manual page distributed with 4.1BSD

SCCS-vsn: bin/dd/dd.1 4.1

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+.\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
+.\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
+.\"
+.\"    @(#)dd.1        4.1 (Berkeley) %G%
+.\"
+.TH DD 1 
+.UC 4
+.SH NAME
+dd \- convert and copy a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B dd
+[option=value] ...
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Dd
+copies the specified input file
+to the specified output with
+possible conversions.
+The standard input and output are used by default.
+The input and output block size may be
+specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O.
+.PP
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 15
+.I option
+.I values
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+if=
+input file name; standard input is default
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+of=
+output file name; standard output is default
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI ibs= n
+input block size
+.I n
+bytes (default 512)
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI obs= n
+output block size (default 512)
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI bs= n
+set both input and output block size,
+superseding
+.I ibs
+and
+.I obs;
+also, if no conversion is specified,
+it is particularly efficient since no copy need be done
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI cbs= n
+conversion buffer size
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI skip= n
+skip
+.IR n ""
+input records before starting copy
+.br
+.ns
+.TP
+.RI files= n
+skip
+.I n
+input files before starting copy
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+.RI seek= n
+seek
+.I n
+records from beginning of output file before copying
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+count=\fIn\fR
+copy only
+.IR n ""
+input records
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+conv=ascii
+.ds h \h'\w'conv='u'
+convert EBCDIC to ASCII
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hebcdic
+convert ASCII to EBCDIC
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hibm
+slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hblock
+convert variable length records to fixed length
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hunblock
+convert fixed length records to variable length
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hlcase
+map alphabetics to lower case
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hucase
+map alphabetics to upper case
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hswab
+swap every pair of bytes
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hnoerror
+do not stop processing on an error
+.br
+.ns
+.IP \*hsync
+pad every input record to
+.I  ibs
+.br
+.ns
+.IP "\*h... , ..."
+several comma-separated conversions
+.PP
+.fi
+Where sizes are specified,
+a number of bytes is expected.
+A number may end with
+.B "k, b"
+or
+.B w
+to specify multiplication by
+1024, 512, or 2 respectively;
+a pair of numbers may be separated by
+.B x
+to indicate a product.
+.PP
+.I Cbs
+is used only if
+.I ascii,
+.I unblock,
+.I ebcdic,
+.I ibm,
+or
+.I block
+conversion is specified.
+In the first two cases,
+.I cbs
+characters are placed into the conversion buffer, any specified
+character mapping is done,
+trailing blanks trimmed and new-line added
+before sending the line to the output.
+In the latter three cases, characters are read into the
+conversion buffer, and blanks added
+to make up an
+output record of size
+.IR cbs .
+.PP
+After completion,
+.I dd
+reports the number of whole and partial input and output
+blocks.
+.PP
+For example, to read an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte
+EBCDIC card images per record into the ASCII file
+.I x:
+.IP
+.nf
+dd if=/dev/rmt0 of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase
+.fi
+.PP
+Note the use of raw magtape.
+.I Dd
+is especially suited to I/O on the raw
+physical devices because it allows reading
+and writing in arbitrary record sizes.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+cp(1), tr(1)
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+f+p records in(out): numbers of full and partial records read(written)
+.SH BUGS
+The ASCII/EBCDIC conversion tables are
+taken
+from the 256 character standard in
+the CACM Nov, 1968.
+The `ibm' conversion, while less blessed as a standard,
+corresponds better to certain IBM print train conventions.
+There is no universal solution.