcount\fR and
+g are specified together inclusively replace in each addressed line
+all matches from the \fIcount\fR\-th match to the end of line.
+.IP l
+write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIl\fR
+command.
+.IP n
+write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIn\fR
+command.
+.IP p
+write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIp\fR
+command.
+.RE
+.IP
+The following special form
+should not be included in portable scripts.
+This form is maintained for backward compatibility and
+is extended to dovetail into the above forms of
+.BR s .
+.I S
+followed by
+.I no
+delimiters
+repeats the most recent substitute command
+on the addressed lines.
+.I S
+may be suffixed with the letters
+.BR r " (use the most recent RE rather than the last RE used with \fIs\fR),"
+.B p
+(complement the setting of the
+any print command (l, n, p)
+suffix from the previous substitution),
+.B g
+(complement the setting of the
+.I g
+suffix) or
+.B N
+(negate the previous \fIcount\fR flag).
+These modifying letters may be combined in any order
+(N.B. multiple use of the modifying letters may cause them
+to be interpreted as delimiters).
+.IP
+.B Current
+is set to the last line search (BSD) or where the last replacement
+occurred (POSIX).
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|t\|\fBa\fR
+The transcribe command copies the addressed lines in
+the
+.B buffer
+to after the address
+.BR a .
+Address 0 is valid for this command.
+.B Current
+is the last line transcribed.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|u
+The undo command nullifies the most recent
+.B buffer
+modifying command.
+Buffer modifying commands undo works on are
+.IR a ,
+.IR c ,
+.IR d ,
+.IR g ,
+.IR G ,
+.IR i ,
+.IR j ,
+.IR m ,
+.IR r ,
+.IR s ,
+.IR t ,
+.IR u ,
+.IR v ,
+and
+.I V.
+Marks set by the \fIk\fR command will also be restored.
+All commands (including nested \fIg\fR, \fIG\fR, \fIv\fR, and
+\fIV\fR commands within the \fIg\fR or \fIv\fR)
+that undo works on are treated as a single buffer modification.
+\fBCurrent\fR is set to the line it addressed before the last
+buffer modification.
+.TP 5
+(1, $)\|v/regular expression/command list
+The global non-matching command performs as the
+.I g
+command does except that the command list is executed for every line
+that does not match the RE.
+.TP 5
+(1, $)\|V/regular expression/
+The interactive global non-matching command is the same as the
+.I G
+except that one command will be accepted as input
+with \fBcurrent\fR initially set to every line
+that does not match the RE.
+.TP 5
+(1, $)\|w [filename]
+.br
+The write command writes the addressed lines to the file `filename'.
+If no `filename' is specified then the
+.B "remembered filename"
+is used. If no addresses are specified the whole
+.B buffer
+is written.
+If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
+printed (unless the -s option is specified).
+If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
+command from which the output will be used as a non-remembered name.
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP
+(1, $)\|W [filename]
+.I W
+works as the
+.I w
+command does except the addressed contents of the
+.B buffer
+are appended to `filename' (or the
+.B "remember filename"
+if `filename' is not specified).
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+(1, $)\|wq [filename]
+.I wq
+works as the
+.I w
+command does with the addition that
+.I ed
+exits immediately after the write is complete.
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+(1,$)\|Wq [filename]
+.I Wq
+works as the
+.I W
+command does with the addition that
+.I ed
+exits immediately after the write is complete.
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|+1)\|z\ \ \ \ or,
+.br
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.\|+1)\|z\fBn\fR
+Scroll through the
+.BR buffer .
+Starting from the addressed line (or
+.BR current +1)
+print the next 22 (by default or
+.BR n )
+lines. The
+.B n
+is a sticky value; it becomes the default number of lines printed
+for successive scrolls.
+.B Current
+is the last line printed.
+.TP 5
+($)\|=
+Print the number of lines in the
+.BR buffer .
+If an address is provided (in the forms 1-8 above) then the line number
+for that line will be printed.
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+!<shell command>
+The command after the
+.I !
+is executed by \fIsh(1)\fR and the results are printed. A `!' is
+printed in the first column when execution has completed (unless the -s
+option has been specified).
+A `!' after \fI!\fR repeats the last shell command. An unescaped `%'
+represents the remembered pathname.
+\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
+.TP 5
+/regular expression/\|\|\|\|\|or,
+.br
+.TP 5
+?regular expression?
+.br
+The search command searches forward, `/', (or backward, `?') through the
+.B buffer
+attempting to find
+a line that matches the RE. The search will wrap to the top (or bottom)
+of the
+.B buffer
+if necessary. Search returns the line number that the match occurs on -
+combined with the null command (see below) this causes the line to be printed.
+.B Current
+is the matching line.
+.TP 5
+.RB (\|.+1,\|.+1)\|<newline>
+.br
+The null command is equivalent to asking for the line
+.BR current +1
+to be printed according to the
+.I p
+command. This is a useful command to quickly print the next couple of
+lines. If more than a couple of lines are needed the
+.I z
+command (see above) is much better to use.
+\fBCurrent\fR is the last line printed.
+
+.SH OTHER
+.PP
+If an interrupt signal (SIGINT)\| is sent,
+.I ed
+prints `?'
+and returns to command mode.
+.PP
+BSD command pairs (pp, ll, etc.) are permitted. Additionally any single
+print command may follow any of the non-I/O commands (I/O commands:
+e, E, f, r, w, W, wq, and !). This will cause the current line to be
+printed in the specified manner after the command has completed.
+.PP
+Previous limitations on the number of characters per line and per command
+list have been lifted; there is now no maximum.
+File name and path length is restricted to the maximum length that
+the current file system supports.
+The
+.I undo
+command now restores marks to affected lines.
+The temporary buffer method will vary dependent on the method selected at
+compile. Two methods work with a temporary file (stdio and db), while the
+third uses memory.
+The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of memory.
+.SH FILES
+/tmp/_bsd44_ed*
+.br
+.XP
+ed.hup: the buffer is written to this file in the current
+directory if possible and in the HOME directory is not
+(if the signal SIGHUP (hangup) is received).
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+B. W. Kernighan,
+.I
+A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
+.br
+B. W. Kernighan,
+.I
+Advanced editing on UNIX
+.br
+regex(7), sed(1), learn(1), ex(1), POSIX 1003.2 (4.20)
+.SH "AUTHOR"
+Rodney Ruddock
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+`?name' for a file that is either inaccessible, does not exist, or is
+a directory. `?'
+for all other errors unless the help messages have been toggled on (with
+the H command) in which case a descriptive message will be printed.
+.PP
+All NULL and non-ASCII characters (bit-8 high) are ignored
+during input from the user or files. EOF is treated as a newline so
+that characters after the last <newline> are included into the \fBbuffer\fR.
+.PP
+.I Ed
+returns 0 on successful completion. A value >0 is returned
+when an \fIed\fR command failed.
+.SH NOTES
+.PP
+Regular expressions are now described on regex(7).
+.I Ed
+follows basic regular expressions (BRE's) as described on regex(7).
+BRE's, for the most part, are the same as previous
+.I ed
+RE's. The changes to the RE's are extension for internationalization
+under POSIX 1003.2. Old scripts with RE's should work without
+modification.
+.PP
+The special form of substitute has been maintained for backward
+compatability and should not be used in scripts if they are to
+portable.
+.PP
+Help messages may appear ambiguous to beginners - particularly when BRE's
+form part of the command.
+.PP
+For backward compatability, when more addresses are provided
+than required by a command the one or two addresses closest to the
+command are used (depending on how may addresses the command accepts).
+Portable scripts should not rely on this feature.
+.PP
+For backward compatibility the option `-' is
+equivalent to the `-s' option at the startup of
+.IR ed .
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