+SENDMAIL(8) BSD System Manager's Manual SENDMAIL(8)
+
+N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
+ s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl - send mail over the internet
+
+S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
+ s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl [_\bf_\bl_\ba_\bg_\bs] [_\ba_\bd_\bd_\br_\be_\bs_\bs _\b._\b._\b.]
+ n\bne\bew\bwa\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
+ m\bma\bai\bil\blq\bq [-\b-v\bv]
+
+D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl sends a message to one or more _\br_\be_\bc_\bi_\bp_\bi_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs, routing the message
+ over whatever networks are necessary. S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl does internetwork for-
+ warding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.
+
+ S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl is not intended as a user interface routine; other programs pro-
+ vide user-friendly front ends; s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl is used only to deliver pre-
+ formatted messages.
+
+ With no flags, s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or
+ a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the message
+ found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the network(s)
+ to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
+
+ Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately.
+ Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash.
+ Normally the sender is not included in any alias expansions, e.g., if
+ `john' sends to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expansion,
+ then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.
+
+ P\bPa\bar\bra\bam\bme\bet\bte\ber\brs\bs
+
+ -\b-B\bB_\bt_\by_\bp_\be Set the body type to _\bt_\by_\bp_\be. Current legal values 7BIT or
+ 8BITMIME.
+
+ -\b-b\bba\ba Go into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
+ and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
+ Also, the ``From:'' and ``Sender:'' fields are examined for
+ the name of the sender.
+
+ -\b-b\bbd\bd Run as a daemon. This requires Berkeley IPC. S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl will
+ fork and run in background listening on socket 25 for incom-
+ ing SMTP connections. This is normally run from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\br_\bc.
+
+ -\b-b\bbi\bi Initialize the alias database.
+
+ -\b-b\bbm\bm Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
+
+ -\b-b\bbp\bp Print a listing of the queue.
+
+ -\b-b\bbs\bs Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on standard in-
+ put and output. This flag implies all the operations of the
+ -\b-b\bba\ba flag that are compatible with SMTP.
+
+ -\b-b\bbt\bt Run in address test mode. This mode reads addresses and
+ shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configu-
+ ration tables.
+
+ -\b-b\bbv\bv Verify names only - do not try to collect or deliver a mes-
+ sage. Verify mode is normally used for validating users or
+ mailing lists.
+
+ -\b-b\bbz\bz Create the configuration freeze file.
+
+ -\b-C\bC_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be Use alternate configuration file. S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl refuses to run as
+ root if an alternate configuration file is specified. The
+ frozen configuration file is bypassed.
+
+ -\b-d\bd_\bX Set debugging value to _\bX.
+
+ -\b-F\bF_\bf_\bu_\bl_\bl_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be Set the full name of the sender.
+
+ -\b-f\bf_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the sender of the
+ mail). -\b-f\bf can only be used by ``trusted'' users (normally
+ _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt, _\bd_\ba_\be_\bm_\bo_\bn, and _\bn_\be_\bt_\bw_\bo_\br_\bk) or if the person you are trying to
+ become is the same as the person you are.
+
+ -\b-h\bh_\bN Set the hop count to _\bN. The hop count is incremented every
+ time the mail is processed. When it reaches a limit, the
+ mail is returned with an error message, the victim of an
+ aliasing loop. If not specified, ``Received:'' lines in the
+ message are counted.
+
+ -\b-n\bn Don't do aliasing.
+
+ -\b-o\bo_\bx _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be Set option _\bx to the specified _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. Options are described
+ below.
+
+ -\b-p\bp_\bp_\br_\bo_\bt_\bo_\bc_\bo_\bl Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message.
+ This can be a simple protocol name such as ``UUCP'' or a pro-
+ tocol and hostname, such as ``UUCP:ucbvax''.
+
+ -\b-q\bq[_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be] Processed saved messages in the queue at given intervals. If
+ _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be is omitted, process the queue once. Time is given as a
+ tagged number, with `s' being seconds, `m' being minutes, `h'
+ being hours, `d' being days, and `w' being weeks. For exam-
+ ple, `-q1h30m' or `-q90m' would both set the timeout to one
+ hour thirty minutes. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be is specified, s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl will run
+ in background. This option can be used safely with -\b-b\bbd\bd.
+
+ -\b-r\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be An alternate and obsolete form of the -\b-f\bf flag.
+
+ -\b-t\bt Read message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will
+ be scanned for recipient addresses. The Bcc: line will be
+ deleted before transmission. Any addresses in the argument
+ list will be suppressed, that is, they will _\bn_\bo_\bt receive
+ copies even if listed in the message header.
+
+ -\b-v\bv Go into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be announced,
+ etc.
+
+ O\bOp\bpt\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
+ There are also a number of processing options that may be set. Normally
+ these will only be used by a system administrator. Options may be set
+ either on the command line using the -\b-o\bo flag or in the configuration
+ file. This is a partial list; for a complete list (and details), consult
+ the _\bS_\be_\bn_\bd_\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl _\bI_\bn_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bl_\bl_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bG_\bu_\bi_\bd_\be. The options are:
+
+ A_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be Use alternate alias file.
+
+ b_\bn_\bb_\bl_\bo_\bc_\bk_\bs The minimum number of free blocks needed on the spool
+ filesystem.
+
+ c On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
+ don't initiate immediate connection. This requires queueing.
+
+ C _\bN Checkpoint the queue file after every _\bN successful deliveries
+ (default 10). This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries
+ when sending to long mailing lists interrupted by system
+
+
+ crashes.
+
+ d_\bx Set the delivery mode to _\bx. Delivery modes are `i' for inter-
+ active (synchronous) delivery, `b' for background (asyn-
+ chronous) delivery, and `q' for queue only - i.e., actual de-
+ livery is done the next time the queue is run.
+
+ D Try to automatically rebuild the alias database if necessary.
+
+ e_\bx Set error processing to mode _\bx. Valid modes are `m' to mail
+ back the error message, `w' to ``write'' back the error mes-
+ sage (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in), `p' to
+ print the errors on the terminal (default), `q' to throw away
+ error messages (only exit status is returned), and `e' to do
+ special processing for the BerkNet. If the text of the mes-
+ sage is not mailed back by modes `m' or `w' and if the sender
+ is local to this machine, a copy of the message is appended
+ to the file _\bd_\be_\ba_\bd_\b._\bl_\be_\bt_\bt_\be_\br in the sender's home directory.
+
+ f Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.
+
+ G Match local mail names against the GECOS portion of the pass-
+ word file.
+
+ g _\bN The default group id to use when calling mailers.
+
+ H_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be The SMTP help file.
+
+ h _\bN The maximum number of times a message is allowed to ``hop''
+ before we decide it is in a loop.
+
+ i Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message termi-
+ nator.
+
+ j Send error messages in MIME format.
+
+ K_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt Set connection cache timeout.
+
+ k_\bN Set connection cache size.
+
+ L_\bn The log level.
+
+ l Pay attention to the Errors-To: header.
+
+ m Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expan-
+ sion.
+
+ n Validate the right hand side of aliases during a newalias-
+ es(1) command.
+
+ o If set, this message may have old style headers. If not set,
+ this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e.,
+ commas instead of spaces between addresses). If set, an
+ adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly determine the
+ header format in most cases.
+
+ Q_\bq_\bu_\be_\bu_\be_\bd_\bi_\br Select the directory in which to queue messages.
+
+ S_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be Save statistics in the named file.
+
+ s Always instantiate the queue file, even under circumstances
+ where it is not strictly necessary. This provides safety
+ against system crashes during delivery.
+
+ T_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the
+ specified time. After delivery has failed (e.g., because of
+ a host being down) for this amount of time, failed messages
+ will be returned to the sender. The default is three days.
+
+ t_\bs_\bt_\bz, _\bd_\bt_\bz Set the name of the time zone.
+
+ U_\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bd_\ba_\bt_\ba_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be
+ If set, a user database is consulted to get forwarding infor-
+ mation. You can consider this an adjunct to the aliasing
+ mechanism, except that the database is intended to be dis-
+ tributed; aliases are local to a particular host. This may
+ not be available if your sendmail does not have the USERDB
+ option compiled in.
+
+ u_\bN Set the default user id for mailers.
+
+ Y Fork each job during queue runs. May be convenient on memo-
+ ry-poor machines.
+
+ 7 Strip incoming messages to seven bits.
+
+ In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical bar to cause
+ interpretation of the rest of the name as a command to pipe the mail to.
+ It may be necessary to quote the name to keep s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl from suppressing
+ the blanks from between arguments. For example, a common alias is:
+
+ msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"
+
+ Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be'' to ask sendmail to
+ read the named file for a list of recipients. For example, an alias such
+ as:
+
+ poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
+
+ would read _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl_\b/_\bl_\bi_\bb_\b/_\bp_\bo_\be_\bt_\bs_\b._\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt for the list of addresses making up
+ the group.
+
+ S\bSe\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl returns an exit status describing what it did. The codes are
+ defined in <_\bs_\by_\bs_\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\bs_\b._\bh>:
+ EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
+ EX_NOUSER User name not recognized.
+ EX_UNAVAILABLE Catchall meaning necessary resources were not
+ available.
+ EX_SYNTAX Syntax error in address.
+ EX_SOFTWARE Internal software error, including bad arguments.
+ EX_OSERR Temporary operating system error, such as ``cannot
+ fork''.
+ EX_NOHOST Host name not recognized.
+ EX_TEMPFAIL Message could not be sent immediately, but was
+ queued.
+
+ If invoked as n\bne\bew\bwa\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs, s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl will rebuild the alias database. If
+ invoked as m\bma\bai\bil\blq\bq, s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl will print the contents of the mail queue.
+
+F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
+ Except for the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\be_\bn_\bd_\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\b._\bc_\bf itself, the following pathnames are
+ all specified in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\be_\bn_\bd_\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\b._\bc_\bf_\b. Thus, these values are only approxima-
+ tions.
+
+ /etc/aliases raw data for alias names
+ /etc/aliases.db data base of alias names
+ /etc/sendmail.cf configuration file
+ /etc/sendmail.fc frozen configuration
+ /etc/sendmail.hf help file
+ /var/log/sendmail.st collected statistics
+
+
+ /var/spool/mqueue/* temp files
+ /var/run/sendmail.pid
+ The process id of the daemon
+
+S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5), mailaddr(7),
+ rc(8);
+
+ DARPA Internet Request For Comments _\bR_\bF_\bC_\b8_\b1_\b9, _\bR_\bF_\bC_\b8_\b2_\b1, _\bR_\bF_\bC_\b8_\b2_\b2.
+
+ _\bS_\be_\bn_\bd_\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl _\b- _\bA_\bn _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bn_\be_\bt_\bw_\bo_\br_\bk _\bM_\ba_\bi_\bl _\bR_\bo_\bu_\bt_\be_\br, No. 16, SMM.
+
+ _\bS_\be_\bn_\bd_\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl _\bI_\bn_\bs_\bt_\ba_\bl_\bl_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bG_\bu_\bi_\bd_\be, No. 7, SMM.
+
+H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
+ The s\bse\ben\bnd\bdm\bma\bai\bil\bl command appeared in 4.2BSD.
+
+4th Berkeley Distribution June 16, 1993 5
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