+.h0 "\na.\n+b Basic Program Development Package"
+.nr c 0 1
+.sp
+.in0
+A kit of fundamental programming tools.
+Some of these utilities are used as integral parts of
+the higher level languages described below.
+.sh AR
+Archive and library maintainer.
+Combines several files into one for housekeeping efficiency.
+Archive files are used by the link editor LD as libraries.
+.op
+Create new archive.
+.op
+Update archive by date.
+.op
+Replace or delete files.
+.op
+Table of contents.
+.op
+Retrieve from archive.
+.sh AS
+Assembler.
+Similar to PAL-11, but different in detail.
+.op
+Creates object program consisting of
+.in+2
+.nf
+code, possibly read-only,
+initialized data or read-write code,
+uninitialized data.
+.in -2
+.fi
+.op
+Relocatable object code is directly executable without
+further transformation.
+.op
+Object code normally includes a symbol table.
+.op
+Combines source files.
+.op
+Local labels.
+.op
+Conditional assembly.
+.op
+\*(lqConditional jump\*(rq instructions become
+branches or branches plus jumps depending on distance.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for the assembly language.
+.sh Library
+The basic run-time library.
+These routines are used freely by all system software.
+.op
+Formatted writing on standard output.
+.op
+Time conversions.
+.op
+Convert integer and floating numbers to ASCII and vice versa.
+.op
+Elementary functions: sin, cos, log, exp, atan, sqrt, gamma.
+.op
+Password encryption.
+.op
+Quicksort.
+.op
+Buffered character-by-character I/O.
+.op
+Random number generator.
+.op
+Floating point interpreter for 11/40's and non-floating point
+machines.
+.sh (LIBP)
+An elaborated I/O library.
+.op
+Formatted input and output.
+.op
+Ability to put characters back into input streams.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for LIBP.
+.sh DB
+Interactive post-mortem debugger.
+Works on core dump files, such as are produced by all
+program aborts, on object files, or on any arbitrary file.
+.op
+Symbolic addressing of files that have symbol tables.
+.op
+Octal, decimal or ASCII output.
+.op
+Symbolic disassembly.
+.op
+Octal or decimal patching.
+.sh OD
+Dump any file.
+.op
+Output options include:
+.in+2
+octal or decimal by words,
+.br
+octal by bytes,
+.br
+ASCII,
+.br
+opcodes,
+.br
+hexadecimal,
+.br
+any combination of the above.
+.op
+Range of dumping is controllable.
+.sh LD
+Link edit.
+Combine relocatable object files.
+Insert required routines from specified libraries.
+.op
+Resulting code may be sharable.
+.op
+Resulting code may have separate instruction and data spaces.
+.sh NM
+Print the namelist (symbol table) of an object program.
+Provides control over the style and order of
+names that are printed.
+.sh SIZE
+Report the core requirements
+of one or more object files.
+.sh STRIP
+Remove the relocation and symbol table information from
+an object file to save space.
+.sh TIME
+Run a command and report timing information on it.
+.sh PROF
+Construct a profile of time spent per routine
+from statistics gathered by time-sampling the
+execution of a program.
+Uses floating point.
+.op
+Subroutine call frequency and average times for C programs.
+.h0 "\na.\n+b The Programming Language ``C''"
+.nr c 0 1
+.nr b 0 1
+.sh CC
+Compile and/or link edits programs in the C
+language.
+The U\s8NIX\s10 operating system, most of the
+subsystems and C itself are written in C.
+.op
+Full general purpose language
+designed for structured programming.
+.op
+Data types:
+.nf
+.in+2
+character,
+integer,
+float,
+double,
+pointers to all types,
+arrays of all types,
+structures of all types,
+functions returning all types.
+.in-2
+.fi
+.op
+Operations intended to give
+access to full machine facility, including to-memory
+operations and data-sensitive
+pointer arithmetic.
+.op
+Macro preprocessor for parameterized code and inclusion of
+standard files.
+.op
+All procedures recursive, with parameters by value.
+.op
+Natural coercions.
+.op
+True compiled object code capitalizing on
+addressing capability of the PDP11.
+.op
+Runtime library gives access to all system facilities.
+.sh Manuals
+Printed manual and tutorial for the C language.
+.sh CDB
+An interactive debugger tailored for use with C.
+.op
+Usable in real time or post-mortem.
+.op
+The debugger is a completely separate process from the debuggee.
+No debugging code is loaded with debuggee.
+.op
+Prints all kinds of data in natural notation:
+.nf
+.in+2
+character,
+integer (octal and decimal),
+float,
+double,
+machine instructions (disassembled).
+.in -2
+.fi
+.op
+Stack trace and fault identification.
+.op
+Breakpoint tracing.
+.h0 "\n+a Other Languages"
+.nr b 0 1
+.h0 "\na.\n+b FORTRAN"
+.sh FC
+Compile and/or link-edit FORTRAN IV programs.
+Object code is \*(lqthreaded\*(rq.
+Relies heavily on floating point.
+.op
+Idiosyncracies:
+.nf
+.in+2
+free form, lower-case source code,
+no arithmetic statement functions,
+unformatted I/O requires record lengths agree,
+no BACKSPACE,
+no P FORMAT control on input.
+.in-2
+.fi
+.op
+Handles mixed-mode arithmetic,
+general subscripts and general DO limits.
+.op
+32-bit integer arithmetic.
+.op
+Free format numeric input.
+.op
+Understands these nonstandard specifications:
+.in+2
+LOGICAL*1, *2, *4,
+.br
+INTEGER*2, *4,
+.br
+REAL*4, *8,
+.br
+COMPLEX*8, *16,
+.br
+IMPLICIT.
+.in-2
+.fi
+.sh RC
+``Ratfor'', a preprocessor that adds rational
+control structure \o'a\(ga' la C to FORTRAN.
+.op
+Else, for, while,
+repeat...until
+statements.
+.op
+Symbolic constants.
+.op
+File insertion.
+.op
+Compound statements.
+.op
+Can produce genuine FORTRAN to carry away.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for Ratfor.
+.h0 "\na.\n+b Other Algorithmic Languages"
+.nr c 0 1
+.sh BAS
+An interpreter, similar in style to BASIC, that allows
+immediate execution of unnumbered statements, or deferred
+execution of numbered statements.
+.op
+Statements include:
+.in+2
+.nf
+comment,
+dump,
+for...next,
+goto,
+if...else...fi,
+list,
+print,
+prompt,
+return,
+run,
+save.
+.fi
+.op
+All calculations double precision.
+.op
+Recursive function defining and calling.
+.op
+Builtin functions include log, exp, sin, cos, atn, int,
+sqr, abs, rnd.
+.op
+Escape to ED for complex program editing.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh DC
+Programmable reverse Polish desk calculator.
+Has named storage locations as well
+as conventional stack for holding integers or programs.
+.op
+Unlimited precision decimal arithmetic.
+.op
+Appropriate treatment of decimal fractions.
+.op
+Arbitrary input and output radices, in particular
+binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal.
+.op
+Operators include:
+.in+2
+.nf
++ \- * /
+remainder, power, square root,
+load, store, duplicate, clear,
+print, enter program text, execute.
+.in-2
+.fi
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh BC
+A C-like interface to the desk calculator DC.
+.op
+All the capabilities of DC with a high-level syntax.
+.op
+Arrays and recursive functions.
+.op
+Immediate evaluation of expressions and evaluation of
+functions upon call.
+.op
+Arbitrary precision elementary functions:
+exp, sin, cos, atan, J\v'.3'\s8n\s10\v'-.3'.
+.op
+Go-to-less programming.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for BC.
+.sh SNO
+An interpreter very similar to SNOBOL 3.
+.op
+Limitations:
+.nf
+.in+2
+function definitions are static,
+pattern matches are always anchored,
+no built-in functions.
+.in-2
+.fi
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh Manual
+Reprint of basic article.
+.h0 "\na.\n+b Macroprocessing"
+.nr c 0 1
+.sh M6
+A general purpose macroprocessor.
+.op
+Stream-oriented, recognizes macros anywhere in text.
+.op
+Integer arithmetic.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for M6.
+.h0 "\na.\n+b Compiler-compilers"
+.nr c 0 1
+.sh TMG
+A classical top-down compiler-compiler language.
+Provides a formalism for syntax-directed translation.
+Produces driving tables to be loaded with a standard
+interpreter.
+.op
+Resulting compilers can have arbitrary tables kept in
+paged secondary store.
+.op
+Integer arithmetic capability.
+.op
+Syntactic function capability (similar to ALGOL 68
+metaproductions).
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for the TMG compiler-writing system.
+.sh YACC
+An LR(1)-based compiler writing system.
+During execution of resulting
+parsers, arbitrary C-language, Ratfor or FORTRAN functions may be
+called to do code generation or semantic actions.
+.op
+BNF syntax specifications.
+.op
+Handles precedence relations.
+.op
+Accepts formally ambiguous grammars
+with non-BNF resolution rules.
+.op
+Optimizes space
+taken by driving tables.
+.sh Manual
+Printed manual for the YACC compiler-writing system.
+.h0 "\n+a Word Processing"
+.nr b 0 1
+.sh ROFF
+A typesetting program for terminals.
+Easy for nontechnical people to learn, and good
+for most ordinary kinds of documents.
+Input consists of data lines intermixed with control lines,
+such as
+.ta 8n
+.ti 10
+.li
+.sp 2 insert two lines of space
+.ti10
+.li
+.ce center the next line
+.br
+.op
+Justification of either or both margins.
+.op
+Automatic hyphenation.
+.op
+Generalized running heads and feet, with even-odd page
+capability, numbering, etc.
+.op
+Definable macros for frequently used
+control sequences (no substitutable arguments).
+.op
+All 4 margins and page size dynamically adjustable.
+.op
+Hanging indents and one-line indents.
+.op
+Absolute and relative parameter settings.
+.op
+Optional legal-style numbering of output lines.
+.op
+Multiple file capability.
+.sh CREF
+Make cross-reference listings of a collection of files.
+Each symbol is listed together with file, line number, and
+text of each line in which it occurs.
+.op
+Assembler or C language.
+.op
+Gathering or suppressing references to selected symbols.
+.op
+Last symbol defined may replace line number.
+.op
+Various ways to
+sort output available.
+.op
+Selective print of uniquely occurring symbols.
+.sh INDEX
+Make cross-reference indexes of English text.
+.op
+Handles lists of specific index terms or excluded terms.
+.op
+Handles words hyphenated across lines.
+.op
+Understands TROFF and NROFF output, so can gather
+references according to final pagination.
+.op
+Output capabilities like CREF.
+.op
+Frequency counts.
+.sh FORM
+Form letter generator.
+Remembers any number of forms and stock phrases such as names
+and addresses.
+Output usually intended to be ROFFed.
+.op
+Anything that is typed in can be remembered for later use.
+.op
+Runs interactively, querying only for those items
+that are not in its memory.
+.op
+Any item may call for the inclusion
+of other items.
+For example, full name, address, first name, title, etc.,
+may be separately retrieved from one name key.
+.sh FED
+Editor for
+the memory used by FORM.
+Extract any item, turn it over to context editor ED for
+editing, and put it back when done.
+.op
+List names of selected items.
+.op
+Print contents of selected item.
+.sh SORT
+Sort or merge ASCII files line-by-line.
+.op
+Sort up or down.
+.op
+Sort lexicographically or on numeric key.
+.op
+Multiple keys located by delimiters or by character position.
+.op
+May sort upper case together with lower into dictionary order.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh UNIQ
+Collapse successive duplicate lines
+in a file into one line.
+.op
+Publishes lines that were originally unique,
+duplicated, or both.
+.op
+May give redundancy count for each line.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh TR
+Do one-to-one character translation according to
+an arbitrary code.
+.op
+May coalesce selected repeated characters.
+.op
+May delete selected characters.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh DIFF
+Report line changes, additions and deletions necessary to bring two files
+into agreement.
+.op
+May produce an editor script to convert one file into another.
+.sh COMM
+Identify common lines in two sorted files.
+Output in up to 3 columns shows lines present in first file only,
+present in both, and/or present in second only.
+.sh CMP
+Compare two files and report disagreeing bytes.
+.sh GREP
+Print all lines in a file that satisfy
+a pattern of the kind used in the editor ED.
+.op
+May print all lines that fail to match.
+.op
+May print count of hits.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh WC
+Count the lines and \*(lqwords\*(rq (blank-separated strings) in a file.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh TYPO
+Find typographical errors.
+Statistically analyzes all the words in a text, weeds out
+several thousand familiar ones, and publishes the rest sorted so that
+the most improbably spelled ones
+tend to come to the top of the list.
+.sh GSI
+Simulate Model 37 Teletype facilities on
+GSI-300, DASI and other Diablo-mechanism terminals.
+.op
+Gives half-line and reverse platen motions.
+.op
+Approximates Greek letters and other special characters
+by overstriking.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
+.sh COL
+Canonicalize files with reverse line feeds
+for one-pass printing.
+.op
+Usable as a filter.
projects / unix-history / commitdiff