+_dnl__ -*-Texinfo-*-
+_dnl__ Copyright (c) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+_dnl__ $Id: gdb.texinfo,v 2.123 1992/10/23 10:54:39 gnu Exp $<>_dnl__
+\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c Copyright (c) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename _GDBP__.info
+_if__(_GENERIC__)
+@settitle Debugging with _GDBN__
+_fi__(_GENERIC__)
+_if__(!_GENERIC__)
+@settitle Debugging with _GDBN__ (_HOST__)
+_fi__(!_GENERIC__)
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@c @smallbook
+@c @cropmarks
+@c %**end of header
+
+@finalout
+@syncodeindex ky cp
+
+_0__@c ===> NOTE! <==_1__
+@c Determine the edition number in *three* places by hand:
+@c 1. First ifinfo section 2. title page 3. top node
+@c To find the locations, search for !!set
+
+@c The following is for Pesch for his RCS system.
+@c This revision number *not* the same as the Edition number.
+@tex
+\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
+\xdef\manvers{\$Revision: 2.123 $} % For use in headers, footers too
+@end tex
+
+@c GDB CHANGELOG CONSULTED BETWEEN:
+@c Fri Oct 11 23:27:06 1991 John Gilmore (gnu at cygnus.com)
+@c Sat Dec 22 02:51:40 1990 John Gilmore (gnu at cygint)
+
+@c THIS MANUAL REQUIRES TEXINFO-2 macros and info-makers to format properly.
+
+@ifinfo
+@format
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Gdb: (gdb). The GNU debugger.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@end format
+@end ifinfo
+_if__(0)
+
+NOTE: this manual is marked up for preprocessing with a collection
+of m4 macros called "pretex.m4".
+
+THIS IS THE SOURCE PRIOR TO PREPROCESSING. The full source needs to
+be run through m4 before either tex- or info- formatting: for example,
+_0__
+ m4 pretex.m4 none.m4 all.m4 gdb.texinfo >gdb-all.texinfo
+will produce (assuming your path finds either GNU m4 >= 0.84, or SysV
+m4; Berkeley will not do) a file suitable for formatting. See the text in
+"pretex.m4" for a fuller explanation (and the macro definitions).
+_1__
+
+_fi__(0)
+@c
+@ifinfo
+This file documents the GNU debugger _GDBN__.
+
+@c !!set edition, date, version
+This is Edition 4.06, October 1992,
+of @cite{Debugging with _GDBN__: the GNU Source-Level Debugger}
+for GDB Version _GDB_VN__.
+
+Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+
+@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
+section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as
+in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
+distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
+one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
+included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
+instead of in the original English.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@titlepage
+@title Debugging with _GDBN__
+@subtitle The GNU Source-Level Debugger
+_if__(!_GENERIC__)
+@subtitle on _HOST__ Systems
+_fi__(!_GENERIC__)
+@sp 1
+@c !!set edition, date, version
+@subtitle Edition 4.06, for _GDBN__ version _GDB_VN__
+@subtitle October 1992
+@author by Richard M. Stallman and Roland H. Pesch
+@page
+@tex
+{\parskip=0pt
+\hfill pesch\@cygnus.com\par
+\hfill {\it Debugging with _GDBN__}, \manvers\par
+\hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
+}
+@end tex
+
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
+section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as
+in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
+distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
+one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
+except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
+included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
+instead of in the original English.
+@end titlepage
+@page
+
+@ifinfo
+@node Top
+@top Debugging with _GDBN__
+
+This file describes _GDBN__, the GNU symbolic debugger.
+
+@c !!set edition, date, version
+This is Edition 4.06, October 1992, for GDB Version _GDB_VN__.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@menu
+* Summary:: Summary of _GDBN__
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+* New Features:: New features since GDB version 3.5
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+* Sample Session:: A sample _GDBN__ session
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+* Invocation:: Getting in and out of _GDBN__
+* Commands:: _GDBN__ commands
+* Running:: Running programs under _GDBN__
+* Stopping:: Stopping and continuing
+* Stack:: Examining the stack
+* Source:: Examining source files
+* Data:: Examining data
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+* Languages:: Using _GDBN__ with different languages
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+* C:: C and C++
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+* Symbols:: Examining the symbol table
+* Altering:: Altering execution
+* _GDBN__ Files:: _GDBN__'s files
+* Targets:: Specifying a debugging target
+* Controlling _GDBN__:: Controlling _GDBN__
+* Sequences:: Canned sequences of commands
+_if__(!_DOSHOST__)
+* Emacs:: Using _GDBN__ under GNU Emacs
+_fi__(!_DOSHOST__)
+* _GDBN__ Bugs:: Reporting bugs in _GDBN__
+_if__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+* Renamed Commands::
+_fi__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+* Formatting Documentation:: How to format and print GDB documentation
+* Installing GDB:: Installing GDB
+* Copying:: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+* Index:: Index
+@end menu
+
+@node Summary
+@unnumbered Summary of _GDBN__
+
+The purpose of a debugger such as _GDBN__ is to allow you to see what is
+going on ``inside'' another program while it executes---or what another
+program was doing at the moment it crashed.
+
+_GDBN__ can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of
+these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
+
+@item
+Make your program stop on specified conditions.
+
+@item
+Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
+
+@item
+Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the
+effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
+@end itemize
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+You can use _GDBN__ to debug programs written in C, C++, and Modula-2.
+Fortran support will be added when a GNU Fortran compiler is ready.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@menu
+* Free Software:: Free Software
+* Contributors:: Contributors to GDB
+@end menu
+
+@node Free Software
+@unnumberedsec Free Software
+
+_GDBN__ is @dfn{free software}, protected by the GNU General Public License
+(GPL). The GPL gives you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed
+program---but every person getting a copy also gets with it the
+freedom to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to
+the source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies.
+Typical software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms; the
+Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms.
+
+Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that
+you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away
+from anyone else.
+
+_if__(!_AGGLOMERATION__)
+For full details, @pxref{Copying, ,GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}.
+_fi__(!_AGGLOMERATION__)
+
+@node Contributors
+@unnumberedsec Contributors to GDB
+
+Richard Stallman was the original author of GDB, and of many other GNU
+programs. Many others have contributed to its development. This
+section attempts to credit major contributors. One of the virtues of
+free software is that everyone is free to contribute to it; with
+regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The file
+@file{ChangeLog} in the GDB distribution approximates a blow-by-blow
+account.
+
+Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Plea:} Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you
+or your friends (or enemies; let's be evenhanded) have been unfairly
+omitted from this list, we would like to add your names!
+@end quotation
+
+So that they may not regard their long labor as thankless, we
+particularly thank those who shepherded GDB through major releases: Stu
+Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.6, 4.5, 4.4), John Gilmore
+(releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9); Jim Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4,
+3.3); and Randy Smith (releases 3.2, 3.1, 3.0). As major maintainer of
+GDB for some period, each contributed significantly to the structure,
+stability, and capabilities of the entire debugger.
+
+Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Pete TerMaat, Chris
+Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8.
+
+Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the GNU C++ support in GDB,
+with significant additional contributions from Per Bothner. James
+Clark wrote the GNU C++ demangler. Early work on C++ was by Peter
+TerMaat (who also did much general update work leading to release 3.0).
+
+GDB 4 uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple
+object-file formats; BFD was a joint project of David V.
+Henkel-Wallace, Rich Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore.
+
+David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did
+the original support for encapsulated COFF.
+
+Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support.
+Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS
+support. Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support. Chris
+Hanson improved the HP9000 support. Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki
+Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson contributed
+Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support.
+Keith Packard contributed NS32K support. Doug Rabson contributed
+Acorn Risc Machine support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support
+(and Fortran debugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support.
+Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed
+support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode. Pace Willison
+contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry
+support.
+
+Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared
+libraries.
+
+Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that GDB and GAS agree about
+several machine instruction sets.
+
+Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped
+develop remote debugging. Intel Corporation and Wind River Systems
+contributed remote debugging modules for their products.
+
+Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing
+command-line editing and command history.
+
+Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code and
+the Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this
+manual.
+
+Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4, and enhanced
+the command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@node New Features
+@unnumbered New Features since GDB version 3.5
+
+@table @emph
+@item Targets
+Using the new command @code{target}, you can select at runtime whether
+you are debugging local files, local processes, standalone systems over
+a serial port, realtime systems over a TCP/IP connection, etc. The
+command @code{load} can download programs into a remote system. Serial
+stubs are available for Motorola 680x0, Intel 80386, and Sparc remote
+systems; GDB also supports debugging realtime processes running under
+VxWorks, using SunRPC Remote Procedure Calls over TCP/IP to talk to a
+debugger stub on the target system. Internally, GDB now uses a function
+vector to mediate access to different targets; if you need to add your
+own support for a remote protocol, this makes it much easier.
+
+@item Watchpoints
+GDB now sports watchpoints as well as breakpoints. You can use a
+watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an expression
+changes, without having to predict a particular place in your program
+where this may happen.
+
+@item Wide Output
+Commands that issue wide output now insert newlines at places designed
+to make the output more readable.
+
+@item Object Code Formats
+GDB uses a new library called the Binary File Descriptor (BFD)
+Library to permit it to switch dynamically, without reconfiguration or
+recompilation, between different object-file formats. Formats currently
+supported are COFF, a.out, and the Intel 960 b.out; files may be read as
+.o's, archive libraries, or core dumps. BFD is available as a
+subroutine library so that other programs may take advantage of it, and
+the other GNU binary utilities are being converted to use it.
+
+@item Configuration and Ports
+Compile-time configuration (to select a particular architecture and
+operating system) is much easier. The script @code{configure} now
+allows you to configure GDB as either a native debugger or a
+cross-debugger. @xref{Installing GDB}, for details on how to
+configure.
+
+@item Interaction
+The user interface to GDB's control variables has been simplified
+and consolidated in two commands, @code{set} and @code{show}. Output
+lines are now broken at readable places, rather than overflowing onto
+the next line. You can suppress output of machine-level addresses,
+displaying only source language information.
+
+@item C++
+GDB now supports C++ multiple inheritance (if used with a GCC
+version 2 compiler), and also has limited support for C++ exception
+handling, with the commands @code{catch} and @code{info catch}: GDB
+can break when an exception is raised, before the stack is peeled back
+to the exception handler's context.
+
+@item Modula-2
+GDB now has preliminary support for the GNU Modula-2 compiler,
+currently under development at the State University of New York at
+Buffalo. Coordinated development of both GDB and the GNU Modula-2
+compiler will continue into 1992. Other Modula-2 compilers are
+currently not supported, and attempting to debug programs compiled with
+them will likely result in an error as the symbol table of the
+executable is read in.
+
+@item Command Rationalization
+Many GDB commands have been renamed to make them easier to remember
+and use. In particular, the subcommands of @code{info} and
+@code{show}/@code{set} are grouped to make the former refer to the state
+of your program, and the latter refer to the state of GDB itself.
+@xref{Renamed Commands}, for details on what commands were renamed.
+
+@item Shared Libraries
+GDB 4 can debug programs and core files that use SunOS, SVR4, or IBM RS/6000
+shared libraries.
+
+@item Reference Card
+GDB 4 has a reference card. @xref{Formatting Documentation,,Formatting
+the Documentation}, for instructions to print it.
+
+@item Work in Progress
+Kernel debugging for BSD and Mach systems; Tahoe and HPPA architecture
+support.
+@end table
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@node Sample Session
+@chapter A Sample _GDBN__ Session
+
+You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about _GDBN__.
+However, a handful of commands are enough to get started using the
+debugger. This chapter illustrates these commands.
+
+@iftex
+In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: @b{input},
+to make it easier to pick out from the surrounding output.
+@end iftex
+
+@c FIXME: this example may not be appropriate for some configs, where
+@c FIXME...primary interest is in remote use.
+_0__
+One of the preliminary versions of GNU @code{m4} (a generic macro
+processor) exhibits the following bug: sometimes, when we change its
+quote strings from the default, the commands used to capture one macro's
+definition in another stop working. In the following short @code{m4}
+session, we define a macro @code{foo} which expands to @code{0000}; we
+then use the @code{m4} built-in @code{defn} to define @code{bar} as the
+same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to
+@code{<QUOTE>} and the close quote string to @code{<UNQUOTE>}, the same
+procedure fails to define a new synonym @code{baz}:
+
+@smallexample
+$ @b{cd gnu/m4}
+$ @b{./m4}
+@b{define(foo,0000)}
+
+@b{foo}
+0000
+@b{define(bar,defn(`foo'))}
+
+@b{bar}
+0000
+@b{changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)}
+
+@b{define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))}
+@b{baz}
+@b{C-d}
+m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Let's use _GDBN__ to try to see what's going on.
+
+@smallexample
+$ @b{_GDBP__ m4}
+@c FIXME: this falsifies the exact text played out, to permit smallbook
+@c FIXME... format to come out better.
+GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies
+ of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see
+ the conditions.
+There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty"
+for details.
+GDB _GDB_VN__, Copyright 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc...
+(_GDBP__)
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+_GDBN__ reads only enough symbol data to know where to find the rest when
+needed; as a result, the first prompt comes up very quickly. We now
+tell _GDBN__ to use a narrower display width than usual, so that examples
+will fit in this manual.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{set width 70}
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Let's see how the @code{m4} built-in @code{changequote} works.
+Having looked at the source, we know the relevant subroutine is
+@code{m4_changequote}, so we set a breakpoint there with _GDBN__'s
+@code{break} command.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{break m4_changequote}
+Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Using the @code{run} command, we start @code{m4} running under _GDBN__
+control; as long as control does not reach the @code{m4_changequote}
+subroutine, the program runs as usual:
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{run}
+Starting program: /work/Editorial/gdb/gnu/m4/m4
+@b{define(foo,0000)}
+
+@b{foo}
+0000
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+To trigger the breakpoint, we call @code{changequote}. _GDBN__
+suspends execution of @code{m4}, displaying information about the
+context where it stops.
+
+@smallexample
+@b{changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)}
+
+Breakpoint 1, m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
+ at builtin.c:879
+879 if (bad_argc(TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[0]),argc,1,3))
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Now we use the command @code{n} (@code{next}) to advance execution to
+the next line of the current function.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{n}
+882 set_quotes((argc >= 2) ? TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[1])\
+ : nil,
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+@code{set_quotes} looks like a promising subroutine. We can go into it
+by using the command @code{s} (@code{step}) instead of @code{next}.
+@code{step} goes to the next line to be executed in @emph{any}
+subroutine, so it steps into @code{set_quotes}.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{s}
+set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
+ at input.c:530
+530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+The display that shows the subroutine where @code{m4} is now
+suspended (and its arguments) is called a stack frame display. It
+shows a summary of the stack. We can use the @code{backtrace}
+command (which can also be spelled @code{bt}), to see where we are
+in the stack as a whole: the @code{backtrace} command displays a
+stack frame for each active subroutine.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{bt}
+#0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
+ at input.c:530
+#1 0x6344 in m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
+ at builtin.c:882
+#2 0x8174 in expand_macro (sym=0x33320) at macro.c:242
+#3 0x7a88 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=209696, td=0xf7fffa30)
+ at macro.c:71
+#4 0x79dc in expand_input () at macro.c:40
+#5 0x2930 in main (argc=0, argv=0xf7fffb20) at m4.c:195
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Let's step through a few more lines to see what happens. The first two
+times, we can use @samp{s}; the next two times we use @code{n} to avoid
+falling into the @code{xstrdup} subroutine.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{s}
+0x3b5c 532 if (rquote != def_rquote)
+(_GDBP__) @b{s}
+0x3b80 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? \
+def_lquote : xstrdup(lq);
+(_GDBP__) @b{n}
+536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
+ : xstrdup(rq);
+(_GDBP__) @b{n}
+538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+The last line displayed looks a little odd; let's examine the variables
+@code{lquote} and @code{rquote} to see if they are in fact the new left
+and right quotes we specified. We can use the command @code{p}
+(@code{print}) to see their values.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{p lquote}
+$1 = 0x35d40 "<QUOTE>"
+(_GDBP__) @b{p rquote}
+$2 = 0x35d50 "<UNQUOTE>"
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+@code{lquote} and @code{rquote} are indeed the new left and right quotes.
+Let's look at some context; we can display ten lines of source
+surrounding the current line, with the @code{l} (@code{list}) command.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{l}
+533 xfree(rquote);
+534
+535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? def_lquote\
+ : xstrdup (lq);
+536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
+ : xstrdup (rq);
+537
+538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
+539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
+540 @}
+541
+542 void
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Let's step past the two lines that set @code{len_lquote} and
+@code{len_rquote}, and then examine the values of those variables.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{n}
+539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
+(_GDBP__) @b{n}
+540 @}
+(_GDBP__) @b{p len_lquote}
+$3 = 9
+(_GDBP__) @b{p len_rquote}
+$4 = 7
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+That certainly looks wrong, assuming @code{len_lquote} and
+@code{len_rquote} are meant to be the lengths of @code{lquote} and
+@code{rquote} respectively. Let's try setting them to better values.
+We can use the @code{p} command for this, since it'll print the value of
+any expression---and that expression can include subroutine calls and
+assignments.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{p len_lquote=strlen(lquote)}
+$5 = 7
+(_GDBP__) @b{p len_rquote=strlen(rquote)}
+$6 = 9
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Let's see if that fixes the problem of using the new quotes with the
+@code{m4} built-in @code{defn}. We can allow @code{m4} to continue
+executing with the @code{c} (@code{continue}) command, and then try the
+example that caused trouble initially:
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{c}
+Continuing.
+
+@b{define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))}
+
+baz
+0000
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Success! The new quotes now work just as well as the default ones. The
+problem seems to have been just the two typos defining the wrong
+lengths. We'll let @code{m4} exit by giving it an EOF as input.
+
+@smallexample
+@b{C-d}
+Program exited normally.
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+The message @samp{Program exited normally.} is from _GDBN__; it
+indicates @code{m4} has finished executing. We can end our _GDBN__
+session with the _GDBN__ @code{quit} command.
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) @b{quit}
+_1__@end smallexample
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Invocation
+@chapter Getting In and Out of _GDBN__
+
+This chapter discusses how to start _GDBN__, and how to get out of it.
+(The essentials: type @samp{_GDBP__} to start GDB, and type @kbd{quit}
+or @kbd{C-d} to exit.)
+
+@menu
+* Invoking _GDBN__:: Starting _GDBN__
+* Leaving _GDBN__:: Leaving _GDBN__
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+* Shell Commands:: Shell Commands
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+@end menu
+
+@node Invoking _GDBN__
+@section Starting _GDBN__
+
+_if__(_H8__)
+For details on starting up _GDBP__ as a
+remote debugger attached to a Hitachi H8/300 board, see @ref{Hitachi
+H8/300 Remote,,_GDBN__ and the Hitachi H8/300}.
+_fi__(_H8__)
+
+Start _GDBN__ by running the program @code{_GDBP__}. Once it's running,
+_GDBN__ reads commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit.
+
+You can also run @code{_GDBP__} with a variety of arguments and options,
+to specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__)
+The command-line options described here are designed
+to cover a variety of situations; in some environments, some of these
+options may effectively be unavailable.
+_fi__(_GENERIC__)
+
+The most usual way to start _GDBN__ is with one argument,
+specifying an executable program:
+
+@example
+_GDBP__ @var{program}
+@end example
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@noindent
+You can also start with both an executable program and a core file
+specified:
+
+@example
+_GDBP__ @var{program} @var{core}
+@end example
+
+You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want
+to debug a running process:
+
+@example
+_GDBP__ @var{program} 1234
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+would attach _GDBN__ to process @code{1234} (unless you also have a file
+named @file{1234}; _GDBN__ does check for a core file first).
+
+Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a fairly
+complete operating system; when you use _GDBN__ as a remote debugger
+attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of ``process'',
+and there is often no way to get a core dump.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@noindent
+You can further control how _GDBN__ starts up by using command-line
+options. _GDBN__ itself can remind you of the options available.
+
+@noindent
+Type
+
+@example
+_GDBP__ -help
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+to display all available options and briefly describe their use
+(@samp{_GDBP__ -h} is a shorter equivalent).
+
+All options and command line arguments you give are processed
+in sequential order. The order makes a difference when the
+@samp{-x} option is used.
+
+@menu
+_if__(!_GENERIC__)
+_include__(gdbinv-m.m4)_dnl__
+_fi__(!_GENERIC__)
+* File Options:: Choosing Files
+* Mode Options:: Choosing Modes
+@end menu
+
+_if__(!_GENERIC__)
+_include__(gdbinv-s.m4)
+_fi__(!_GENERIC__)
+
+@node File Options
+@subsection Choosing Files
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+When _GDBN__ starts, it reads any arguments other than options as
+specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is
+the same as if the arguments were specified by the @samp{-se} and
+@samp{-c} options respectively. (_GDBN__ reads the first argument
+that does not have an associated option flag as equivalent to the
+@samp{-se} option followed by that argument; and the second argument
+that does not have an associated option flag, if any, as equivalent to
+the @samp{-c} option followed by that argument.)
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+_if__(_BARE__)
+When _GDBN__ starts, it reads any argument other than options as
+specifying an executable file. This is the same as if the argument was
+specified by the @samp{-se} option.
+_fi__(_BARE__)
+
+Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the
+following list. _GDBN__ also recognizes the long forms if you truncate
+them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous.
+(If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with @samp{--} rather
+than @samp{-}, though we illustrate the more usual convention.)
+
+@table @code
+@item -symbols=@var{file}
+@itemx -s @var{file}
+Read symbol table from file @var{file}.
+
+@item -exec=@var{file}
+@itemx -e @var{file}
+Use file @var{file} as the executable file to execute when
+appropriate, and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core
+dump.
+
+@item -se=@var{file}
+Read symbol table from file @var{file} and use it as the executable
+file.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@item -core=@var{file}
+@itemx -c @var{file}
+Use file @var{file} as a core dump to examine.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@item -command=@var{file}
+@itemx -x @var{file}
+Execute _GDBN__ commands from file @var{file}. @xref{Command Files}.
+
+@item -directory=@var{directory}
+@itemx -d @var{directory}
+Add @var{directory} to the path to search for source files.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@item -m
+@itemx -mapped
+@emph{Warning: this option depends on operating system facilities that are not
+supported on all systems.}@*
+If memory-mapped files are available on your system through the @code{mmap}
+system call, you can use this option
+to have _GDBN__ write the symbols from your
+program into a reusable file in the current directory. If the program you are debugging is
+called @file{/tmp/fred}, the mapped symbol file will be @file{./fred.syms}.
+Future _GDBN__ debugging sessions will notice the presence of this file,
+and will quickly map in symbol information from it, rather than reading
+the symbol table from the executable program.
+
+The @file{.syms} file is specific to the host machine on which _GDBN__ is run.
+It holds an exact image of _GDBN__'s internal symbol table. It cannot be
+shared across multiple host platforms.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@item -r
+@itemx -readnow
+Read each symbol file's entire symbol table immediately, rather than
+the default, which is to read it incrementally as it is needed.
+This makes startup slower, but makes future operations faster.
+@end table
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+The @code{-mapped} and @code{-readnow} options are typically combined in order to
+build a @file{.syms} file that contains complete symbol information.
+A simple GDB invocation to do nothing but build a @file{.syms} file for future
+use is:
+
+@example
+ gdb -batch -nx -mapped -readnow programname
+@end example
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Mode Options
+@subsection Choosing Modes
+
+You can run _GDBN__ in various alternative modes---for example, in
+batch mode or quiet mode.
+
+@table @code
+@item -nx
+@itemx -n
+Do not execute commands from any @file{_GDBINIT__} initialization files.
+Normally, the commands in these files are executed after all the
+command options and arguments have been processed.
+@xref{Command Files}.
+
+@item -quiet
+@itemx -q
+``Quiet''. Do not print the introductory and copyright messages. These
+messages are also suppressed in batch mode.
+
+@item -batch
+Run in batch mode. Exit with status @code{0} after processing all the command
+files specified with @samp{-x} (and @file{_GDBINIT__}, if not inhibited).
+Exit with nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the _GDBN__
+commands in the command files.
+
+Batch mode may be useful for running _GDBN__ as a filter, for example to
+download and run a program on another computer; in order to make this
+more useful, the message
+
+@example
+Program exited normally.
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+(which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under _GDBN__ control
+terminates) is not issued when running in batch mode.
+
+@item -cd=@var{directory}
+Run _GDBN__ using @var{directory} as its working directory,
+instead of the current directory.
+
+_if__(_LUCID__)
+@item -context @var{authentication}
+When the Energize programming system starts up _GDBN__, it uses this
+option to trigger an alternate mode of interaction.
+@var{authentication} is a pair of numeric codes that identify _GDBN__
+as a client in the Energize environment. Avoid this option when you run
+_GDBN__ directly from the command line. See @ref{Energize,,Using
+_GDBN__ with Energize} for more discussion of using _GDBN__ with Energize.
+_fi__(_LUCID__)
+
+@item -fullname
+@itemx -f
+Emacs sets this option when it runs _GDBN__ as a subprocess. It tells _GDBN__
+to output the full file name and line number in a standard,
+recognizable fashion each time a stack frame is displayed (which
+includes each time your program stops). This recognizable format looks
+like two @samp{\032} characters, followed by the file name, line number
+and character position separated by colons, and a newline. The
+Emacs-to-_GDBN__ interface program uses the two @samp{\032} characters as
+a signal to display the source code for the frame.
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@item -b @var{bps}
+Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial
+interface used by _GDBN__ for remote debugging.
+
+@item -tty=@var{device}
+Run using @var{device} for your program's standard input and output.
+@c FIXME: kingdon thinks there is more to -tty. Investigate.
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@end table
+
+@node Leaving _GDBN__
+@section Leaving _GDBN__
+@cindex exiting _GDBN__
+
+@table @code
+@item quit
+@kindex quit
+@kindex q
+To exit _GDBN__, use the @code{quit} command (abbreviated @code{q}), or type
+an end-of-file character (usually @kbd{C-d}).
+@end table
+
+@cindex interrupt
+An interrupt (often @kbd{C-c}) will not exit from _GDBN__, but rather
+will terminate the action of any _GDBN__ command that is in progress and
+return to _GDBN__ command level. It is safe to type the interrupt
+character at any time because _GDBN__ does not allow it to take effect
+until a time when it is safe.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+If you have been using _GDBN__ to control an attached process or device, you
+can release it with the @code{detach} command; @pxref{Attach,
+,Debugging an Already-Running Process}..
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@node Shell Commands
+@section Shell Commands
+
+If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your
+debugging session, there is no need to leave or suspend _GDBN__; you can
+just use the @code{shell} command.
+
+@table @code
+@item shell @var{command string}
+@kindex shell
+@cindex shell escape
+Directs _GDBN__ to invoke an inferior shell to execute @var{command
+string}. If it exists, the environment variable @code{SHELL} is used
+for the name of the shell to run. Otherwise _GDBN__ uses
+@code{/bin/sh}.
+@end table
+
+The utility @code{make} is often needed in development environments.
+You do not have to use the @code{shell} command for this purpose in _GDBN__:
+
+@table @code
+@item make @var{make-args}
+@kindex make
+@cindex calling make
+Causes _GDBN__ to execute an inferior @code{make} program with the specified
+arguments. This is equivalent to @samp{shell make @var{make-args}}.
+@end table
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Commands
+@chapter _GDBN__ Commands
+
+You can abbreviate a _GDBN__ command to the first few letters of the command
+name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain
+_GDBN__ commands by typing just @key{RET}. You can also use the @key{TAB}
+key to get _GDBN__ to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to
+show you the alternatives available, if there's more than one possibility).
+
+@menu
+* Command Syntax:: Command Syntax
+* Completion:: Command Completion
+* Help:: Getting Help
+@end menu
+
+@node Command Syntax
+@section Command Syntax
+
+A _GDBN__ command is a single line of input. There is no limit on how long
+it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by arguments
+whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the command
+@code{step} accepts an argument which is the number of times to step,
+as in @samp{step 5}. You can also use the @code{step} command with
+no arguments. Some command names do not allow any arguments.
+
+@cindex abbreviation
+_GDBN__ command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is
+unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the
+documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous
+abbreviations are allowed; for example, @code{s} is specially defined as
+equivalent to @code{step} even though there are other commands whose
+names start with @code{s}. You can test abbreviations by using them as
+arguments to the @code{help} command.
+
+@cindex repeating commands
+@kindex RET
+A blank line as input to _GDBN__ (typing just @key{RET}) means to
+repeat the previous command. Certain commands (for example, @code{run})
+will not repeat this way; these are commands for which unintentional
+repetition might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to
+repeat.
+
+The @code{list} and @code{x} commands, when you repeat them with
+@key{RET}, construct new arguments rather than repeating
+exactly as typed. This permits easy scanning of source or memory.
+
+_GDBN__ can also use @key{RET} in another way: to partition lengthy
+output, in a way similar to the common utility @code{more}
+(@pxref{Screen Size}). Since it is easy to press one @key{RET} too many
+in this situation, _GDBN__ disables command repetition after any command
+that generates this sort of display.
+
+@kindex #
+@cindex comment
+A line of input starting with @kbd{#} is a comment; it does nothing.
+This is useful mainly in command files (@pxref{Command Files}).
+
+@node Completion
+@section Command Completion
+
+@cindex completion
+@cindex word completion
+_GDBN__ can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there's
+only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities
+are for the next word in a command, at any time. This works for _GDBN__
+commands, _GDBN__ subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program.
+
+Press the @key{TAB} key whenever you want _GDBN__ to fill out the rest
+of a word. If there's only one possibility, _GDBN__ will fill in the
+word, and wait for you to finish the command (or press @key{RET} to
+enter it). For example, if you type
+
+@c FIXME "@key" doesn't distinguish its argument sufficiently to permit
+@c complete accuracy in these examples; space introduced for clarity.
+@c If texinfo enhancements make it unnecessary, it would be nice to
+@c replace " @key" by "@key" in the following...
+@example
+(_GDBP__) info bre @key{TAB}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+_GDBN__ fills in the rest of the word @samp{breakpoints}, since that's
+the only @code{info} subcommand beginning with @samp{bre}:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) info breakpoints
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You can either press @key{RET} at this point, to run the @code{info
+breakpoints} command, or backspace and enter something else, if
+@samp{breakpoints} doesn't look like the command you expected. (If you
+were sure you wanted @code{info breakpoints} in the first place, you
+might as well just type @key{RET} immediately after @samp{info bre},
+to exploit command abbreviations rather than command completion).
+
+If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you press
+@key{TAB}, _GDBN__ will sound a bell. You can either supply more
+characters and try again, or just press @key{TAB} a second time, and
+_GDBN__ will display all the possible completions for that word. For
+example, you might want to set a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name
+begins with @samp{make_}, but when you type @kbd{b make_@key{TAB}} _GDBN__
+just sounds the bell. Typing @key{TAB} again will display all the
+function names in your program that begin with those characters, for
+example:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) b make_ @key{TAB}
+@exdent _GDBN__ sounds bell; press @key{TAB} again, to see:
+make_a_section_from_file make_environ
+make_abs_section make_function_type
+make_blockvector make_pointer_type
+make_cleanup make_reference_type
+make_command make_symbol_completion_list
+(GDBP__) b make_
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+After displaying the available possibilities, _GDBN__ copies your
+partial input (@samp{b make_} in the example) so you can finish the
+command.
+
+If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place, you
+can press @kbd{M-?} rather than pressing @key{TAB} twice. @kbd{M-?}
+means @kbd{@key{META} ?}. You can type this
+_if__(_GENERIC__||!_DOSHOST__)
+either by holding down a
+key designated as the @key{META} shift on your keyboard (if there is
+one) while typing @kbd{?}, or
+_fi__(_GENERIC__||!_DOSHOST__)
+as @key{ESC} followed by @kbd{?}.
+
+@cindex quotes in commands
+@cindex completion of quoted strings
+Sometimes the string you need, while logically a ``word'', may contain
+parentheses or other characters that _GDBN__ normally excludes from its
+notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this situation,
+you may enclose words in @code{'} (single quote marks) in _GDBN__ commands.
+
+The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the
+name of a C++ function. This is because C++ allows function overloading
+(multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by argument
+type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you may need to
+distinguish whether you mean the version of @code{name} that takes an
+@code{int} parameter, @code{name(int)}, or the version that takes a
+@code{float} parameter, @code{name(float)}. To use the word-completion
+facilities in this situation, type a single quote @code{'} at the
+beginning of the function name. This alerts _GDBN__ that it may need to
+consider more information than usual when you press @key{TAB} or
+@kbd{M-?} to request word completion:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) b 'bubble( @key{M-?}
+bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int)
+(_GDBP__) b 'bubble(
+@end example
+
+In some cases, _GDBN__ can tell that completing a name will require
+quotes. When this happens, _GDBN__ will insert the quote for you (while
+completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first
+place:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) b bub @key{TAB}
+@exdent _GDBN__ alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell:
+(_GDBP__) b 'bubble(
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In general, _GDBN__ can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if
+you have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for
+completion on an overloaded symbol.
+
+
+@node Help
+@section Getting Help
+@cindex online documentation
+@kindex help
+
+You can always ask _GDBN__ itself for information on its commands, using the
+command @code{help}.
+
+@table @code
+@item help
+@itemx h
+@kindex h
+You can use @code{help} (abbreviated @code{h}) with no arguments to
+display a short list of named classes of commands:
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) help
+List of classes of commands:
+
+running -- Running the program
+stack -- Examining the stack
+data -- Examining data
+breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points
+files -- Specifying and examining files
+status -- Status inquiries
+support -- Support facilities
+user-defined -- User-defined commands
+aliases -- Aliases of other commands
+obscure -- Obscure features
+
+Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of
+commands in that class.
+Type "help" followed by command name for full
+documentation.
+Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
+(_GDBP__)
+@end smallexample
+
+@item help @var{class}
+Using one of the general help classes as an argument, you can get a
+list of the individual commands in that class. For example, here is the
+help display for the class @code{status}:
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) help status
+Status inquiries.
+
+List of commands:
+
+show -- Generic command for showing things set with "set"
+info -- Generic command for printing status
+
+Type "help" followed by command name for full
+documentation.
+Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
+(_GDBP__)
+@end smallexample
+
+@item help @var{command}
+With a command name as @code{help} argument, _GDBN__ will display a
+short paragraph on how to use that command.
+@end table
+
+In addition to @code{help}, you can use the _GDBN__ commands @code{info}
+and @code{show} to inquire about the state of your program, or the state
+of _GDBN__ itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this
+manual introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings
+under @code{info} and under @code{show} in the Index point to
+all the sub-commands. @xref{Index}.
+
+@c @group
+@table @code
+@item info
+@kindex info
+@kindex i
+This command (abbreviated @code{i}) is for describing the state of your
+program; for example, it can list the arguments given to your program
+(@code{info args}), the registers currently in use (@code{info
+registers}), or the breakpoints you have set (@code{info breakpoints}).
+You can get a complete list of the @code{info} sub-commands with
+@w{@code{help info}}.
+
+@kindex show
+@item show
+In contrast, @code{show} is for describing the state of _GDBN__ itself.
+You can change most of the things you can @code{show}, by using the
+related command @code{set}; for example, you can control what number
+system is used for displays with @code{set radix}, or simply inquire
+which is currently in use with @code{show radix}.
+
+@kindex info set
+To display all the settable parameters and their current
+values, you can use @code{show} with no arguments; you may also use
+@code{info set}. Both commands produce the same display.
+@c FIXME: "info set" violates the rule that "info" is for state of
+@c FIXME...program. Ck w/ GNU: "info set" to be called something else,
+@c FIXME...or change desc of rule---eg "state of prog and debugging session"?
+@end table
+@c @end group
+
+Here are three miscellaneous @code{show} subcommands, all of which are
+exceptional in lacking corresponding @code{set} commands:
+
+@table @code
+@kindex show version
+@cindex version number
+@item show version
+Show what version of _GDBN__ is running. You should include this
+information in _GDBN__ bug-reports. If multiple versions of _GDBN__ are in
+use at your site, you may occasionally want to make sure what version
+of _GDBN__ you are running; as _GDBN__ evolves, new commands are introduced,
+and old ones may wither away. The version number is also announced
+when you start _GDBN__ with no arguments.
+
+@kindex show copying
+@item show copying
+Display information about permission for copying _GDBN__.
+
+@kindex show warranty
+@item show warranty
+Display the GNU ``NO WARRANTY'' statement.
+@end table
+
+@node Running
+@chapter Running Programs Under _GDBN__
+
+To debug a program, you must run it under _GDBN__.
+
+@menu
+* Compilation:: Compiling for Debugging
+* Starting:: Starting your Program
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+* Arguments:: Your Program's Arguments
+* Environment:: Your Program's Environment
+* Working Directory:: Your Program's Working Directory
+* Input/Output:: Your Program's Input and Output
+* Attach:: Debugging an Already-Running Process
+* Kill Process:: Killing the Child Process
+* Process Information:: Additional Process Information
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+@end menu
+
+@node Compilation
+@section Compiling for Debugging
+
+In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate
+debugging information when you compile it. This debugging information
+is stored in the object file; it describes the data type of each
+variable or function and the correspondence between source line numbers
+and addresses in the executable code.
+
+To request debugging information, specify the @samp{-g} option when you run
+the compiler.
+
+Many C compilers are unable to handle the @samp{-g} and @samp{-O}
+options together. Using those compilers, you cannot generate optimized
+executables containing debugging information.
+
+_GCC__, the GNU C compiler, supports @samp{-g} with or without
+@samp{-O}, making it possible to debug optimized code. We recommend
+that you @emph{always} use @samp{-g} whenever you compile a program.
+You may think your program is correct, but there is no sense in pushing
+your luck.
+
+@cindex optimized code, debugging
+@cindex debugging optimized code
+When you debug a program compiled with @samp{-g -O}, remember that the
+optimizer is rearranging your code; the debugger will show you what's
+really there. Don't be too surprised when the execution path doesn't
+exactly match your source file! An extreme example: if you define a
+variable, but never use it, _GDBN__ will never see that
+variable---because the compiler optimizes it out of existence.
+
+Some things do not work as well with @samp{-g -O} as with just
+@samp{-g}, particularly on machines with instruction scheduling. If in
+doubt, recompile with @samp{-g} alone, and if this fixes the problem,
+please report it as a bug (including a test case!).
+
+Older versions of the GNU C compiler permitted a variant option
+@w{@samp{-gg}} for debugging information. _GDBN__ no longer supports this
+format; if your GNU C compiler has this option, do not use it.
+
+@ignore
+@comment As far as I know, there are no cases in which _GDBN__ will
+@comment produce strange output in this case. (but no promises).
+If your program includes archives made with the @code{ar} program, and
+if the object files used as input to @code{ar} were compiled without the
+@samp{-g} option and have names longer than 15 characters, _GDBN__ will get
+confused reading your program's symbol table. No error message will be
+given, but _GDBN__ may behave strangely. The reason for this problem is a
+deficiency in the Unix archive file format, which cannot represent file
+names longer than 15 characters.
+
+To avoid this problem, compile the archive members with the @samp{-g}
+option or use shorter file names. Alternatively, use a version of GNU
+@code{ar} dated more recently than August 1989.
+@end ignore
+
+@node Starting
+@section Starting your Program
+@cindex starting
+@cindex running
+
+@table @code
+@item run
+@itemx r
+@kindex run
+Use the @code{run} command to start your program under _GDBN__. You must
+first specify the program name
+_if__(_VXWORKS__)
+(except on VxWorks)
+_fi__(_VXWORKS__)
+with an argument to
+_GDBN__ (@pxref{Invocation, ,Getting In and Out of _GDBN__}), or by using the
+@code{file} or @code{exec-file} command (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to
+Specify Files}).
+
+@end table
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+If you are running your program in an execution environment that
+supports processes, @code{run} creates an inferior process and makes
+that process run your program. (In environments without processes,
+@code{run} jumps to the start of your program.)
+
+The execution of a program is affected by certain information it
+receives from its superior. _GDBN__ provides ways to specify this
+information, which you must do @emph{before} starting your program. (You
+can change it after starting your program, but such changes will only affect
+your program the next time you start it.) This information may be
+divided into four categories:
+
+@table @asis
+@item The @emph{arguments.}
+Specify the arguments to give your program as the arguments of the
+@code{run} command. If a shell is available on your target, the shell
+is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use normal conventions
+(such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution) in describing
+the arguments. In Unix systems, you can control which shell is used
+with the @code{SHELL} environment variable. @xref{Arguments, ,Your
+Program's Arguments}.
+
+@item The @emph{environment.}
+Your program normally inherits its environment from _GDBN__, but you can
+use the _GDBN__ commands @code{set environment} and @code{unset
+environment} to change parts of the environment that will be given to
+your program. @xref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}.
+
+@item The @emph{working directory.}
+Your program inherits its working directory from _GDBN__. You can set
+_GDBN__'s working directory with the @code{cd} command in _GDBN__.
+@xref{Working Directory, ,Your Program's Working Directory}.
+
+@item The @emph{standard input and output.}
+Your program normally uses the same device for standard input and
+standard output as _GDBN__ is using. You can redirect input and output
+in the @code{run} command line, or you can use the @code{tty} command to
+set a different device for your program.
+@xref{Input/Output, ,Your Program's Input and Output}.
+
+@cindex pipes
+@emph{Warning:} While input and output redirection work, you cannot use
+pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to another
+program; if you attempt this, _GDBN__ is likely to wind up debugging the
+wrong program.
+@end table
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+When you issue the @code{run} command, your program begins to execute
+immediately. @xref{Stopping, ,Stopping and Continuing}, for discussion
+of how to arrange for your program to stop. Once your program has
+stopped, you may calls functions in your program, using the @code{print}
+or @code{call} commands. @xref{Data, ,Examining Data}.
+
+If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the
+last time _GDBN__ read its symbols, _GDBN__ will discard its symbol table and
+re-read it. When it does this, _GDBN__ tries to retain your current
+breakpoints.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@node Arguments
+@section Your Program's Arguments
+
+@cindex arguments (to your program)
+The arguments to your program can be specified by the arguments of the
+@code{run} command. They are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard
+characters and performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program.
+_GDBN__ uses the shell indicated by your environment variable
+@code{SHELL} if it exists; otherwise, _GDBN__ uses @code{/bin/sh}.
+
+@code{run} with no arguments uses the same arguments used by the previous
+@code{run}, or those set by the @code{set args} command.
+
+@kindex set args
+@table @code
+@item set args
+Specify the arguments to be used the next time your program is run. If
+@code{set args} has no arguments, @code{run} will execute your program
+with no arguments. Once you have run your program with arguments,
+using @code{set args} before the next @code{run} is the only way to run
+it again without arguments.
+
+@item show args
+@kindex show args
+Show the arguments to give your program when it is started.
+@end table
+
+@node Environment
+@section Your Program's Environment
+
+@cindex environment (of your program)
+The @dfn{environment} consists of a set of environment variables and
+their values. Environment variables conventionally record such things as
+your user name, your home directory, your terminal type, and your search
+path for programs to run. Usually you set up environment variables with
+the shell and they are inherited by all the other programs you run. When
+debugging, it can be useful to try running your program with a modified
+environment without having to start _GDBN__ over again.
+
+@table @code
+@item path @var{directory}
+@kindex path
+Add @var{directory} to the front of the @code{PATH} environment variable
+(the search path for executables), for both _GDBN__ and your program.
+You may specify several directory names, separated by @samp{:} or
+whitespace. If @var{directory} is already in the path, it is moved to
+the front, so it will be searched sooner.
+
+You can use the string @samp{$cwd} to refer to whatever is the current
+working directory at the time _GDBN__ searches the path. If you use
+@samp{.} instead, it refers to the directory where you executed the
+@code{path} command. _GDBN__ fills in the current path where needed in
+the @var{directory} argument, before adding it to the search path.
+@c 'path' is explicitly nonrepeatable, but RMS points out it is silly to
+@c document that, since repeating it would be a no-op.
+
+@item show paths
+@kindex show paths
+Display the list of search paths for executables (the @code{PATH}
+environment variable).
+
+@item show environment @r{[}@var{varname}@r{]}
+@kindex show environment
+Print the value of environment variable @var{varname} to be given to
+your program when it starts. If you do not supply @var{varname},
+print the names and values of all environment variables to be given to
+your program. You can abbreviate @code{environment} as @code{env}.
+
+@item set environment @var{varname} @r{[}=@r{]} @var{value}
+@kindex set environment
+Sets environment variable @var{varname} to @var{value}. The value
+changes for your program only, not for _GDBN__ itself. @var{value} may
+be any string; the values of environment variables are just strings, and
+any interpretation is supplied by your program itself. The @var{value}
+parameter is optional; if it is eliminated, the variable is set to a
+null value.
+@c "any string" here does not include leading, trailing
+@c blanks. Gnu asks: does anyone care?
+
+For example, this command:
+
+@example
+set env USER = foo
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+tells a Unix program, when subsequently run, that its user is named
+@samp{foo}. (The spaces around @samp{=} are used for clarity here; they
+are not actually required.)
+
+@item unset environment @var{varname}
+@kindex unset environment
+Remove variable @var{varname} from the environment to be passed to your
+program. This is different from @samp{set env @var{varname} =};
+@code{unset environment} removes the variable from the environment,
+rather than assigning it an empty value.
+@end table
+
+@node Working Directory
+@section Your Program's Working Directory
+
+@cindex working directory (of your program)
+Each time you start your program with @code{run}, it inherits its
+working directory from the current working directory of _GDBN__. _GDBN__'s
+working directory is initially whatever it inherited from its parent
+process (typically the shell), but you can specify a new working
+directory in _GDBN__ with the @code{cd} command.
+
+The _GDBN__ working directory also serves as a default for the commands
+that specify files for _GDBN__ to operate on. @xref{Files, ,Commands to
+Specify Files}.
+
+@table @code
+@item cd @var{directory}
+@kindex cd
+Set _GDBN__'s working directory to @var{directory}.
+
+@item pwd
+@kindex pwd
+Print _GDBN__'s working directory.
+@end table
+
+@node Input/Output
+@section Your Program's Input and Output
+
+@cindex redirection
+@cindex i/o
+@cindex terminal
+By default, the program you run under _GDBN__ does input and output to
+the same terminal that _GDBN__ uses. _GDBN__ switches the terminal to
+its own terminal modes to interact with you, but it records the terminal
+modes your program was using and switches back to them when you continue
+running your program.
+
+@table @code
+@item info terminal
+@kindex info terminal
+Displays _GDBN__'s recorded information about the terminal modes your
+program is using.
+@end table
+
+You can redirect your program's input and/or output using shell
+redirection with the @code{run} command. For example,
+
+_0__@example
+run > outfile
+_1__@end example
+
+@noindent
+starts your program, diverting its output to the file @file{outfile}.
+
+@kindex tty
+@cindex controlling terminal
+Another way to specify where your program should do input and output is
+with the @code{tty} command. This command accepts a file name as
+argument, and causes this file to be the default for future @code{run}
+commands. It also resets the controlling terminal for the child
+process, for future @code{run} commands. For example,
+
+@example
+tty /dev/ttyb
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+directs that processes started with subsequent @code{run} commands
+default to do input and output on the terminal @file{/dev/ttyb} and have
+that as their controlling terminal.
+
+An explicit redirection in @code{run} overrides the @code{tty} command's
+effect on the input/output device, but not its effect on the controlling
+terminal.
+
+When you use the @code{tty} command or redirect input in the @code{run}
+command, only the input @emph{for your program} is affected. The input
+for _GDBN__ still comes from your terminal.
+
+@node Attach
+@section Debugging an Already-Running Process
+@kindex attach
+@cindex attach
+
+@table @code
+@item attach @var{process-id}
+This command
+attaches to a running process---one that was started outside _GDBN__.
+(@code{info files} will show your active targets.) The command takes as
+argument a process ID. The usual way to find out the process-id of
+a Unix process is with the @code{ps} utility, or with the @samp{jobs -l}
+shell command.
+
+@code{attach} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} a second time after
+executing the command.
+@end table
+
+To use @code{attach}, you must be debugging in an environment which
+supports processes. You must also have permission to send the process a
+signal, and it must have the same effective user ID as the _GDBN__
+process.
+
+When using @code{attach}, you should first use the @code{file} command
+to specify the program running in the process and load its symbol table.
+@xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}.
+
+The first thing _GDBN__ does after arranging to debug the specified
+process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process
+with all the _GDBN__ commands that are ordinarily available when you start
+processes with @code{run}. You can insert breakpoints; you can step and
+continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the process
+continue running, you may use the @code{continue} command after
+attaching _GDBN__ to the process.
+
+@table @code
+@item detach
+@kindex detach
+When you have finished debugging the attached process, you can use the
+@code{detach} command to release it from _GDBN__'s control. Detaching
+the process continues its execution. After the @code{detach} command,
+that process and _GDBN__ become completely independent once more, and you
+are ready to @code{attach} another process or start one with @code{run}.
+@code{detach} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after
+executing the command.
+@end table
+
+If you exit _GDBN__ or use the @code{run} command while you have an attached
+process, you kill that process. By default, you will be asked for
+confirmation if you try to do either of these things; you can control
+whether or not you need to confirm by using the @code{set confirm} command
+(@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}).
+
+@node Kill Process
+@c @group
+@section Killing the Child Process
+
+@table @code
+@item kill
+@kindex kill
+Kill the child process in which your program is running under _GDBN__.
+@end table
+
+This command is useful if you wish to debug a core dump instead of a
+running process. _GDBN__ ignores any core dump file while your program
+is running.
+@c @end group
+
+On some operating systems, a program cannot be executed outside _GDBN__
+while you have breakpoints set on it inside _GDBN__. You can use the
+@code{kill} command in this situation to permit running your program
+outside the debugger.
+
+The @code{kill} command is also useful if you wish to recompile and
+relink your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an
+executable file while it is running in a process. In this case, when you
+next type @code{run}, _GDBN__ will notice that the file has changed, and
+will re-read the symbol table (while trying to preserve your current
+breakpoint settings).
+
+@node Process Information
+@section Additional Process Information
+
+@kindex /proc
+@cindex process image
+Some operating systems provide a facility called @samp{/proc} that can
+be used to examine the image of a running process using file-system
+subroutines. If _GDBN__ is configured for an operating system with this
+facility, the command @code{info proc} is available to report on several
+kinds of information about the process running your program.
+
+@table @code
+@item info proc
+@kindex info proc
+Summarize available information about the process.
+
+@item info proc mappings
+@kindex info proc mappings
+Report on the address ranges accessible in the program, with information
+on whether your program may read, write, or execute each range.
+
+@item info proc times
+@kindex info proc times
+Starting time, user CPU time, and system CPU time for your program and
+its children.
+
+@item info proc id
+@kindex info proc id
+Report on the process ID's related to your program: its own process id,
+the id of its parent, the process group id, and the session id.
+
+@item info proc status
+@kindex info proc status
+General information on the state of the process. If the process is
+stopped, this report includes the reason for stopping, and any signal
+received.
+
+@item info proc all
+Show all the above information about the process.
+@end table
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Stopping
+@chapter Stopping and Continuing
+
+The principal purpose of using a debugger is so that you can stop your
+program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into
+trouble, you can investigate and find out why.
+
+Inside _GDBN__, your program may stop for any of several reasons, such
+as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a _GDBN__
+command such as @code{step}. You may then examine and change
+variables, set new breakpoints or remove old ones, and then continue
+execution. Usually, the messages shown by _GDBN__ provide ample
+explanation of the status of your program---but you can also explicitly
+request this information at any time.
+
+@table @code
+@item info program
+@kindex info program
+Display information about the status of your program: whether it is
+running or not, what process it is, and why it stopped.
+@end table
+
+@menu
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Exceptions
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints and Watchpoints
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+* Continuing and Stepping:: Resuming Execution
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+* Signals:: Signals
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@end menu
+
+@node Breakpoints
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@section Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Exceptions
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@section Breakpoints and Watchpoints
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+
+@cindex breakpoints
+A @dfn{breakpoint} makes your program stop whenever a certain point in
+the program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add various
+conditions to control in finer detail whether your program will stop.
+You can set breakpoints with the @code{break} command and its variants
+(@pxref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}), to specify the place where
+your program should stop by line number, function name or exact address
+in the program.
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+In languages with exception handling (such as GNU C++), you can also set
+breakpoints where an exception is raised (@pxref{Exception Handling,
+,Breakpoints and Exceptions}).
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@cindex watchpoints
+@cindex memory tracing
+@cindex breakpoint on memory address
+@cindex breakpoint on variable modification
+A @dfn{watchpoint} is a special breakpoint that stops your program
+when the value of an expression changes. You must use a different
+command to set watchpoints (@pxref{Set Watchpoints, ,Setting
+Watchpoints}), but aside from that, you can manage a watchpoint like
+any other breakpoint: you enable, disable, and delete both breakpoints
+and watchpoints using the same commands.
+
+@cindex breakpoint numbers
+@cindex numbers for breakpoints
+_GDBN__ assigns a number to each breakpoint or watchpoint when you
+create it; these numbers are successive integers starting with one. In
+many of the commands for controlling various features of breakpoints you
+use the breakpoint number to say which breakpoint you want to change.
+Each breakpoint may be @dfn{enabled} or @dfn{disabled}; if disabled, it has
+no effect on your program until you enable it again.
+
+@menu
+* Set Breaks:: Setting Breakpoints
+* Set Watchpoints:: Setting Watchpoints
+* Exception Handling:: Breakpoints and Exceptions
+* Delete Breaks:: Deleting Breakpoints
+* Disabling:: Disabling Breakpoints
+* Conditions:: Break Conditions
+* Break Commands:: Breakpoint Command Lists
+* Breakpoint Menus:: Breakpoint Menus
+* Error in Breakpoints::
+@end menu
+
+@node Set Breaks
+@subsection Setting Breakpoints
+
+@c FIXME LMB what does GDB do if no code on line of breakpt?
+@c consider in particular declaration with/without initialization.
+@c
+@c FIXME 2 is there stuff on this already? break at fun start, already init?
+
+@kindex break
+@kindex b
+@kindex $bpnum
+@cindex latest breakpoint
+Breakpoints are set with the @code{break} command (abbreviated
+@code{b}). The debugger convenience variable @samp{$bpnum} records the
+number of the beakpoint you've set most recently; see @ref{Convenience
+Vars,, Convenience Variables}, for a discussion of what you can do with
+convenience variables.
+
+You have several ways to say where the breakpoint should go.
+
+@table @code
+@item break @var{function}
+Set a breakpoint at entry to function @var{function}.
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+When using source languages that permit overloading of symbols, such as
+C++, @var{function} may refer to more than one possible place to break.
+@xref{Breakpoint Menus}, for a discussion of that situation.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@item break +@var{offset}
+@itemx break -@var{offset}
+Set a breakpoint some number of lines forward or back from the position
+at which execution stopped in the currently selected frame.
+
+@item break @var{linenum}
+Set a breakpoint at line @var{linenum} in the current source file.
+That file is the last file whose source text was printed. This
+breakpoint will stop your program just before it executes any of the
+code on that line.
+
+@item break @var{filename}:@var{linenum}
+Set a breakpoint at line @var{linenum} in source file @var{filename}.
+
+@item break @var{filename}:@var{function}
+Set a breakpoint at entry to function @var{function} found in file
+@var{filename}. Specifying a file name as well as a function name is
+superfluous except when multiple files contain similarly named
+functions.
+
+@item break *@var{address}
+Set a breakpoint at address @var{address}. You can use this to set
+breakpoints in parts of your program which do not have debugging
+information or source files.
+
+@item break
+When called without any arguments, @code{break} sets a breakpoint at
+the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame
+(@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the Stack}). In any selected frame but the
+innermost, this will cause your program to stop as soon as control
+returns to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a
+@code{finish} command in the frame inside the selected frame---except
+that @code{finish} does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use
+@code{break} without an argument in the innermost frame, _GDBN__ will stop
+the next time it reaches the current location; this may be useful
+inside loops.
+
+_GDBN__ normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until at
+least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do this, you
+would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without first disabling the
+breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not the breakpoint already
+existed when your program stopped.
+
+@item break @dots{} if @var{cond}
+Set a breakpoint with condition @var{cond}; evaluate the expression
+@var{cond} each time the breakpoint is reached, and stop only if the
+value is nonzero---that is, if @var{cond} evaluates as true.
+@samp{@dots{}} stands for one of the possible arguments described
+above (or no argument) specifying where to break. @xref{Conditions,
+,Break Conditions}, for more information on breakpoint conditions.
+
+@item tbreak @var{args}
+@kindex tbreak
+Set a breakpoint enabled only for one stop. @var{args} are the
+same as for the @code{break} command, and the breakpoint is set in the same
+way, but the breakpoint is automatically disabled after the first time your
+program stops there. @xref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}.
+
+@item rbreak @var{regex}
+@kindex rbreak
+@cindex regular expression
+@c FIXME what kind of regexp?
+Set breakpoints on all functions matching the regular expression
+@var{regex}. This command
+sets an unconditional breakpoint on all matches, printing a list of all
+breakpoints it set. Once these breakpoints are set, they are treated
+just like the breakpoints set with the @code{break} command. They can
+be deleted, disabled, made conditional, etc., in the standard ways.
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+When debugging C++ programs, @code{rbreak} is useful for setting
+breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special
+classes.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@kindex info breakpoints
+@cindex @code{$_} and @code{info breakpoints}
+@item info breakpoints @r{[}@var{n}@r{]}
+@itemx info break @r{[}@var{n}@r{]}
+@itemx info watchpoints @r{[}@var{n}@r{]}
+Print a table of all breakpoints and watchpoints set and not
+deleted, with the following columns for each breakpoint:
+
+@table @emph
+@item Breakpoint Numbers
+@item Type
+Breakpoint or watchpoint.
+@item Disposition
+Whether the breakpoint is marked to be disabled or deleted when hit.
+@item Enabled or Disabled
+Enabled breakpoints are marked with @samp{y}. @samp{n} marks breakpoints
+that are not enabled.
+@item Address
+Where the breakpoint is in your program, as a memory address
+@item What
+Where the breakpoint is in the source for your program, as a file and
+line number.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+Breakpoint commands, if any, are listed after the line for the
+corresponding breakpoint.
+
+@noindent
+@code{info break} with a breakpoint
+number @var{n} as argument lists only that breakpoint. The
+convenience variable @code{$_} and the default examining-address for
+the @code{x} command are set to the address of the last breakpoint
+listed (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}).
+@end table
+
+_GDBN__ allows you to set any number of breakpoints at the same place in
+your program. There is nothing silly or meaningless about this. When
+the breakpoints are conditional, this is even useful
+(@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}).
+
+@cindex negative breakpoint numbers
+@cindex internal _GDBN__ breakpoints
+_GDBN__ itself sometimes sets breakpoints in your program for special
+purposes, such as proper handling of @code{longjmp} (in C programs).
+These internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers, starting with
+@code{-1}; @samp{info breakpoints} does not display them.
+
+You can see these breakpoints with the _GDBN__ maintenance command
+@samp{maint info breakpoints}.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex maint info breakpoints
+@item maint info breakpoints
+Using the same format as @samp{info breakpoints}, display both the
+breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those _GDBN__ is using for
+internal purposes. Internal breakpoints are shown with negative
+breakpoint numbers. The type column identifies what kind of breakpoint
+is shown:
+
+@table @code
+@item breakpoint
+Normal, explicitly set breakpoint.
+
+@item watchpoint
+Normal, explicitly set watchpoint.
+
+@item longjmp
+Internal breakpoint, used to handle correctly stepping through
+@code{longjmp} calls.
+
+@item longjmp resume
+Internal breakpoint at the target of a @code{longjmp}.
+
+@item until
+Temporary internal breakpoint used by the _GDBN__ @code{until} command.
+
+@item finish
+Temporary internal breakpoint used by the _GDBN__ @code{finish} command.
+@end table
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node Set Watchpoints
+@subsection Setting Watchpoints
+@cindex setting watchpoints
+
+You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an
+expression changes, without having to predict a particular place
+where this may happen.
+
+Watchpoints currently execute two orders of magnitude more slowly than
+other breakpoints, but this can well be worth it to catch errors where
+you have no clue what part of your program is the culprit. Some
+processors provide special hardware to support watchpoint evaluation; future
+releases of _GDBN__ will use such hardware if it is available.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex watch
+@item watch @var{expr}
+Set a watchpoint for an expression.
+
+@kindex info watchpoints
+@item info watchpoints
+This command prints a list of watchpoints and breakpoints; it is the
+same as @code{info break}.
+@end table
+
+@node Exception Handling
+@subsection Breakpoints and Exceptions
+@cindex exception handlers
+
+Some languages, such as GNU C++, implement exception handling. You can
+use _GDBN__ to examine what caused your program to raise an exception,
+and to list the exceptions your program is prepared to handle at a
+given point in time.
+
+@table @code
+@item catch @var{exceptions}
+@kindex catch
+You can set breakpoints at active exception handlers by using the
+@code{catch} command. @var{exceptions} is a list of names of exceptions
+to catch.
+@end table
+
+You can use @code{info catch} to list active exception handlers.
+@xref{Frame Info, ,Information About a Frame}.
+
+There are currently some limitations to exception handling in _GDBN__.
+These will be corrected in a future release.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+If you call a function interactively, _GDBN__ normally returns
+control to you when the function has finished executing. If the call
+raises an exception, however, the call may bypass the mechanism that
+returns control to you and cause your program to simply continue
+running until it hits a breakpoint, catches a signal that _GDBN__ is
+listening for, or exits.
+@item
+You cannot raise an exception interactively.
+@item
+You cannot interactively install an exception handler.
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex raise exceptions
+Sometimes @code{catch} is not the best way to debug exception handling:
+if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better to
+stop @emph{before} the exception handler is called, since that way you
+can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a
+breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find
+out where the exception was raised.
+
+To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some
+knowledge of the implementation. In the case of GNU C++, exceptions are
+raised by calling a library function named @code{__raise_exception}
+which has the following ANSI C interface:
+
+@example
+ /* @var{addr} is where the exception identifier is stored.
+ ID is the exception identifier. */
+ void __raise_exception (void **@var{addr}, void *@var{id});
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack
+unwinding takes place, set a breakpoint on @code{__raise_exception}
+(@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints Watchpoints and Exceptions}).
+
+With a conditional breakpoint (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions})
+that depends on the value of @var{id}, you can stop your program when
+a specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional
+breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are
+raised.
+
+@node Delete Breaks
+@subsection Deleting Breakpoints
+
+@cindex clearing breakpoints, watchpoints
+@cindex deleting breakpoints, watchpoints
+It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint or watchpoint once it
+has done its job and you no longer want your program to stop there. This
+is called @dfn{deleting} the breakpoint. A breakpoint that has been
+deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten.
+
+With the @code{clear} command you can delete breakpoints according to
+where they are in your program. With the @code{delete} command you can
+delete individual breakpoints or watchpoints by specifying their
+breakpoint numbers.
+
+It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. _GDBN__
+automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be executed
+when you continue execution without changing the execution address.
+
+@table @code
+@item clear
+@kindex clear
+Delete any breakpoints at the next instruction to be executed in the
+selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). When
+the innermost frame is selected, this is a good way to delete a
+breakpoint where your program just stopped.
+
+@item clear @var{function}
+@itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{function}
+Delete any breakpoints set at entry to the function @var{function}.
+
+@item clear @var{linenum}
+@itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{linenum}
+Delete any breakpoints set at or within the code of the specified line.
+
+@item delete @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{bnums}@dots{}@r{]}
+@cindex delete breakpoints
+@kindex delete
+@kindex d
+Delete the breakpoints or watchpoints of the numbers specified as
+arguments. If no argument is specified, delete all breakpoints (_GDBN__
+asks confirmation, unless you have @code{set confirm off}). You
+can abbreviate this command as @code{d}.
+@end table
+
+@node Disabling
+@subsection Disabling Breakpoints
+
+@cindex disabled breakpoints
+@cindex enabled breakpoints
+Rather than deleting a breakpoint or watchpoint, you might prefer to
+@dfn{disable} it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it had
+been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so that
+you can @dfn{enable} it again later.
+
+You disable and enable breakpoints and watchpoints with the
+@code{enable} and @code{disable} commands, optionally specifying one or
+more breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use @code{info break} or
+@code{info watch} to print a list of breakpoints or watchpoints if you
+do not know which numbers to use.
+
+A breakpoint or watchpoint can have any of four different states of
+enablement:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Enabled. The breakpoint will stop your program. A breakpoint set
+with the @code{break} command starts out in this state.
+@item
+Disabled. The breakpoint has no effect on your program.
+@item
+Enabled once. The breakpoint will stop your program, but
+when it does so it will become disabled. A breakpoint set
+with the @code{tbreak} command starts out in this state.
+@item
+Enabled for deletion. The breakpoint will stop your program, but
+immediately after it does so it will be deleted permanently.
+@end itemize
+
+You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints and
+watchpoints:
+
+@table @code
+@item disable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{bnums}@dots{}@r{]}
+@kindex disable breakpoints
+@kindex disable
+@kindex dis
+Disable the specified breakpoints---or all breakpoints, if none are
+listed. A disabled breakpoint has no effect but is not forgotten. All
+options such as ignore-counts, conditions and commands are remembered in
+case the breakpoint is enabled again later. You may abbreviate
+@code{disable} as @code{dis}.
+
+@item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{bnums}@dots{}@r{]}
+@kindex enable breakpoints
+@kindex enable
+Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints). They
+become effective once again in stopping your program.
+
+@item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} once @var{bnums}@dots{}
+Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. Each will be disabled
+again the next time it stops your program.
+
+@item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} delete @var{bnums}@dots{}
+Enable the specified breakpoints to work once and then die. Each of
+the breakpoints will be deleted the next time it stops your program.
+@end table
+
+Save for a breakpoint set with @code{tbreak} (@pxref{Set Breaks,
+,Setting Breakpoints}), breakpoints that you set are initially
+enabled; subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you
+use one of the commands above. (The command @code{until} can set and
+delete a breakpoint of its own, but it will not change the state of
+your other breakpoints; see @ref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}.)
+
+@node Conditions
+@subsection Break Conditions
+@cindex conditional breakpoints
+@cindex breakpoint conditions
+
+@c FIXME what is scope of break condition expr? Context where wanted?
+@c in particular for a watchpoint?
+The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a
+specified place. You can also specify a @dfn{condition} for a
+breakpoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your
+programming language (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). A breakpoint with
+a condition evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it,
+and your program stops only if the condition is @emph{true}.
+
+This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in that
+situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated---that is,
+when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an assertion expressed
+by the condition @var{assert}, you should set the condition
+@samp{! @var{assert}} on the appropriate breakpoint.
+
+Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them,
+since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow---but
+it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name,
+and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an interesting
+one.
+
+Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions in
+your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions
+that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to
+format special data structures. The effects are completely predictable
+unless there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In
+that case, _GDBN__ might see the other breakpoint first and stop your
+program without checking the condition of this one.) Note that
+breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and flexible for the
+purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached
+(@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint Command Lists}).
+
+Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using
+@samp{if} in the arguments to the @code{break} command. @xref{Set
+Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}. They can also be changed at any time
+with the @code{condition} command. The @code{watch} command does not
+recognize the @code{if} keyword; @code{condition} is the only way to
+impose a further condition on a watchpoint.
+
+@table @code
+@item condition @var{bnum} @var{expression}
+@kindex condition
+Specify @var{expression} as the break condition for breakpoint or
+watchpoint number @var{bnum}. From now on, this breakpoint will stop
+your program only if the value of @var{expression} is true (nonzero, in
+C). When you use @code{condition}, _GDBN__ checks @var{expression}
+immediately for syntactic correctness, and to determine whether symbols
+in it have referents in the context of your breakpoint.
+@c FIXME so what does GDB do if there is no referent? Moreover, what
+@c about watchpoints?
+_GDBN__ does
+not actually evaluate @var{expression} at the time the @code{condition}
+command is given, however. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
+
+@item condition @var{bnum}
+Remove the condition from breakpoint number @var{bnum}. It becomes
+an ordinary unconditional breakpoint.
+@end table
+
+@cindex ignore count (of breakpoint)
+A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the
+breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so
+useful that there is a special way to do it, using the @dfn{ignore
+count} of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which
+is an integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and
+therefore has no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose
+ignore count is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements
+the ignore count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count
+value is @var{n}, the breakpoint will not stop the next @var{n} times it
+is reached.
+
+@table @code
+@item ignore @var{bnum} @var{count}
+@kindex ignore
+Set the ignore count of breakpoint number @var{bnum} to @var{count}.
+The next @var{count} times the breakpoint is reached, your program's
+execution will not stop; other than to decrement the ignore count, _GDBN__
+takes no action.
+
+To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify
+a count of zero.
+
+@item continue @var{count}
+@itemx c @var{count}
+@itemx fg @var{count}
+@kindex continue @var{count}
+Continue execution of your program, setting the ignore count of the
+breakpoint where your program stopped to @var{count} minus one.
+Thus, your program will not stop at this breakpoint until the
+@var{count}'th time it is reached.
+
+An argument to this command is meaningful only when your program stopped
+due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to @code{continue} is
+ignored.
+
+The synonym @code{fg} is provided purely for convenience, and has
+exactly the same behavior as other forms of the command.
+@end table
+
+If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the condition
+is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero, the condition will
+be checked.
+
+You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition such
+as _0__@w{@samp{$foo-- <= 0}}_1__ using a debugger convenience variable that
+is decremented each time. @xref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
+Variables}.
+
+@node Break Commands
+@subsection Breakpoint Command Lists
+
+@cindex breakpoint commands
+You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint) a series of commands to
+execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For example, you
+might want to print the values of certain expressions, or enable other
+breakpoints.
+
+@table @code
+@item commands @r{[}@var{bnum}@r{]}
+@itemx @dots{} @var{command-list} @dots{}
+@itemx end
+@kindex commands
+@kindex end
+Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number @var{bnum}. The commands
+themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just
+@code{end} to terminate the commands.
+
+To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type @code{commands} and
+follow it immediately with @code{end}; that is, give no commands.
+
+With no @var{bnum} argument, @code{commands} refers to the last
+breakpoint or watchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most recently
+encountered).
+@end table
+
+Pressing @key{RET} as a means of repeating the last _GDBN__ command is
+disabled within a @var{command-list}.
+
+You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply
+use the @code{continue} command, or @code{step}, or any other command
+that resumes execution. Subsequent commands in the command list are
+ignored.
+
+@kindex silent
+If the first command specified is @code{silent}, the usual message about
+stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for
+breakpoints that are to print a specific message and then continue.
+If the remaining commands too print nothing, you will see no sign that
+the breakpoint was reached at all. @code{silent} is meaningful only
+at the beginning of a breakpoint command list.
+
+The commands @code{echo} and @code{output} that allow you to print
+precisely controlled output are often useful in silent breakpoints.
+@xref{Output, ,Commands for Controlled Output}.
+
+For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print the
+value of @code{x} at entry to @code{foo} whenever @code{x} is positive.
+
+_0__@example
+break foo if x>0
+commands
+silent
+echo x is\040
+output x
+echo \n
+cont
+end
+_1__@end example
+
+One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug so
+you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous line
+of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something
+erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values
+to any variables that need them. End with the @code{continue} command
+so that your program does not stop, and start with the @code{silent}
+command so that no output is produced. Here is an example:
+
+@example
+break 403
+commands
+silent
+set x = y + 4
+cont
+end
+@end example
+
+@cindex lost output
+One deficiency in the operation of automatically continuing breakpoints
+under Unix appears when your program uses raw mode for the terminal.
+_GDBN__ switches back to its own terminal modes (not raw) before executing
+commands, and then must switch back to raw mode when your program is
+continued. This causes any pending terminal input to be lost.
+@c FIXME: revisit below when GNU sys avail.
+@c In the GNU system, this will be fixed by changing the behavior of
+@c terminal modes.
+
+Under Unix, you can get around this problem by writing actions into
+the breakpoint condition rather than in commands. For example
+
+@example
+condition 5 (x = y + 4), 0
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+specifies a condition expression (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}) that will
+change @code{x} as needed, then always have the value zero so your
+program will not stop. No input is lost here, because _GDBN__ evaluates
+break conditions without changing the terminal modes. When you want
+to have nontrivial conditions for performing the side effects, the
+operators @samp{&&}, @samp{||} and @samp{?@dots{}:} may be useful.
+
+@node Breakpoint Menus
+@subsection Breakpoint Menus
+@cindex overloading
+@cindex symbol overloading
+
+Some programming languages (notably C++) permit a single function name
+to be defined several times, for application in different contexts.
+This is called @dfn{overloading}. When a function name is overloaded,
+@samp{break @var{function}} is not enough to tell _GDBN__ where you want
+a breakpoint. If you realize this will be a problem, you can use
+something like @samp{break @var{function}(@var{types})} to specify which
+particular version of the function you want. Otherwise, _GDBN__ offers
+you a menu of numbered choices for different possible breakpoints, and
+waits for your selection with the prompt @samp{>}. The first two
+options are always @samp{[0] cancel} and @samp{[1] all}. Typing @kbd{1}
+sets a breakpoint at each definition of @var{function}, and typing
+@kbd{0} aborts the @code{break} command without setting any new
+breakpoints.
+
+For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a
+breakpoint at the overloaded symbol @code{String::after}.
+We choose three particular definitions of that function name:
+
+@c FIXME! This is likely to change to show arg type lists, at least
+@example
+(_GDBP__) b String::after
+[0] cancel
+[1] all
+[2] file:String.cc; line number:867
+[3] file:String.cc; line number:860
+[4] file:String.cc; line number:875
+[5] file:String.cc; line number:853
+[6] file:String.cc; line number:846
+[7] file:String.cc; line number:735
+> 2 4 6
+Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867.
+Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875.
+Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846.
+Multiple breakpoints were set.
+Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted breakpoints.
+(_GDBP__)
+@end example
+
+@node Error in Breakpoints
+@subsection ``Cannot Insert Breakpoints''
+
+@c FIXME: "cannot insert breakpoints" error, v unclear.
+@c Q in pending mail to Gilmore. ---pesch@cygnus.com, 26mar91
+@c some light may be shed by looking at instances of
+@c ONE_PROCESS_WRITETEXT. But error message seems possible otherwise
+@c too. pesch, 20sep91
+Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if
+any other process is running that program. In this situation,
+attempting to run or continue a program with a breakpoint causes _GDBN__
+to stop the other process.
+
+When this happens, you have three ways to proceed:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Remove or disable the breakpoints, then continue.
+
+@item
+Suspend _GDBN__, and copy the file containing your program to a new name.
+Resume _GDBN__ and use the @code{exec-file} command to specify that _GDBN__
+should run your program under that name. Then start your program again.
+
+@c FIXME: RMS commented here "Show example". Maybe when someone
+@c explains the first FIXME: in this section...
+
+@item
+Relink your program so that the text segment is nonsharable, using the
+linker option @samp{-N}. The operating system limitation may not apply
+to nonsharable executables.
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Continuing and Stepping
+@section Continuing and Stepping
+
+@cindex stepping
+@cindex continuing
+@cindex resuming execution
+@dfn{Continuing} means resuming program execution until your program
+completes normally. In contrast, @dfn{stepping} means executing just
+one more ``step'' of your program, where ``step'' may mean either one
+line of source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what
+particular command you use). Either when continuing
+or when stepping, your program may stop even sooner, due to
+_if__(_BARE__)
+a breakpoint.
+_fi__(_BARE__)
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+a breakpoint or to a signal. (If due to a signal, you may want to use
+@code{handle}, or use @samp{signal 0} to resume execution.
+@xref{Signals, ,Signals}.)
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@table @code
+@item continue @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
+@kindex continue
+Resume program execution, at the address where your program last stopped;
+any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument
+@var{ignore-count} allows you to specify a further number of times to
+ignore a breakpoint at this location; its effect is like that of
+@code{ignore} (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}).
+
+To resume execution at a different place, you can use @code{return}
+(@pxref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}) to go back to the
+calling function; or @code{jump} (@pxref{Jumping, ,Continuing at a
+Different Address}) to go to an arbitrary location in your program.
+@end table
+
+A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint
+(@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints Watchpoints and Exceptions}) at the
+beginning of the function or the section of your program where a
+problem is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that
+breakpoint, and then step through the suspect area, examining the
+variables that are interesting, until you see the problem happen.
+
+@table @code
+@item step
+@kindex step
+@kindex s
+Continue running your program until control reaches a different source
+line, then stop it and return control to _GDBN__. This command is
+abbreviated @code{s}.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} If you use the @code{step} command while control is
+within a function that was compiled without debugging information,
+execution will proceed until control reaches another function.
+@end quotation
+
+@item step @var{count}
+Continue running as in @code{step}, but do so @var{count} times. If a
+breakpoint is reached or a signal not related to stepping occurs before
+@var{count} steps, stepping stops right away.
+
+@item next @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
+@kindex next
+@kindex n
+Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack frame.
+Similar to @code{step}, but any function calls appearing within the line
+of code are executed without stopping. Execution stops when control
+reaches a different line of code at the stack level which was executing
+when the @code{next} command was given. This command is abbreviated
+@code{n}.
+
+An argument @var{count} is a repeat count, as for @code{step}.
+
+@code{next} within a function that lacks debugging information acts like
+@code{step}, but any function calls appearing within the code of the
+function are executed without stopping.
+
+@item finish
+@kindex finish
+Continue running until just after function in the selected stack frame
+returns. Print the returned value (if any).
+
+Contrast this with the @code{return} command (@pxref{Returning,
+,Returning from a Function}).
+
+@item until
+@kindex until
+@item u
+@kindex u
+Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the
+current stack frame, is reached. This command is used to avoid single
+stepping through a loop more than once. It is like the @code{next}
+command, except that when @code{until} encounters a jump, it
+automatically continues execution until the program counter is greater
+than the address of the jump.
+
+This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single stepping
+though it, @code{until} will cause your program to continue execution
+until the loop is exited. In contrast, a @code{next} command at the end
+of a loop will simply step back to the beginning of the loop, which
+would force you to step through the next iteration.
+
+@code{until} always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current
+stack frame.
+
+@code{until} may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order
+of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For
+example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the @code{f}
+(@code{frame}) command shows that execution is stopped at line
+@code{206}; yet when we use @code{until}, we get to line @code{195}:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) f
+#0 main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206
+206 expand_input();
+(_GDBP__) until
+195 for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) @{
+@end example
+
+This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had
+generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than the
+start, of the loop---even though the test in a C @code{for}-loop is
+written before the body of the loop. The @code{until} command appeared
+to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this
+expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier
+statement---not in terms of the actual machine code.
+
+@code{until} with no argument works by means of single
+instruction stepping, and hence is slower than @code{until} with an
+argument.
+
+@item until @var{location}
+@item u @var{location}
+Continue running your program until either the specified location is
+reached, or the current stack frame returns. @var{location} is any of
+the forms of argument acceptable to @code{break} (@pxref{Set Breaks,
+,Setting Breakpoints}). This form of the command uses breakpoints,
+and hence is quicker than @code{until} without an argument.
+
+@item stepi
+@itemx si
+@kindex stepi
+@kindex si
+Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to the debugger.
+
+It is often useful to do @samp{display/i $pc} when stepping by machine
+instructions. This will cause the next instruction to be executed to
+be displayed automatically at each stop. @xref{Auto Display,
+,Automatic Display}.
+
+An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{step}.
+
+@item nexti
+@itemx ni
+@kindex nexti
+@kindex ni
+Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call,
+proceed until the function returns.
+
+An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{next}.
+@end table
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@node Signals
+@section Signals
+@cindex signals
+
+A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The
+operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each
+kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix @code{SIGINT} is the
+signal a program gets when you type an interrupt (often @kbd{C-c});
+@code{SIGSEGV} is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in
+memory far away from all the areas in use; @code{SIGALRM} occurs when
+the alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has
+requested an alarm).
+
+@cindex fatal signals
+Some signals, including @code{SIGALRM}, are a normal part of the
+functioning of your program. Others, such as @code{SIGSEGV}, indicate
+errors; these signals are @dfn{fatal} (kill your program immediately) if the
+program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the signal.
+@code{SIGINT} does not indicate an error in your program, but it is normally
+fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to kill the program.
+
+_GDBN__ has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your
+program. You can tell _GDBN__ in advance what to do for each kind of
+signal.
+
+@cindex handling signals
+Normally, _GDBN__ is set up to ignore non-erroneous signals like @code{SIGALRM}
+(so as not to interfere with their role in the functioning of your program)
+but to stop your program immediately whenever an error signal happens.
+You can change these settings with the @code{handle} command.
+
+@table @code
+@item info signals
+@kindex info signals
+Print a table of all the kinds of signals and how _GDBN__ has been told to
+handle each one. You can use this to see the signal numbers of all
+the defined types of signals.
+
+@item handle @var{signal} @var{keywords}@dots{}
+@kindex handle
+Change the way _GDBN__ handles signal @var{signal}. @var{signal} can be the
+number of a signal or its name (with or without the @samp{SIG} at the
+beginning). The @var{keywords} say what change to make.
+@end table
+
+@c @group
+The keywords allowed by the @code{handle} command can be abbreviated.
+Their full names are:
+
+@table @code
+@item nostop
+_GDBN__ should not stop your program when this signal happens. It may
+still print a message telling you that the signal has come in.
+
+@item stop
+_GDBN__ should stop your program when this signal happens. This implies
+the @code{print} keyword as well.
+
+@item print
+_GDBN__ should print a message when this signal happens.
+
+@item noprint
+_GDBN__ should not mention the occurrence of the signal at all. This
+implies the @code{nostop} keyword as well.
+
+@item pass
+_GDBN__ should allow your program to see this signal; your program will be
+able to handle the signal, or may be terminated if the signal is fatal
+and not handled.
+
+@item nopass
+_GDBN__ should not allow your program to see this signal.
+@end table
+@c @end group
+
+When a signal has been set to stop your program, your program cannot see the
+signal until you continue. It will see the signal then, if @code{pass} is
+in effect for the signal in question @emph{at that time}. In other words,
+after _GDBN__ reports a signal, you can use the @code{handle} command with
+@code{pass} or @code{nopass} to control whether that signal will be seen by
+your program when you later continue it.
+
+You can also use the @code{signal} command to prevent your program from
+seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see,
+or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program stopped
+due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store correct
+values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see more
+execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as
+a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this,
+you can continue with @samp{signal 0}. @xref{Signaling, ,Giving your
+Program a Signal}.
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+
+@node Stack
+@chapter Examining the Stack
+
+When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is where it
+stopped and how it got there.
+
+@cindex call stack
+Each time your program performs a function call, the information about
+where in your program the call was made from is saved in a block of data
+called a @dfn{stack frame}. The frame also contains the arguments of the
+call and the local variables of the function that was called. All the
+stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the @dfn{call
+stack}.
+
+When your program stops, the _GDBN__ commands for examining the stack allow you
+to see all of this information.
+
+@cindex selected frame
+One of the stack frames is @dfn{selected} by _GDBN__ and many _GDBN__ commands
+refer implicitly to the selected frame. In particular, whenever you ask
+_GDBN__ for the value of a variable in your program, the value is found in the
+selected frame. There are special _GDBN__ commands to select whichever frame
+you are interested in.
+
+When your program stops, _GDBN__ automatically selects the currently executing
+frame and describes it briefly as the @code{frame} command does
+(@pxref{Frame Info, ,Information About a Frame}).
+
+@menu
+* Frames:: Stack Frames
+* Backtrace:: Backtraces
+* Selection:: Selecting a Frame
+* Frame Info:: Information on a Frame
+@end menu
+
+@node Frames
+@section Stack Frames
+
+@cindex frame
+@cindex stack frame
+The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called @dfn{stack
+frames}, or @dfn{frames} for short; each frame is the data associated
+with one call to one function. The frame contains the arguments given
+to the function, the function's local variables, and the address at
+which the function is executing.
+
+@cindex initial frame
+@cindex outermost frame
+@cindex innermost frame
+When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of the
+function @code{main}. This is called the @dfn{initial} frame or the
+@dfn{outermost} frame. Each time a function is called, a new frame is
+made. Each time a function returns, the frame for that function invocation
+is eliminated. If a function is recursive, there can be many frames for
+the same function. The frame for the function in which execution is
+actually occurring is called the @dfn{innermost} frame. This is the most
+recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.
+
+@cindex frame pointer
+Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses. A
+stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own address; each
+kind of computer has a convention for choosing one of those bytes whose
+address serves as the address of the frame. Usually this address is kept
+in a register called the @dfn{frame pointer register} while execution is
+going on in that frame.
+
+@cindex frame number
+_GDBN__ assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with
+zero for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it,
+and so on upward. These numbers do not really exist in your program;
+they are assigned by _GDBN__ to give you a way of designating stack
+frames in _GDBN__ commands.
+
+@cindex frameless execution
+Some compilers allow functions to be compiled so that they operate
+without stack frames. (For example, the @code{_GCC__} option
+@samp{-fomit-frame-pointer} will generate functions without a frame.)
+This is occasionally done with heavily used library functions to save
+the frame setup time. _GDBN__ has limited facilities for dealing with
+these function invocations. If the innermost function invocation has no
+stack frame, _GDBN__ will nevertheless regard it as though it had a
+separate frame, which is numbered zero as usual, allowing correct
+tracing of the function call chain. However, _GDBN__ has no provision
+for frameless functions elsewhere in the stack.
+
+@node Backtrace
+@section Backtraces
+
+A backtrace is a summary of how your program got where it is. It shows one
+line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently executing
+frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and on up the
+stack.
+
+@table @code
+@item backtrace
+@itemx bt
+@kindex backtrace
+@kindex bt
+Print a backtrace of the entire stack: one line per frame for all
+frames in the stack.
+
+You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system interrupt
+character, normally @kbd{C-c}.
+
+@item backtrace @var{n}
+@itemx bt @var{n}
+Similar, but print only the innermost @var{n} frames.
+
+@item backtrace -@var{n}
+@itemx bt -@var{n}
+Similar, but print only the outermost @var{n} frames.
+@end table
+
+@kindex where
+@kindex info stack
+@kindex info s
+The names @code{where} and @code{info stack} (abbreviated @code{info s})
+are additional aliases for @code{backtrace}.
+
+Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function name.
+The program counter value is also shown---unless you use @code{set
+print address off}. The backtrace also shows the source file name and
+line number, as well as the arguments to the function. The program
+counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that
+line number.
+
+Here is an example of a backtrace. It was made with the command
+@samp{bt 3}, so it shows the innermost three frames.
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+#0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
+ at builtin.c:993
+#1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600) at macro.c:242
+#2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08)
+ at macro.c:71
+(More stack frames follow...)
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+The display for frame zero does not begin with a program counter
+value, indicating that your program has stopped at the beginning of the
+code for line @code{993} of @code{builtin.c}.
+
+@node Selection
+@section Selecting a Frame
+
+Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program work on
+whichever stack frame is selected at the moment. Here are the commands for
+selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a brief description
+of the stack frame just selected.
+
+@table @code
+@item frame @var{n}
+@itemx f @var{n}
+@kindex frame
+@kindex f
+Select frame number @var{n}. Recall that frame zero is the innermost
+(currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the
+innermost one, and so on. The highest-numbered frame is @code{main}'s
+frame.
+
+@item frame @var{addr}
+@itemx f @var{addr}
+Select the frame at address @var{addr}. This is useful mainly if the
+chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it
+impossible for _GDBN__ to assign numbers properly to all frames. In
+addition, this can be useful when your program has multiple stacks and
+switches between them.
+
+_if__(_SPARC__)
+On the SPARC architecture, @code{frame} needs two addresses to
+select an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer.
+@c note to future updaters: this is conditioned on a flag
+@c FRAME_SPECIFICATION_DYADIC in the tm-*.h files, currently only used
+@c by SPARC, hence the specific attribution. Generalize or list all
+@c possibilities if more supported machines start doing this.
+_fi__(_SPARC__)
+
+@item up @var{n}
+@kindex up
+Move @var{n} frames up the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this
+advances toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers, to frames
+that have existed longer. @var{n} defaults to one.
+
+@item down @var{n}
+@kindex down
+@kindex do
+Move @var{n} frames down the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this
+advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame numbers, to frames
+that were created more recently. @var{n} defaults to one. You may
+abbreviate @code{down} as @code{do}.
+@end table
+
+All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing the
+frame. The first line shows the frame number, the function name, the
+arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that
+frame. The second line shows the text of that source line. For
+example:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+(_GDBP__) up
+#1 0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc)
+ at env.c:10
+10 read_input_file (argv[i]);
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+After such a printout, the @code{list} command with no arguments will
+print ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame.
+@xref{List, ,Printing Source Lines}.
+
+@table @code
+@item up-silently @var{n}
+@itemx down-silently @var{n}
+@kindex down-silently
+@kindex up-silently
+These two commands are variants of @code{up} and @code{down},
+respectively; they differ in that they do their work silently, without
+causing display of the new frame. They are intended primarily for use
+in _GDBN__ command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and
+distracting.
+@end table
+
+@node Frame Info
+@section Information About a Frame
+
+There are several other commands to print information about the selected
+stack frame.
+
+@table @code
+@item frame
+@itemx f
+When used without any argument, this command does not change which
+frame is selected, but prints a brief description of the currently
+selected stack frame. It can be abbreviated @code{f}. With an
+argument, this command is used to select a stack frame
+(@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}).
+
+@item info frame
+@itemx info f
+@kindex info frame
+@kindex info f
+This command prints a verbose description of the selected stack frame,
+including the address of the frame, the addresses of the next frame down
+(called by this frame) and the next frame up (caller of this frame), the
+language that the source code corresponding to this frame was written in,
+the address of the frame's arguments, the program counter saved in it
+(the address of execution in the caller frame), and which registers
+were saved in the frame. The verbose description is useful when
+something has gone wrong that has made the stack format fail to fit
+the usual conventions.
+
+@item info frame @var{addr}
+@itemx info f @var{addr}
+Print a verbose description of the frame at address @var{addr},
+without selecting that frame. The selected frame remains unchanged by
+this command.
+
+@item info args
+@kindex info args
+Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line.
+
+@item info locals
+@kindex info locals
+Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate
+line. These are all variables declared static or automatic within all
+program blocks that execution in this frame is currently inside of.
+
+@item info catch
+@kindex info catch
+@cindex catch exceptions
+@cindex exception handlers
+Print a list of all the exception handlers that are active in the
+current stack frame at the current point of execution. To see other
+exception handlers, visit the associated frame (using the @code{up},
+@code{down}, or @code{frame} commands); then type @code{info catch}.
+@xref{Exception Handling, ,Breakpoints and Exceptions}.
+@end table
+
+@node Source
+@chapter Examining Source Files
+
+_GDBN__ can print parts of your program's source, since the debugging
+information recorded in your program tells _GDBN__ what source files were
+used to build it. When your program stops, _GDBN__ spontaneously prints
+the line where it stopped. Likewise, when you select a stack frame
+(@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}), _GDBN__ prints the line where
+execution in that frame has stopped. You can print other portions of
+source files by explicit command.
+
+_if__(!_DOSHOST__)
+If you use _GDBN__ through its GNU Emacs interface, you may prefer to use
+Emacs facilities to view source; @pxref{Emacs, ,Using _GDBN__ under GNU
+Emacs}.
+_fi__(!_DOSHOST__)
+
+@menu
+* List:: Printing Source Lines
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+* Search:: Searching Source Files
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+* Source Path:: Specifying Source Directories
+* Machine Code:: Source and Machine Code
+@end menu
+
+@node List
+@section Printing Source Lines
+
+@kindex list
+@kindex l
+To print lines from a source file, use the @code{list} command
+(abbreviated @code{l}). There are several ways to specify what part
+of the file you want to print.
+
+Here are the forms of the @code{list} command most commonly used:
+
+@table @code
+@item list @var{linenum}
+Print lines centered around line number @var{linenum} in the
+current source file.
+
+@item list @var{function}
+Print lines centered around the beginning of function
+@var{function}.
+
+@item list
+Print more lines. If the last lines printed were printed with a
+@code{list} command, this prints lines following the last lines
+printed; however, if the last line printed was a solitary line printed
+as part of displaying a stack frame (@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the
+Stack}), this prints lines centered around that line.
+
+@item list -
+Print lines just before the lines last printed.
+@end table
+
+By default, _GDBN__ prints ten source lines with any of these forms of
+the @code{list} command. You can change this using @code{set listsize}:
+
+@table @code
+@item set listsize @var{count}
+@kindex set listsize
+Make the @code{list} command display @var{count} source lines (unless
+the @code{list} argument explicitly specifies some other number).
+
+@item show listsize
+@kindex show listsize
+Display the number of lines that @code{list} will currently display by
+default.
+@end table
+
+Repeating a @code{list} command with @key{RET} discards the argument,
+so it is equivalent to typing just @code{list}. This is more useful
+than listing the same lines again. An exception is made for an
+argument of @samp{-}; that argument is preserved in repetition so that
+each repetition moves up in the source file.
+
+@cindex linespec
+In general, the @code{list} command expects you to supply zero, one or two
+@dfn{linespecs}. Linespecs specify source lines; there are several ways
+of writing them but the effect is always to specify some source line.
+Here is a complete description of the possible arguments for @code{list}:
+
+@table @code
+@item list @var{linespec}
+Print lines centered around the line specified by @var{linespec}.
+
+@item list @var{first},@var{last}
+Print lines from @var{first} to @var{last}. Both arguments are
+linespecs.
+
+@item list ,@var{last}
+Print lines ending with @var{last}.
+
+@item list @var{first},
+Print lines starting with @var{first}.
+
+@item list +
+Print lines just after the lines last printed.
+
+@item list -
+Print lines just before the lines last printed.
+
+@item list
+As described in the preceding table.
+@end table
+
+Here are the ways of specifying a single source line---all the
+kinds of linespec.
+
+@table @code
+@item @var{number}
+Specifies line @var{number} of the current source file.
+When a @code{list} command has two linespecs, this refers to
+the same source file as the first linespec.
+
+@item +@var{offset}
+Specifies the line @var{offset} lines after the last line printed.
+When used as the second linespec in a @code{list} command that has
+two, this specifies the line @var{offset} lines down from the
+first linespec.
+
+@item -@var{offset}
+Specifies the line @var{offset} lines before the last line printed.
+
+@item @var{filename}:@var{number}
+Specifies line @var{number} in the source file @var{filename}.
+
+@item @var{function}
+@c FIXME: "of the open-brace" is C-centric. When we add other langs...
+Specifies the line of the open-brace that begins the body of the
+function @var{function}.
+
+@item @var{filename}:@var{function}
+Specifies the line of the open-brace that begins the body of the
+function @var{function} in the file @var{filename}. You only need the
+file name with a function name to avoid ambiguity when there are
+identically named functions in different source files.
+
+@item *@var{address}
+Specifies the line containing the program address @var{address}.
+@var{address} may be any expression.
+@end table
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@node Search
+@section Searching Source Files
+@cindex searching
+@kindex reverse-search
+
+There are two commands for searching through the current source file for a
+regular expression.
+
+@table @code
+@item forward-search @var{regexp}
+@itemx search @var{regexp}
+@kindex search
+@kindex forward-search
+The command @samp{forward-search @var{regexp}} checks each line,
+starting with the one following the last line listed, for a match for
+@var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can use
+synonym @samp{search @var{regexp}} or abbreviate the command name as
+@code{fo}.
+
+@item reverse-search @var{regexp}
+The command @samp{reverse-search @var{regexp}} checks each line, starting
+with the one before the last line listed and going backward, for a match
+for @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can abbreviate
+this command as @code{rev}.
+@end table
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+
+@node Source Path
+@section Specifying Source Directories
+
+@cindex source path
+@cindex directories for source files
+Executable programs sometimes do not record the directories of the source
+files from which they were compiled, just the names. Even when they do,
+the directories could be moved between the compilation and your debugging
+session. _GDBN__ has a list of directories to search for source files;
+this is called the @dfn{source path}. Each time _GDBN__ wants a source file,
+it tries all the directories in the list, in the order they are present
+in the list, until it finds a file with the desired name. Note that
+the executable search path is @emph{not} used for this purpose. Neither is
+the current working directory, unless it happens to be in the source
+path.
+
+If _GDBN__ cannot find a source file in the source path, and the object
+program records a directory, _GDBN__ tries that directory too. If the
+source path is empty, and there is no record of the compilation
+directory, _GDBN__ will, as a last resort, look in the current
+directory.
+
+Whenever you reset or rearrange the source path, _GDBN__ will clear out
+any information it has cached about where source files are found, where
+each line is in the file, etc.
+
+@kindex directory
+When you start _GDBN__, its source path is empty.
+To add other directories, use the @code{directory} command.
+
+@table @code
+@item directory @var{dirname} @dots{}
+Add directory @var{dirname} to the front of the source path. Several
+directory names may be given to this command, separated by @samp{:} or
+whitespace. You may specify a directory that is already in the source
+path; this moves it forward, so it will be searched sooner.
+
+You can use the string @samp{$cdir} to refer to the compilation
+directory (if one is recorded), and @samp{$cwd} to refer to the current
+working directory. @samp{$cwd} is not the same as @samp{.}---the former
+tracks the current working directory as it changes during your _GDBN__
+session, while the latter is immediately expanded to the current
+directory at the time you add an entry to the source path.
+
+@item directory
+Reset the source path to empty again. This requires confirmation.
+
+@c RET-repeat for @code{directory} is explicitly disabled, but since
+@c repeating it would be a no-op we do not say that. (thanks to RMS)
+
+@item show directories
+@kindex show directories
+Print the source path: show which directories it contains.
+@end table
+
+If your source path is cluttered with directories that are no longer of
+interest, _GDBN__ may sometimes cause confusion by finding the wrong
+versions of source. You can correct the situation as follows:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Use @code{directory} with no argument to reset the source path to empty.
+
+@item
+Use @code{directory} with suitable arguments to reinstall the
+directories you want in the source path. You can add all the
+directories in one command.
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Machine Code
+@section Source and Machine Code
+
+You can use the command @code{info line} to map source lines to program
+addresses (and viceversa), and the command @code{disassemble} to display
+a range of addresses as machine instructions.
+
+@table @code
+@item info line @var{linespec}
+@kindex info line
+Print the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for
+source line @var{linespec}. You can specify source lines in any of
+the ways understood by the @code{list} command (@pxref{List, ,Printing
+Source Lines}).
+@end table
+
+For example, we can use @code{info line} to discover the location of
+the object code for the first line of function
+@code{m4_changequote}:
+
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) info line m4_changecom
+Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c and ends at 0x6350.
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+We can also inquire (using @code{*@var{addr}} as the form for
+@var{linespec}) what source line covers a particular address:
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) info line *0x63ff
+Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 and ends at 0x6404.
+@end smallexample
+
+@cindex @code{$_} and @code{info line}
+After @code{info line}, the default address for the @code{x} command
+is changed to the starting address of the line, so that @samp{x/i} is
+sufficient to begin examining the machine code (@pxref{Memory,
+,Examining Memory}). Also, this address is saved as the value of the
+convenience variable @code{$_} (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
+Variables}).
+
+@table @code
+@kindex disassemble
+@item disassemble
+This specialized command dumps a range of memory as machine
+instructions. The default memory range is the function surrounding the
+program counter of the selected frame. A single argument to this
+command is a program counter value; the function surrounding this value
+will be dumped. Two arguments specify a range of addresses (first
+inclusive, second exclusive) to dump.
+@end table
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+We can use @code{disassemble} to inspect the object code
+range shown in the last @code{info line} example (the example
+shows SPARC machine instructions):
+
+_0__
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) disas 0x63e4 0x6404
+Dump of assembler code from 0x63e4 to 0x6404:
+0x63e4 <builtin_init+5340>: ble 0x63f8 <builtin_init+5360>
+0x63e8 <builtin_init+5344>: sethi %hi(0x4c00), %o0
+0x63ec <builtin_init+5348>: ld [%i1+4], %o0
+0x63f0 <builtin_init+5352>: b 0x63fc <builtin_init+5364>
+0x63f4 <builtin_init+5356>: ld [%o0+4], %o0
+0x63f8 <builtin_init+5360>: or %o0, 0x1a4, %o0
+0x63fc <builtin_init+5364>: call 0x9288 <path_search>
+0x6400 <builtin_init+5368>: nop
+End of assembler dump.
+@end smallexample
+_1__
+_fi__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+
+_if__(!_GENERIC__||_H8__)
+For example, here is the beginning of the output for the
+disassembly of a function @code{fact}:
+
+_0__
+@smallexample
+(_GDBP__) disas fact
+Dump of assembler code for function fact:
+to 0x808c:
+0x802c <fact>: 6d f2 mov.w r2,@@-r7
+0x802e <fact+2>: 6d f3 mov.w r3,@@-r7
+0x8030 <fact+4>: 6d f6 mov.w r6,@@-r7
+0x8032 <fact+6>: 0d 76 mov.w r7,r6
+0x8034 <fact+8>: 6f 70 00 08 mov.w @@(0x8,r7),r0
+0x8038 <fact+12> 19 11 sub.w r1,r1
+ .
+ .
+ .
+@end smallexample
+_1__
+_fi__(!_GENERIC__||_H8__)
+
+
+@node Data
+@chapter Examining Data
+
+@cindex printing data
+@cindex examining data
+@kindex print
+@kindex inspect
+@c "inspect" is not quite a synonym if you are using Epoch, which we do not
+@c document because it is nonstandard... Under Epoch it displays in a
+@c different window or something like that.
+The usual way to examine data in your program is with the @code{print}
+command (abbreviated @code{p}), or its synonym @code{inspect}.
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+It evaluates and prints the value of an expression of the language your
+program is written in (@pxref{Languages, ,Using _GDBN__ with Different
+Languages}).
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@table @code
+@item print @var{exp}
+@itemx print /@var{f} @var{exp}
+@var{exp} is an expression (in the source language). By default
+the value of @var{exp} is printed in a format appropriate to its data
+type; you can choose a different format by specifying @samp{/@var{f}},
+where @var{f} is a letter specifying the format; @pxref{Output formats}.
+
+@item print
+@itemx print /@var{f}
+If you omit @var{exp}, _GDBN__ displays the last value again (from the
+@dfn{value history}; @pxref{Value History, ,Value History}). This allows you to
+conveniently inspect the same value in an alternative format.
+@end table
+
+A more low-level way of examining data is with the @code{x} command.
+It examines data in memory at a specified address and prints it in a
+specified format. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}.
+
+If you are interested in information about types, or about how the fields
+of a struct or class are declared, use the @code{ptype @var{exp}}
+command rather than @code{print}. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}.
+
+@menu
+* Expressions:: Expressions
+* Variables:: Program Variables
+* Arrays:: Artificial Arrays
+* Output formats:: Output formats
+* Memory:: Examining Memory
+* Auto Display:: Automatic Display
+* Print Settings:: Print Settings
+* Value History:: Value History
+* Convenience Vars:: Convenience Variables
+* Registers:: Registers
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+* Floating Point Hardware:: Floating Point Hardware
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@end menu
+
+@node Expressions
+@section Expressions
+
+@cindex expressions
+@code{print} and many other _GDBN__ commands accept an expression and
+compute its value. Any kind of constant, variable or operator defined
+by the programming language you are using is legal in an expression in
+_GDBN__. This includes conditional expressions, function calls, casts
+and string constants. It unfortunately does not include symbols defined
+by preprocessor @code{#define} commands.
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+Because C is so widespread, most of the expressions shown in examples in
+this manual are in C. @xref{Languages, , Using _GDBN__ with Different
+Languages}, for information on how to use expressions in other
+languages.
+
+In this section, we discuss operators that you can use in _GDBN__
+expressions regardless of your programming language.
+
+Casts are supported in all languages, not just in C, because it is so
+useful to cast a number into a pointer so as to examine a structure
+at that address in memory.
+@c FIXME: casts supported---Mod2 true?
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+_GDBN__ supports these operators in addition to those of programming
+languages:
+
+@table @code
+@item @@
+@samp{@@} is a binary operator for treating parts of memory as arrays.
+@xref{Arrays, ,Artificial Arrays}, for more information.
+
+@item ::
+@samp{::} allows you to specify a variable in terms of the file or
+function where it is defined. @xref{Variables, ,Program Variables}.
+
+@item @{@var{type}@} @var{addr}
+Refers to an object of type @var{type} stored at address @var{addr} in
+memory. @var{addr} may be any expression whose value is an integer or
+pointer (but parentheses are required around binary operators, just as in
+a cast). This construct is allowed regardless of what kind of data is
+normally supposed to reside at @var{addr}.
+@end table
+
+@node Variables
+@section Program Variables
+
+The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable
+in your program.
+
+Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame
+(@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}); they must either be global
+(or static) or be visible according to the scope rules of the
+programming language from the point of execution in that frame. This
+means that in the function
+
+@example
+foo (a)
+ int a;
+@{
+ bar (a);
+ @{
+ int b = test ();
+ bar (b);
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+the variable @code{a} is usable whenever your program is executing
+within the function @code{foo}, but the variable @code{b} is visible
+only while your program is executing inside the block in which @code{b}
+is declared.
+
+@cindex variable name conflict
+There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose
+scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not
+in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or
+function with the same name (in different source files). If that
+happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish,
+you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file,
+using the colon-colon notation:
+
+@cindex colon-colon
+@iftex
+@c info cannot cope with a :: index entry, but why deprive hard copy readers?
+@kindex ::
+@end iftex
+@example
+@var{file}::@var{variable}
+@var{function}::@var{variable}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Here @var{file} or @var{function} is the name of the context for the
+static @var{variable}. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to
+make sure _GDBN__ parses the file name as a single word---for example,
+to print a global value of @code{x} defined in @file{f2.c}:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) p 'f2.c'::x
+@end example
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@cindex C++ scope resolution
+This use of @samp{::} is very rarely in conflict with the very similar
+use of the same notation in C++. _GDBN__ also supports use of the C++
+scope resolution operator in _GDBN__ expressions.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@cindex wrong values
+@cindex variable values, wrong
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the
+wrong value at certain points in a function---just after entry to the
+function, and just before exit. You may see this problem when you are
+stepping by machine instructions. This is because on most machines, it
+takes more than one instruction to set up a stack frame (including local
+variable definitions); if you are stepping by machine instructions,
+variables may appear to have the wrong values until the stack frame is
+completely built. On function exit, it usually also takes more than one
+machine instruction to destroy a stack frame; after you begin stepping
+through that group of instructions, local variable definitions may be
+gone.
+@end quotation
+
+@node Arrays
+@section Artificial Arrays
+
+@cindex artificial array
+@kindex @@
+It is often useful to print out several successive objects of the
+same type in memory; a section of an array, or an array of
+dynamically determined size for which only a pointer exists in the
+program.
+
+This can be done by constructing an @dfn{artificial array} with the
+binary operator @samp{@@}. The left operand of @samp{@@} should be
+the first element of the desired array, as an individual object.
+The right operand should be the desired length of the array. The result is
+an array value whose elements are all of the type of the left argument.
+The first element is actually the left argument; the second element
+comes from bytes of memory immediately following those that hold the
+first element, and so on. Here is an example. If a program says
+
+@example
+int *array = (int *) malloc (len * sizeof (int));
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+you can print the contents of @code{array} with
+
+@example
+p *array@@len
+@end example
+
+The left operand of @samp{@@} must reside in memory. Array values made
+with @samp{@@} in this way behave just like other arrays in terms of
+subscripting, and are coerced to pointers when used in expressions.
+Artificial arrays most often appear in expressions via the value history
+(@pxref{Value History, ,Value History}), after printing one out.)
+
+Sometimes the artificial array mechanism is not quite enough; in
+moderately complex data structures, the elements of interest may not
+actually be adjacent---for example, if you are interested in the values
+of pointers in an array. One useful work-around in this situation is
+to use a convenience variable (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
+Variables}) as a counter in an expression that prints the first
+interesting value, and then repeat that expression via @key{RET}. For
+instance, suppose you have an array @code{dtab} of pointers to
+structures, and you are interested in the values of a field @code{fv}
+in each structure. Here is an example of what you might type:
+
+@example
+set $i = 0
+p dtab[$i++]->fv
+@key{RET}
+@key{RET}
+@dots{}
+@end example
+
+@node Output formats
+@section Output formats
+
+@cindex formatted output
+@cindex output formats
+By default, _GDBN__ prints a value according to its data type. Sometimes
+this is not what you want. For example, you might want to print a number
+in hex, or a pointer in decimal. Or you might want to view data in memory
+at a certain address as a character string or as an instruction. To do
+these things, specify an @dfn{output format} when you print a value.
+
+The simplest use of output formats is to say how to print a value
+already computed. This is done by starting the arguments of the
+@code{print} command with a slash and a format letter. The format
+letters supported are:
+
+@table @code
+@item x
+Regard the bits of the value as an integer, and print the integer in
+hexadecimal.
+
+@item d
+Print as integer in signed decimal.
+
+@item u
+Print as integer in unsigned decimal.
+
+@item o
+Print as integer in octal.
+
+@item t
+Print as integer in binary. The letter @samp{t} stands for ``two''.
+
+@item a
+Print as an address, both absolute in hex and as an offset from the
+nearest preceding symbol. This format can be used to discover where (in
+what function) an unknown address is located:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) p/a 0x54320
+_0__$3 = 0x54320 <_initialize_vx+396>_1__
+@end example
+
+@item c
+Regard as an integer and print it as a character constant.
+
+@item f
+Regard the bits of the value as a floating point number and print
+using typical floating point syntax.
+@end table
+
+For example, to print the program counter in hex (@pxref{Registers}), type
+
+@example
+p/x $pc
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Note that no space is required before the slash; this is because command
+names in _GDBN__ cannot contain a slash.
+
+To reprint the last value in the value history with a different format,
+you can use the @code{print} command with just a format and no
+expression. For example, @samp{p/x} reprints the last value in hex.
+
+@node Memory
+@section Examining Memory
+
+You can use the command @code{x} (for ``examine'') to examine memory in
+any of several formats, independently of your program's data types.
+
+@cindex examining memory
+@table @code
+@kindex x
+@item x/@var{nfu} @var{addr}
+@itemx x @var{addr}
+@itemx x
+Use the command @code{x} to examine memory.
+@end table
+
+@var{n}, @var{f}, and @var{u} are all optional parameters that specify how
+much memory to display and how to format it; @var{addr} is an
+expression giving the address where you want to start displaying memory.
+If you use defaults for @var{nfu}, you need not type the slash @samp{/}.
+Several commands set convenient defaults for @var{addr}.
+
+@table @r
+@item @var{n}, the repeat count
+The repeat count is a decimal integer; the default is 1. It specifies
+how much memory (counting by units @var{u}) to display.
+@c This really is **decimal**; unaffected by 'set radix' as of GDB
+@c 4.1.2.
+
+@item @var{f}, the display format
+The display format is one of the formats used by @code{print},
+or @samp{s} (null-terminated string) or @samp{i} (machine instruction).
+The default is @samp{x} (hexadecimal) initially, or the format from the
+last time you used either @code{x} or @code{print}.
+
+@item @var{u}, the unit size
+The unit size is any of
+@table @code
+@item b
+Bytes.
+@item h
+Halfwords (two bytes).
+@item w
+Words (four bytes). This is the initial default.
+@item g
+Giant words (eight bytes).
+@end table
+
+Each time you specify a unit size with @code{x}, that size becomes the
+default unit the next time you use @code{x}. (For the @samp{s} and
+@samp{i} formats, the unit size is ignored and is normally not written.)
+
+@item @var{addr}, starting display address
+@var{addr} is the address where you want _GDBN__ to begin displaying
+memory. The expression need not have a pointer value (though it may);
+it is always interpreted as an integer address of a byte of memory.
+@xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information on expressions. The default for
+@var{addr} is usually just after the last address examined---but several
+other commands also set the default address: @code{info breakpoints} (to
+the address of the last breakpoint listed), @code{info line} (to the
+starting address of a line), and @code{print} (if you use it to display
+a value from memory).
+@end table
+
+For example, @samp{x/3uh 0x54320} is a request to display three halfwords
+(@code{h}) of memory, formatted as unsigned decimal integers (@samp{u}),
+starting at address @code{0x54320}. @samp{x/4xw $sp} prints the four
+words (@samp{w}) of memory above the stack pointer (here, @samp{$sp};
+@pxref{Registers}) in hexadecimal (@samp{x}).
+
+Since the letters indicating unit sizes are all distinct from the
+letters specifying output formats, you do not have to remember whether
+unit size or format comes first; either order will work. The output
+specifications @samp{4xw} and @samp{4wx} mean exactly the same thing.
+(However, the count @var{n} must come first; @samp{wx4} will not work.)
+
+Even though the unit size @var{u} is ignored for the formats @samp{s}
+and @samp{i}, you might still want to use a count @var{n}; for example,
+@samp{3i} specifies that you want to see three machine instructions,
+including any operands. The command @code{disassemble} gives an
+alternative way of inspecting machine instructions; @pxref{Machine
+Code}.
+
+All the defaults for the arguments to @code{x} are designed to make it
+easy to continue scanning memory with minimal specifications each time
+you use @code{x}. For example, after you have inspected three machine
+instructions with @samp{x/3i @var{addr}}, you can inspect the next seven
+with just @samp{x/7}. If you use @key{RET} to repeat the @code{x} command,
+the repeat count @var{n} is used again; the other arguments default as
+for successive uses of @code{x}.
+
+@cindex @code{$_}, @code{$__}, and value history
+The addresses and contents printed by the @code{x} command are not saved
+in the value history because there is often too much of them and they
+would get in the way. Instead, _GDBN__ makes these values available for
+subsequent use in expressions as values of the convenience variables
+@code{$_} and @code{$__}. After an @code{x} command, the last address
+examined is available for use in expressions in the convenience variable
+@code{$_}. The contents of that address, as examined, are available in
+the convenience variable @code{$__}.
+
+If the @code{x} command has a repeat count, the address and contents saved
+are from the last memory unit printed; this is not the same as the last
+address printed if several units were printed on the last line of output.
+
+@node Auto Display
+@section Automatic Display
+@cindex automatic display
+@cindex display of expressions
+
+If you find that you want to print the value of an expression frequently
+(to see how it changes), you might want to add it to the @dfn{automatic
+display list} so that _GDBN__ will print its value each time your program stops.
+Each expression added to the list is given a number to identify it;
+to remove an expression from the list, you specify that number.
+The automatic display looks like this:
+
+@example
+2: foo = 38
+3: bar[5] = (struct hack *) 0x3804
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+showing item numbers, expressions and their current values. As with
+displays you request manually using @code{x} or @code{print}, you can
+specify the output format you prefer; in fact, @code{display} decides
+whether to use @code{print} or @code{x} depending on how elaborate your
+format specification is---it uses @code{x} if you specify a unit size,
+or one of the two formats (@samp{i} and @samp{s}) that are only
+supported by @code{x}; otherwise it uses @code{print}.
+
+@table @code
+@item display @var{exp}
+@kindex display
+Add the expression @var{exp} to the list of expressions to display
+each time your program stops. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
+
+@code{display} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it.
+
+@item display/@var{fmt} @var{exp}
+For @var{fmt} specifying only a display format and not a size or
+count, add the expression @var{exp} to the auto-display list but
+arranges to display it each time in the specified format @var{fmt}.
+@xref{Output formats}.
+
+@item display/@var{fmt} @var{addr}
+For @var{fmt} @samp{i} or @samp{s}, or including a unit-size or a
+number of units, add the expression @var{addr} as a memory address to
+be examined each time your program stops. Examining means in effect
+doing @samp{x/@var{fmt} @var{addr}}. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}.
+@end table
+
+For example, @samp{display/i $pc} can be helpful, to see the machine
+instruction about to be executed each time execution stops (@samp{$pc}
+is a common name for the program counter; @pxref{Registers}).
+
+@table @code
+@item undisplay @var{dnums}@dots{}
+@itemx delete display @var{dnums}@dots{}
+@kindex delete display
+@kindex undisplay
+Remove item numbers @var{dnums} from the list of expressions to display.
+
+@code{undisplay} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it.
+(Otherwise you would just get the error @samp{No display number @dots{}}.)
+
+@item disable display @var{dnums}@dots{}
+@kindex disable display
+Disable the display of item numbers @var{dnums}. A disabled display
+item is not printed automatically, but is not forgotten. It may be
+enabled again later.
+
+@item enable display @var{dnums}@dots{}
+@kindex enable display
+Enable display of item numbers @var{dnums}. It becomes effective once
+again in auto display of its expression, until you specify otherwise.
+
+@item display
+Display the current values of the expressions on the list, just as is
+done when your program stops.
+
+@item info display
+@kindex info display
+Print the list of expressions previously set up to display
+automatically, each one with its item number, but without showing the
+values. This includes disabled expressions, which are marked as such.
+It also includes expressions which would not be displayed right now
+because they refer to automatic variables not currently available.
+@end table
+
+If a display expression refers to local variables, then it does not make
+sense outside the lexical context for which it was set up. Such an
+expression is disabled when execution enters a context where one of its
+variables is not defined. For example, if you give the command
+@code{display last_char} while inside a function with an argument
+@code{last_char}, then this argument will be displayed while your program
+continues to stop inside that function. When it stops elsewhere---where
+there is no variable @code{last_char}---display is disabled. The next time
+your program stops where @code{last_char} is meaningful, you can enable the
+display expression once again.
+
+@node Print Settings
+@section Print Settings
+
+@cindex format options
+@cindex print settings
+_GDBN__ provides the following ways to control how arrays, structures,
+and symbols are printed.
+
+@noindent
+These settings are useful for debugging programs in any language:
+
+@table @code
+@item set print address
+@item set print address on
+@kindex set print address
+_GDBN__ will print memory addresses showing the location of stack
+traces, structure values, pointer values, breakpoints, and so forth,
+even when it also displays the contents of those addresses. The default
+is on. For example, this is what a stack frame display looks like, with
+@code{set print address on}:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+(_GDBP__) f
+#0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<<", rq=0x34c88 ">>")
+ at input.c:530
+530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@item set print address off
+Do not print addresses when displaying their contents. For example,
+this is the same stack frame displayed with @code{set print address off}:
+
+@example
+@group
+(_GDBP__) set print addr off
+(_GDBP__) f
+#0 set_quotes (lq="<<", rq=">>") at input.c:530
+530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@item show print address
+@kindex show print address
+Show whether or not addresses are to be printed.
+
+@item set print array
+@itemx set print array on
+@kindex set print array
+_GDBN__ will pretty print arrays. This format is more convenient to read,
+but uses more space. The default is off.
+
+@item set print array off.
+Return to compressed format for arrays.
+
+@item show print array
+@kindex show print array
+Show whether compressed or pretty format is selected for displaying
+arrays.
+
+@item set print elements @var{number-of-elements}
+@kindex set print elements
+If _GDBN__ is printing a large array, it will stop printing after it has
+printed the number of elements set by the @code{set print elements} command.
+This limit also applies to the display of strings.
+
+@item show print elements
+@kindex show print elements
+Display the number of elements of a large array that _GDBN__ will print
+before losing patience.
+
+@item set print pretty on
+@kindex set print pretty
+Cause _GDBN__ to print structures in an indented format with one member per
+line, like this:
+
+@example
+@group
+$1 = @{
+ next = 0x0,
+ flags = @{
+ sweet = 1,
+ sour = 1
+ @},
+ meat = 0x54 "Pork"
+@}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@item set print pretty off
+Cause _GDBN__ to print structures in a compact format, like this:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+$1 = @{next = 0x0, flags = @{sweet = 1, sour = 1@}, \
+meat = 0x54 "Pork"@}
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+This is the default format.
+
+@item show print pretty
+@kindex show print pretty
+Show which format _GDBN__ will use to print structures.
+
+@item set print sevenbit-strings on
+@kindex set print sevenbit-strings
+Print using only seven-bit characters; if this option is set,
+_GDBN__ will display any eight-bit characters (in strings or character
+values) using the notation @code{\}@var{nnn}. For example, @kbd{M-a} is
+displayed as @code{\341}.
+
+@item set print sevenbit-strings off
+Print using either seven-bit or eight-bit characters, as required. This
+is the default.
+
+@item show print sevenbit-strings
+@kindex show print sevenbit-strings
+Show whether or not _GDBN__ will print only seven-bit characters.
+
+@item set print union on
+@kindex set print union
+Tell _GDBN__ to print unions which are contained in structures. This is the
+default setting.
+
+@item set print union off
+Tell _GDBN__ not to print unions which are contained in structures.
+
+@item show print union
+@kindex show print union
+Ask _GDBN__ whether or not it will print unions which are contained in
+structures.
+
+For example, given the declarations
+
+@smallexample
+typedef enum @{Tree, Bug@} Species;
+typedef enum @{Big_tree, Acorn, Seedling@} Tree_forms;
+typedef enum @{Caterpillar, Cocoon, Butterfly@}
+ Bug_forms;
+
+struct thing @{
+ Species it;
+ union @{
+ Tree_forms tree;
+ Bug_forms bug;
+ @} form;
+@};
+
+struct thing foo = @{Tree, @{Acorn@}@};
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+with @code{set print union on} in effect @samp{p foo} would print
+
+@smallexample
+$1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{tree = Acorn, bug = Cocoon@}@}
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+and with @code{set print union off} in effect it would print
+
+@smallexample
+$1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{...@}@}
+@end smallexample
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+These settings are of interest when debugging C++ programs:
+
+@table @code
+@item set print demangle
+@itemx set print demangle on
+@kindex set print demangle
+Print C++ names in their source form rather than in the mangled form
+in which they are passed to the assembler and linker for type-safe linkage.
+The default is on.
+
+@item show print demangle
+@kindex show print demangle
+Show whether C++ names will be printed in mangled or demangled form.
+
+@item set print asm-demangle
+@itemx set print asm-demangle on
+@kindex set print asm-demangle
+Print C++ names in their source form rather than their mangled form, even
+in assembler code printouts such as instruction disassemblies.
+The default is off.
+
+@item show print asm-demangle
+@kindex show print asm-demangle
+Show whether C++ names in assembly listings will be printed in mangled
+or demangled form.
+
+@item set print object
+@itemx set print object on
+@kindex set print object
+When displaying a pointer to an object, identify the @emph{actual}
+(derived) type of the object rather than the @emph{declared} type, using
+the virtual function table.
+
+@item set print object off
+Display only the declared type of objects, without reference to the
+virtual function table. This is the default setting.
+
+@item show print object
+@kindex show print object
+Show whether actual, or declared, object types will be displayed.
+
+@item set print vtbl
+@itemx set print vtbl on
+@kindex set print vtbl
+Pretty print C++ virtual function tables. The default is off.
+
+@item set print vtbl off
+Do not pretty print C++ virtual function tables.
+
+@item show print vtbl
+@kindex show print vtbl
+Show whether C++ virtual function tables are pretty printed, or not.
+@end table
+
+@node Value History
+@section Value History
+
+@cindex value history
+Values printed by the @code{print} command are saved in _GDBN__'s @dfn{value
+history} so that you can refer to them in other expressions. Values are
+kept until the symbol table is re-read or discarded (for example with
+the @code{file} or @code{symbol-file} commands). When the symbol table
+changes, the value history is discarded, since the values may contain
+pointers back to the types defined in the symbol table.
+
+@cindex @code{$}
+@cindex @code{$$}
+@cindex history number
+The values printed are given @dfn{history numbers} for you to refer to them
+by. These are successive integers starting with one. @code{print} shows you
+the history number assigned to a value by printing @samp{$@var{num} = }
+before the value; here @var{num} is the history number.
+
+To refer to any previous value, use @samp{$} followed by the value's
+history number. The way @code{print} labels its output is designed to
+remind you of this. Just @code{$} refers to the most recent value in
+the history, and @code{$$} refers to the value before that.
+@code{$$@var{n}} refers to the @var{n}th value from the end; @code{$$2}
+is the value just prior to @code{$$}, @code{$$1} is equivalent to
+@code{$$}, and @code{$$0} is equivalent to @code{$}.
+
+For example, suppose you have just printed a pointer to a structure and
+want to see the contents of the structure. It suffices to type
+
+@example
+p *$
+@end example
+
+If you have a chain of structures where the component @code{next} points
+to the next one, you can print the contents of the next one with this:
+
+@example
+p *$.next
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You can print successive links in the chain by repeating this
+command---which you can do by just typing @key{RET}.
+
+Note that the history records values, not expressions. If the value of
+@code{x} is 4 and you type these commands:
+
+@example
+print x
+set x=5
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+then the value recorded in the value history by the @code{print} command
+remains 4 even though the value of @code{x} has changed.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex show values
+@item show values
+Print the last ten values in the value history, with their item numbers.
+This is like @samp{p@ $$9} repeated ten times, except that @code{show
+values} does not change the history.
+
+@item show values @var{n}
+Print ten history values centered on history item number @var{n}.
+
+@item show values +
+Print ten history values just after the values last printed. If no more
+values are available, produces no display.
+@end table
+
+Pressing @key{RET} to repeat @code{show values @var{n}} has exactly the
+same effect as @samp{show values +}.
+
+@node Convenience Vars
+@section Convenience Variables
+
+@cindex convenience variables
+_GDBN__ provides @dfn{convenience variables} that you can use within
+_GDBN__ to hold on to a value and refer to it later. These variables
+exist entirely within _GDBN__; they are not part of your program, and
+setting a convenience variable has no direct effect on further execution
+of your program. That is why you can use them freely.
+
+Convenience variables are prefixed with @samp{$}. Any name preceded by
+@samp{$} can be used for a convenience variable, unless it is one of
+the predefined machine-specific register names (@pxref{Registers}).
+(Value history references, in contrast, are @emph{numbers} preceded
+by @samp{$}. @xref{Value History, ,Value History}.)
+
+You can save a value in a convenience variable with an assignment
+expression, just as you would set a variable in your program. Example:
+
+@example
+set $foo = *object_ptr
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+would save in @code{$foo} the value contained in the object pointed to by
+@code{object_ptr}.
+
+Using a convenience variable for the first time creates it; but its value
+is @code{void} until you assign a new value. You can alter the value with
+another assignment at any time.
+
+Convenience variables have no fixed types. You can assign a convenience
+variable any type of value, including structures and arrays, even if
+that variable already has a value of a different type. The convenience
+variable, when used as an expression, has the type of its current value.
+
+@table @code
+@item show convenience
+@kindex show convenience
+Print a list of convenience variables used so far, and their values.
+Abbreviated @code{show con}.
+@end table
+
+One of the ways to use a convenience variable is as a counter to be
+incremented or a pointer to be advanced. For example, to print
+a field from successive elements of an array of structures:
+
+_0__@example
+set $i = 0
+print bar[$i++]->contents
+@i{@dots{} repeat that command by typing @key{RET}.}
+_1__@end example
+
+Some convenience variables are created automatically by _GDBN__ and given
+values likely to be useful.
+
+@table @code
+@item $_
+@kindex $_
+The variable @code{$_} is automatically set by the @code{x} command to
+the last address examined (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}). Other
+commands which provide a default address for @code{x} to examine also
+set @code{$_} to that address; these commands include @code{info line}
+and @code{info breakpoint}. The type of @code{$_} is @code{void *}
+except when set by the @code{x} command, in which case it is a pointer
+to the type of @code{$__}.
+
+@item $__
+@kindex $__
+The variable @code{$__} is automatically set by the @code{x} command
+to the value found in the last address examined. Its type is chosen
+to match the format in which the data was printed.
+@end table
+
+@node Registers
+@section Registers
+
+@cindex registers
+You can refer to machine register contents, in expressions, as variables
+with names starting with @samp{$}. The names of registers are different
+for each machine; use @code{info registers} to see the names used on
+your machine.
+
+@table @code
+@item info registers
+@kindex info registers
+Print the names and values of all registers except floating-point
+registers (in the selected stack frame).
+
+@item info all-registers
+@kindex info all-registers
+@cindex floating point registers
+Print the names and values of all registers, including floating-point
+registers.
+
+@item info registers @var{regname} @dots{}
+Print the relativized value of each specified register @var{regname}.
+@var{regname} may be any register name valid on the machine you are using, with
+or without the initial @samp{$}.
+@end table
+
+_GDBN__ has four ``standard'' register names that are available (in
+expressions) on most machines---whenever they do not conflict with an
+architecture's canonical mnemonics for registers. The register names
+@code{$pc} and @code{$sp} are used for the program counter register and
+the stack pointer. @code{$fp} is used for a register that contains a
+pointer to the current stack frame, and @code{$ps} is used for a
+register that contains the processor status. For example,
+you could print the program counter in hex with
+
+@example
+p/x $pc
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+or print the instruction to be executed next with
+
+@example
+x/i $pc
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+or add four to the stack pointer @footnote{This is a way of removing
+one word from the stack, on machines where stacks grow downward in
+memory (most machines, nowadays). This assumes that the innermost
+stack frame is selected; setting @code{$sp} is not allowed when other
+stack frames are selected. To pop entire frames off the stack,
+regardless of machine architecture, use @code{return};
+@pxref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}.} with
+
+@example
+set $sp += 4
+@end example
+
+Whenever possible, these four standard register names are available on
+your machine even though the machine has different canonical mnemonics,
+so long as there is no conflict. The @code{info registers} command
+shows the canonical names. For example, on the SPARC, @code{info
+registers} displays the processor status register as @code{$psr} but you
+can also refer to it as @code{$ps}.
+
+_GDBN__ always considers the contents of an ordinary register as an
+integer when the register is examined in this way. Some machines have
+special registers which can hold nothing but floating point; these
+registers are considered to have floating point values. There is no way
+to refer to the contents of an ordinary register as floating point value
+(although you can @emph{print} it as a floating point value with
+@samp{print/f $@var{regname}}).
+
+Some registers have distinct ``raw'' and ``virtual'' data formats. This
+means that the data format in which the register contents are saved by
+the operating system is not the same one that your program normally
+sees. For example, the registers of the 68881 floating point
+coprocessor are always saved in ``extended'' (raw) format, but all C
+programs expect to work with ``double'' (virtual) format. In such
+cases, _GDBN__ normally works with the virtual format only (the format that
+makes sense for your program), but the @code{info registers} command
+prints the data in both formats.
+
+Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame
+(@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). This means that you get the
+value that the register would contain if all stack frames farther in
+were exited and their saved registers restored. In order to see the
+true contents of hardware registers, you must select the innermost
+frame (with @samp{frame 0}).
+
+However, _GDBN__ must deduce where registers are saved, from the machine
+code generated by your compiler. If some registers are not saved, or if
+_GDBN__ is unable to locate the saved registers, the selected stack
+frame will make no difference.
+
+_if__(_AMD29K__)
+@table @code
+@item set rstack_high_address @var{address}
+@kindex set rstack_high_address
+@cindex AMD 29K register stack
+@cindex register stack, AMD29K
+On AMD 29000 family processors, registers are saved in a separate
+``register stack''. There is no way for _GDBN__ to determine the extent
+of this stack. Normally, _GDBN__ just assumes that the stack is ``large
+enough''. This may result in _GDBN__ referencing memory locations that
+don't exist. If necessary, you can get around this problem by
+specifying the ending address of the register stack with the @code{set
+rstack_high_address} command. The argument should be an address, which
+you will probably want to precede with @samp{0x} to specify in
+hexadecimal.
+
+@item show rstack_high_address
+@kindex show rstack_high_address
+Display the current limit of the register stack, on AMD 29000 family
+processors.
+@end table
+_fi__(_AMD29K__)
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+@node Floating Point Hardware
+@section Floating Point Hardware
+@cindex floating point
+
+Depending on the host machine architecture, _GDBN__ may be able to give
+you more information about the status of the floating point hardware.
+
+@table @code
+@item info float
+@kindex info float
+If available, provides hardware-dependent information about the floating
+point unit. The exact contents and layout vary depending on the
+floating point chip.
+@end table
+@c FIXME: this is a cop-out. Try to get examples, explanations. Only
+@c FIXME...supported currently on arm's and 386's. Mark properly with
+@c FIXME... m4 macros to isolate general statements from hardware-dep,
+@c FIXME... at that point.
+_fi__(_GENERIC__ || !_H8__)
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@node Languages
+@chapter Using _GDBN__ with Different Languages
+@cindex languages
+
+Although programming languages generally have common aspects, they are
+rarely expressed in the same manner. For instance, in ANSI C,
+dereferencing a pointer @code{p} is accomplished by @code{*p}, but in
+Modula-2, it is accomplished by @code{p^}. Values can also be
+represented (and displayed) differently. Hex numbers in C are written
+like @samp{0x1ae}, while in Modula-2 they appear as @samp{1AEH}.
+
+@cindex working language
+Language-specific information is built into _GDBN__ for some languages,
+allowing you to express operations like the above in your program's
+native language, and allowing _GDBN__ to output values in a manner
+consistent with the syntax of your program's native language. The
+language you use to build expressions, called the @dfn{working
+language}, can be selected manually, or _GDBN__ can set it
+automatically.
+
+@menu
+* Setting:: Switching between source languages
+* Show:: Displaying the language
+* Checks:: Type and Range checks
+* Support:: Supported languages
+@end menu
+
+@node Setting
+@section Switching between source languages
+
+There are two ways to control the working language---either have _GDBN__
+set it automatically, or select it manually yourself. You can use the
+@code{set language} command for either purpose. On startup, _GDBN__
+defaults to setting the language automatically.
+
+@menu
+* Manually:: Setting the working language manually
+* Automatically:: Having _GDBN__ infer the source language
+@end menu
+
+@node Manually
+@subsection Setting the working language
+
+@kindex set language
+To set the language, issue the command @samp{set language @var{lang}},
+where @var{lang} is the name of a language: @code{c} or @code{modula-2}.
+For a list of the supported languages, type @samp{set language}.
+
+Setting the language manually prevents _GDBN__ from updating the working
+language automatically. This can lead to confusion if you try
+to debug a program when the working language is not the same as the
+source language, when an expression is acceptable to both
+languages---but means different things. For instance, if the current
+source file were written in C, and _GDBN__ was parsing Modula-2, a
+command such as:
+
+@example
+print a = b + c
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+might not have the effect you intended. In C, this means to add
+@code{b} and @code{c} and place the result in @code{a}. The result
+printed would be the value of @code{a}. In Modula-2, this means to compare
+@code{a} to the result of @code{b+c}, yielding a @code{BOOLEAN} value.
+
+If you allow _GDBN__ to set the language automatically, then
+you can count on expressions evaluating the same way in your debugging
+session and in your program.
+
+@node Automatically
+@subsection Having _GDBN__ infer the source language
+
+To have _GDBN__ set the working language automatically, use @samp{set
+language local} or @samp{set language auto}. _GDBN__ then infers the
+language that a program was written in by looking at the name of its
+source files, and examining their extensions:
+
+@table @file
+@item *.mod
+Modula-2 source file
+
+@item *.c
+C source file
+
+@item *.C
+@itemx *.cc
+C++ source file
+@end table
+
+This information is recorded for each function or procedure in a source
+file. When your program stops in a frame (usually by encountering a
+breakpoint), _GDBN__ sets the working language to the language recorded
+for the function in that frame. If the language for a frame is unknown
+(that is, if the function or block corresponding to the frame was
+defined in a source file that does not have a recognized extension), the
+current working language is not changed, and _GDBN__ issues a warning.
+
+This may not seem necessary for most programs, which are written
+entirely in one source language. However, program modules and libraries
+written in one source language can be used by a main program written in
+a different source language. Using @samp{set language auto} in this
+case frees you from having to set the working language manually.
+
+@node Show
+@section Displaying the language
+
+The following commands will help you find out which language is the
+working language, and also what language source files were written in.
+
+@kindex show language
+@kindex info frame
+@kindex info source
+@table @code
+@item show language
+Display the current working language. This is the
+language you can use with commands such as @code{print} to
+build and compute expressions that may involve variables in your program.
+
+@item info frame
+Among the other information listed here (@pxref{Frame Info, ,Information
+about a Frame}) is the source language for this frame. This is the
+language that will become the working language if you ever use an
+identifier that is in this frame.
+
+@item info source
+Among the other information listed here (@pxref{Symbols, ,Examining the
+Symbol Table}) is the source language of this source file.
+@end table
+
+@node Checks
+@section Type and range Checking
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} In this release, the _GDBN__ commands for type and range
+checking are included, but they do not yet have any effect. This
+section documents the intended facilities.
+@end quotation
+@c FIXME remove warning when type/range code added
+
+Some languages are designed to guard you against making seemingly common
+errors through a series of compile- and run-time checks. These include
+checking the type of arguments to functions and operators, and making
+sure mathematical overflows are caught at run time. Checks such as
+these help to ensure a program's correctness once it has been compiled
+by eliminating type mismatches, and providing active checks for range
+errors when your program is running.
+
+_GDBN__ can check for conditions like the above if you wish.
+Although _GDBN__ will not check the statements in your program, it
+can check expressions entered directly into _GDBN__ for evaluation via
+the @code{print} command, for example. As with the working language,
+_GDBN__ can also decide whether or not to check automatically based on
+your program's source language. @xref{Support, ,Supported Languages},
+for the default settings of supported languages.
+
+@menu
+* Type Checking:: An overview of type checking
+* Range Checking:: An overview of range checking
+@end menu
+
+@cindex type checking
+@cindex checks, type
+@node Type Checking
+@subsection An overview of type checking
+
+Some languages, such as Modula-2, are strongly typed, meaning that the
+arguments to operators and functions have to be of the correct type,
+otherwise an error occurs. These checks prevent type mismatch
+errors from ever causing any run-time problems. For example,
+
+@example
+1 + 2 @result{} 3
+@exdent but
+@error{} 1 + 2.3
+@end example
+
+The second example fails because the @code{CARDINAL} 1 is not
+type-compatible with the @code{REAL} 2.3.
+
+For expressions you use in _GDBN__ commands, you can tell the _GDBN__
+type checker to skip checking; to treat any mismatches as errors and
+abandon the expression; or only issue warnings when type mismatches
+occur, but evaluate the expression anyway. When you choose the last of
+these, _GDBN__ evaluates expressions like the second example above, but
+also issues a warning.
+
+Even though you may turn type checking off, other type-based reasons may
+prevent _GDBN__ from evaluating an expression. For instance, _GDBN__ does not
+know how to add an @code{int} and a @code{struct foo}. These particular
+type errors have nothing to do with the language in use, and usually
+arise from expressions, such as the one described above, which make
+little sense to evaluate anyway.
+
+Each language defines to what degree it is strict about type. For
+instance, both Modula-2 and C require the arguments to arithmetical
+operators to be numbers. In C, enumerated types and pointers can be
+represented as numbers, so that they are valid arguments to mathematical
+operators. @xref{Support, ,Supported Languages}, for further
+details on specific languages.
+
+_GDBN__ provides some additional commands for controlling the type checker:
+
+@kindex set check
+@kindex set check type
+@kindex show check type
+@table @code
+@item set check type auto
+Set type checking on or off based on the current working language.
+@xref{Support, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for
+each language.
+
+@item set check type on
+@itemx set check type off
+Set type checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the
+current working language. Issue a warning if the setting does not
+match the language's default. If any type mismatches occur in
+evaluating an expression while typechecking is on, _GDBN__ prints a
+message and aborts evaluation of the expression.
+
+@item set check type warn
+Cause the type checker to issue warnings, but to always attempt to
+evaluate the expression. Evaluating the expression may still
+be impossible for other reasons. For example, _GDBN__ cannot add
+numbers and structures.
+
+@item show type
+Show the current setting of the type checker, and whether or not _GDBN__ is
+setting it automatically.
+@end table
+
+@cindex range checking
+@cindex checks, range
+@node Range Checking
+@subsection An overview of Range Checking
+
+In some languages (such as Modula-2), it is an error to exceed the
+bounds of a type; this is enforced with run-time checks. Such range
+checking is meant to ensure program correctness by making sure
+computations do not overflow, or indices on an array element access do
+not exceed the bounds of the array.
+
+For expressions you use in _GDBN__ commands, you can tell _GDBN__ to
+ignore range errors; to always treat them as errors and abandon the
+expression; or to issue warnings when a range error occurs but evaluate
+the expression anyway.
+
+A range error can result from numerical overflow, from exceeding an
+array index bound, or when you type in a constant that is not a member
+of any type. Some languages, however, do not treat overflows as an
+error. In many implementations of C, mathematical overflow causes the
+result to ``wrap around'' to lower values---for example, if @var{m} is
+the largest integer value, and @var{s} is the smallest, then
+
+@example
+@var{m} + 1 @result{} @var{s}
+@end example
+
+This, too, is specific to individual languages, and in some cases
+specific to individual compilers or machines. @xref{Support, ,
+Supported Languages}, for further details on specific languages.
+
+_GDBN__ provides some additional commands for controlling the range checker:
+
+@kindex set check
+@kindex set check range
+@kindex show check range
+@table @code
+@item set check range auto
+Set range checking on or off based on the current working language.
+@xref{Support, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for
+each language.
+
+@item set check range on
+@itemx set check range off
+Set range checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the
+current working language. A warning is issued if the setting does not
+match the language's default. If a range error occurs, then a message
+is printed and evaluation of the expression is aborted.
+
+@item set check range warn
+Output messages when the _GDBN__ range checker detects a range error,
+but attempt to evaluate the expression anyway. Evaluating the
+expression may still be impossible for other reasons, such as accessing
+memory that the process does not own (a typical example from many UNIX
+systems).
+
+@item show range
+Show the current setting of the range checker, and whether or not it is
+being set automatically by _GDBN__.
+@end table
+
+@node Support
+@section Supported Languages
+
+_GDBN__ 4 supports C, C++, and Modula-2. Some _GDBN__
+features may be used in expressions regardless of the language you
+use: the _GDBN__ @code{@@} and @code{::} operators, and the
+@samp{@{type@}addr} construct (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}) can be
+used with the constructs of any of the supported languages.
+
+The following sections detail to what degree each of these
+source languages is supported by _GDBN__. These sections are
+not meant to be language tutorials or references, but serve only as a
+reference guide to what the _GDBN__ expression parser will accept, and
+what input and output formats should look like for different languages.
+There are many good books written on each of these languages; please
+look to these for a language reference or tutorial.
+
+@menu
+* C:: C and C++
+* Modula-2:: Modula-2
+@end menu
+
+@node C
+@subsection C and C++
+@cindex C and C++
+@cindex expressions in C or C++
+
+Since C and C++ are so closely related, many features of _GDBN__ apply
+to both languages. Whenever this is the case, we discuss both languages
+together.
+
+@cindex C++
+@kindex g++
+@cindex GNU C++
+The C++ debugging facilities are jointly implemented by the GNU C++
+compiler and _GDBN__. Therefore, to debug your C++ code effectively,
+you must compile your C++ programs with the GNU C++ compiler,
+@code{g++}.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@node C
+@chapter C Language Support
+@cindex C language
+@cindex expressions in C
+
+Information specific to the C language is built into _GDBN__ so that you
+can use C expressions while degugging. This also permits _GDBN__ to
+output values in a manner consistent with C conventions.
+
+@menu
+* C Operators:: C Operators
+* C Constants:: C Constants
+* Debugging C:: _GDBN__ and C
+@end menu
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@menu
+* C Operators:: C and C++ Operators
+* C Constants:: C and C++ Constants
+* Cplusplus expressions:: C++ Expressions
+* C Defaults:: Default settings for C and C++
+* C Checks:: C and C++ Type and Range Checks
+* Debugging C:: _GDBN__ and C
+* Debugging C plus plus:: Special features for C++
+@end menu
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@cindex C and C++ operators
+@node C Operators
+@subsubsection C and C++ Operators
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@cindex C operators
+@node C Operators
+@section C Operators
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+
+Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
+@code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
+often defined on groups of types.
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+For the purposes of C and C++, the following definitions hold:
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@emph{Integral types} include @code{int} with any of its storage-class
+specifiers, @code{char}, and @code{enum}s.
+
+@item
+@emph{Floating-point types} include @code{float} and @code{double}.
+
+@item
+@emph{Pointer types} include all types defined as @code{(@var{type}
+*)}.
+
+@item
+@emph{Scalar types} include all of the above.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+The following operators are supported. They are listed here
+in order of increasing precedence:
+
+@table @code
+_0__@item ,
+The comma or sequencing operator. Expressions in a comma-separated list
+are evaluated from left to right, with the result of the entire
+expression being the last expression evaluated.
+
+@item =
+Assignment. The value of an assignment expression is the value
+assigned. Defined on scalar types.
+
+@item @var{op}=
+Used in an expression of the form @w{@code{@var{a} @var{op}= @var{b}}},
+and translated to @w{@code{@var{a} = @var{a op b}}}.
+@w{@code{@var{op}=}} and @code{=} have the same precendence.
+@var{op} is any one of the operators @code{|}, @code{^}, @code{&},
+@code{<<}, @code{>>}, @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{%}.
+
+@item ?:
+The ternary operator. @code{@var{a} ? @var{b} : @var{c}} can be thought
+of as: if @var{a} then @var{b} else @var{c}. @var{a} should be of an
+integral type.
+
+@item ||
+Logical @sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
+
+@item &&
+Logical @sc{and}. Defined on integral types.
+
+@item |
+Bitwise @sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
+
+@item ^
+Bitwise exclusive-@sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
+
+@item &
+Bitwise @sc{and}. Defined on integral types.
+
+@item ==@r{, }!=
+Equality and inequality. Defined on scalar types. The value of these
+expressions is 0 for false and non-zero for true.
+
+@item <@r{, }>@r{, }<=@r{, }>=
+Less than, greater than, less than or equal, greater than or equal.
+Defined on scalar types. The value of these expressions is 0 for false
+and non-zero for true.
+
+@item <<@r{, }>>
+left shift, and right shift. Defined on integral types._1__
+
+@item @@
+The _GDBN__ ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}).
+
+@item +@r{, }-
+Addition and subtraction. Defined on integral types, floating-point types and
+pointer types.
+
+@item *@r{, }/@r{, }%
+Multiplication, division, and modulus. Multiplication and division are
+defined on integral and floating-point types. Modulus is defined on
+integral types.
+
+@item ++@r{, }--
+Increment and decrement. When appearing before a variable, the
+operation is performed before the variable is used in an expression;
+when appearing after it, the variable's value is used before the
+operation takes place.
+
+@item *
+Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types. Same precedence as
+@code{++}.
+
+@item &
+Address operator. Defined on variables. Same precedence as @code{++}.
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+For debugging C++, _GDBN__ implements a use of @samp{&} beyond what's
+allowed in the C++ language itself: you can use @samp{&(&@var{ref})}
+(or, if you prefer, simply @samp{&&@var{ref}} to examine the address
+where a C++ reference variable (declared with @samp{&@var{ref}}) is
+stored.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@item -
+Negative. Defined on integral and floating-point types. Same
+precedence as @code{++}.
+
+@item !
+Logical negation. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as
+@code{++}.
+
+@item ~
+Bitwise complement operator. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as
+@code{++}.
+
+_0__
+@item .@r{, }->
+Structure member, and pointer-to-structure member. For convenience,
+_GDBN__ regards the two as equivalent, choosing whether to dereference a
+pointer based on the stored type information.
+Defined on @code{struct}s and @code{union}s.
+
+@item []
+Array indexing. @code{@var{a}[@var{i}]} is defined as
+@code{*(@var{a}+@var{i})}. Same precedence as @code{->}.
+
+@item ()
+Function parameter list. Same precedence as @code{->}._1__
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@item ::
+C++ scope resolution operator. Defined on
+@code{struct}, @code{union}, and @code{class} types.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@item ::
+The _GDBN__ scope operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}).
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+Same precedence as @code{::}, above.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+@end table
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@cindex C and C++ constants
+@node C Constants
+@subsubsection C and C++ Constants
+
+_GDBN__ allows you to express the constants of C and C++ in the
+following ways:
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@cindex C constants
+@node C Constants
+@section C Constants
+
+_GDBN__ allows you to express the constants of C in the
+following ways:
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Integer constants are a sequence of digits. Octal constants are
+specified by a leading @samp{0} (ie. zero), and hexadecimal constants by
+a leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X}. Constants may also end with a letter
+@samp{l}, specifying that the constant should be treated as a
+@code{long} value.
+
+@item
+Floating point constants are a sequence of digits, followed by a decimal
+point, followed by a sequence of digits, and optionally followed by an
+exponent. An exponent is of the form:
+@samp{@w{e@r{[[}+@r{]|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}}, where @var{nnn} is another
+sequence of digits. The @samp{+} is optional for positive exponents.
+
+@item
+Enumerated constants consist of enumerated identifiers, or their
+integral equivalents.
+
+@item
+Character constants are a single character surrounded by single quotes
+(@code{'}), or a number---the ordinal value of the corresponding character
+(usually its @sc{ASCII} value). Within quotes, the single character may
+be represented by a letter or by @dfn{escape sequences}, which are of
+the form @samp{\@var{nnn}}, where @var{nnn} is the octal representation
+of the character's ordinal value; or of the form @samp{\@var{x}}, where
+@samp{@var{x}} is a predefined special character---for example,
+@samp{\n} for newline.
+
+@item
+String constants are a sequence of character constants surrounded
+by double quotes (@code{"}).
+
+@item
+Pointer constants are an integral value.
+@end itemize
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@node Cplusplus expressions
+@subsubsection C++ Expressions
+
+@cindex expressions in C++
+_GDBN__'s expression handling has a number of extensions to
+interpret a significant subset of C++ expressions.
+
+@cindex C++ support, not in @sc{coff}
+@cindex @sc{coff} versus C++
+@cindex C++ and object formats
+@cindex object formats and C++
+@cindex a.out and C++
+@cindex @sc{ecoff} and C++
+@cindex @sc{xcoff} and C++
+@cindex @sc{elf}/stabs and C++
+@cindex @sc{elf}/@sc{dwarf} and C++
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} Most of these extensions depend on the use of additional
+debugging information in the symbol table, and thus require a rich,
+extendable object code format. In particular, if your system uses
+a.out, MIPS @sc{ecoff}, RS/6000 @sc{xcoff}, or Sun @sc{elf} with stabs
+extensions to the symbol table, these facilities are all available.
+Where the object code format is standard @sc{coff}, on the other hand,
+most of the C++ support in _GDBN__ will @emph{not} work, nor can it.
+For the standard SVr4 debugging format, @sc{dwarf} in @sc{elf}, the
+standard is still evolving, so the C++ support in _GDBN__ is still
+fragile; when this debugging format stabilizes, however, C++ support
+will also be available on systems that use it.
+@end quotation
+
+@enumerate
+
+@cindex member functions
+@item
+Member function calls are allowed; you can use expressions like
+
+@example
+count = aml->GetOriginal(x, y)
+@end example
+
+@kindex this
+@cindex namespace in C++
+@item
+While a member function is active (in the selected stack frame), your
+expressions have the same namespace available as the member function;
+that is, _GDBN__ allows implicit references to the class instance
+pointer @code{this} following the same rules as C++.
+
+@cindex call overloaded functions
+@cindex type conversions in C++
+@item
+You can call overloaded functions; _GDBN__ will resolve the function
+call to the right definition, with one restriction---you must use
+arguments of the type required by the function that you want to call.
+_GDBN__ will not perform conversions requiring constructors or
+user-defined type operators.
+
+@cindex reference declarations
+@item
+_GDBN__ understands variables declared as C++ references; you can use them in
+expressions just as you do in C++ source---they are automatically
+dereferenced.
+
+In the parameter list shown when _GDBN__ displays a frame, the values of
+reference variables are not displayed (unlike other variables); this
+avoids clutter, since references are often used for large structures.
+The @emph{address} of a reference variable is always shown, unless
+you have specified @samp{set print address off}.
+
+@item
+_GDBN__ supports the C++ name resolution operator @code{::}---your
+expressions can use it just as expressions in your program do. Since
+one scope may be defined in another, you can use @code{::} repeatedly if
+necessary, for example in an expression like
+@samp{@var{scope1}::@var{scope2}::@var{name}}. _GDBN__ also allows
+resolving name scope by reference to source files, in both C and C++
+debugging (@pxref{Variables, ,Program Variables}).
+@end enumerate
+
+@node C Defaults
+@subsubsection C and C++ Defaults
+@cindex C and C++ defaults
+
+If you allow _GDBN__ to set type and range checking automatically, they
+both default to @code{off} whenever the working language changes to
+C or C++. This happens regardless of whether you, or _GDBN__,
+selected the working language.
+
+If you allow _GDBN__ to set the language automatically, it sets the
+working language to C or C++ on entering code compiled from a source file
+whose name ends with @file{.c}, @file{.C}, or @file{.cc}.
+@xref{Automatically, ,Having _GDBN__ infer the source language}, for
+further details.
+
+@node C Checks
+@subsubsection C and C++ Type and Range Checks
+@cindex C and C++ checks
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} in this release, _GDBN__ does not yet perform type or
+range checking.
+@end quotation
+@c FIXME remove warning when type/range checks added
+
+By default, when _GDBN__ parses C or C++ expressions, type checking
+is not used. However, if you turn type checking on, _GDBN__ will
+consider two variables type equivalent if:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The two variables are structured and have the same structure, union, or
+enumerated tag.
+
+@item
+Two two variables have the same type name, or types that have been
+declared equivalent through @code{typedef}.
+
+@ignore
+@c leaving this out because neither J Gilmore nor R Pesch understand it.
+@c FIXME--beers?
+@item
+The two @code{struct}, @code{union}, or @code{enum} variables are
+declared in the same declaration. (Note: this may not be true for all C
+compilers.)
+@end ignore
+@end itemize
+
+Range checking, if turned on, is done on mathematical operations. Array
+indices are not checked, since they are often used to index a pointer
+that is not itself an array.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@node Debugging C
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@subsubsection _GDBN__ and C
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@section _GDBN__ and C
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+
+The @code{set print union} and @code{show print union} commands apply to
+the @code{union} type. When set to @samp{on}, any @code{union} that is
+inside a @code{struct} or @code{class} will also be printed.
+Otherwise, it will appear as @samp{@{...@}}.
+
+The @code{@@} operator aids in the debugging of dynamic arrays, formed
+with pointers and a memory allocation function. (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions})
+
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@node Debugging C plus plus
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@subsubsection _GDBN__ Features for C++
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+_if__(_CONLY__)
+@section _GDBN__ Features for C++
+_fi__(_CONLY__)
+
+@cindex commands for C++
+Some _GDBN__ commands are particularly useful with C++, and some are
+designed specifically for use with C++. Here is a summary:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex break in overloaded functions
+@item @r{breakpoint menus}
+When you want a breakpoint in a function whose name is overloaded,
+_GDBN__'s breakpoint menus help you specify which function definition
+you want. @xref{Breakpoint Menus}.
+
+@cindex overloading in C++
+@item rbreak @var{regex}
+Setting breakpoints using regular expressions is helpful for setting
+breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special
+classes.
+@xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}.
+
+@cindex C++ exception handling
+@item catch @var{exceptions}
+@itemx info catch
+Debug C++ exception handling using these commands. @xref{Exception
+Handling, ,Breakpoints and Exceptions}.
+
+@cindex inheritance
+@item ptype @var{typename}
+Print inheritance relationships as well as other information for type
+@var{typename}.
+@xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}.
+
+@cindex C++ symbol display
+@item set print demangle
+@itemx show print demangle
+@itemx set print asm-demangle
+@itemx show print asm-demangle
+Control whether C++ symbols display in their source form, both when
+displaying code as C++ source and when displaying disassemblies.
+@xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
+
+@item set print object
+@itemx show print object
+Choose whether to print derived (actual) or declared types of objects.
+@xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
+
+@item set print vtbl
+@itemx show print vtbl
+Control the format for printing virtual function tables.
+@xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
+
+@item @r{Overloaded symbol names}
+You can specify a particular definition of an overloaded symbol, using
+the same notation that's used to declare such symbols in C++: type
+@code{@var{symbol}(@var{types})} rather than just @var{symbol}. You can
+also use _GDBN__'s command-line word completion facilities to list the
+available choices, or to finish the type list for you.
+@xref{Completion,, Command Completion}, for details on how to do this.
+@end table
+
+@node Modula-2
+@subsection Modula-2
+@cindex Modula-2
+
+The extensions made to _GDBN__ to support Modula-2 support output
+from the GNU Modula-2 compiler (which is currently being developed).
+Other Modula-2 compilers are not currently supported, and attempting to
+debug executables produced by them will most likely result in an error
+as _GDBN__ reads in the executable's symbol table.
+
+@cindex expressions in Modula-2
+@menu
+* M2 Operators:: Built-in operators
+* Built-In Func/Proc:: Built-in Functions and Procedures
+* M2 Constants:: Modula-2 Constants
+* M2 Defaults:: Default settings for Modula-2
+* Deviations:: Deviations from standard Modula-2
+* M2 Checks:: Modula-2 Type and Range Checks
+* M2 Scope:: The scope operators @code{::} and @code{.}
+* GDB/M2:: _GDBN__ and Modula-2
+@end menu
+
+@node M2 Operators
+@subsubsection Operators
+@cindex Modula-2 operators
+
+Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
+@code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
+often defined on groups of types. For the purposes of Modula-2, the
+following definitions hold:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+@emph{Integral types} consist of @code{INTEGER}, @code{CARDINAL}, and
+their subranges.
+
+@item
+@emph{Character types} consist of @code{CHAR} and its subranges.
+
+@item
+@emph{Floating-point types} consist of @code{REAL}.
+
+@item
+@emph{Pointer types} consist of anything declared as @code{POINTER TO
+@var{type}}.
+
+@item
+@emph{Scalar types} consist of all of the above.
+
+@item
+@emph{Set types} consist of @code{SET}s and @code{BITSET}s.
+
+@item
+@emph{Boolean types} consist of @code{BOOLEAN}.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+The following operators are supported, and appear in order of
+increasing precedence:
+
+@table @code
+@item ,
+Function argument or array index separator.
+_0__
+@item :=
+Assignment. The value of @var{var} @code{:=} @var{value} is
+@var{value}.
+
+@item <@r{, }>
+Less than, greater than on integral, floating-point, or enumerated
+types.
+
+@item <=@r{, }>=
+Less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to
+on integral, floating-point and enumerated types, or set inclusion on
+set types. Same precedence as @code{<}.
+
+@item =@r{, }<>@r{, }#
+Equality and two ways of expressing inequality, valid on scalar types.
+Same precedence as @code{<}. In _GDBN__ scripts, only @code{<>} is
+available for inequality, since @code{#} conflicts with the script
+comment character.
+
+@item IN
+Set membership. Defined on set types and the types of their members.
+Same precedence as @code{<}.
+
+@item OR
+Boolean disjunction. Defined on boolean types.
+
+@item AND@r{, }&
+Boolean conjuction. Defined on boolean types.
+
+@item @@
+The _GDBN__ ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}).
+
+@item +@r{, }-
+Addition and subtraction on integral and floating-point types, or union
+and difference on set types.
+
+@item *
+Multiplication on integral and floating-point types, or set intersection
+on set types.
+
+@item /
+Division on floating-point types, or symmetric set difference on set
+types. Same precedence as @code{*}.
+
+@item DIV@r{, }MOD
+Integer division and remainder. Defined on integral types. Same
+precedence as @code{*}.
+
+@item -
+Negative. Defined on @code{INTEGER}s and @code{REAL}s.
+
+@item ^
+Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types.
+
+@item NOT
+Boolean negation. Defined on boolean types. Same precedence as
+@code{^}.
+
+@item .
+@code{RECORD} field selector. Defined on @code{RECORD}s. Same
+precedence as @code{^}.
+
+@item []
+Array indexing. Defined on @code{ARRAY}s. Same precedence as @code{^}.
+
+@item ()
+Procedure argument list. Defined on @code{PROCEDURE}s. Same precedence
+as @code{^}.
+
+@item ::@r{, }.
+_GDBN__ and Modula-2 scope operators.
+@end table
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so _GDBN__
+will treat the use of the operator @code{IN}, or the use of operators
+@code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{=}, , @code{<>}, @code{#},
+@code{<=}, and @code{>=} on sets as an error.
+@end quotation
+_1__
+@cindex Modula-2 built-ins
+@node Built-In Func/Proc
+@subsubsection Built-in Functions and Procedures
+
+Modula-2 also makes available several built-in procedures and functions.
+In describing these, the following metavariables are used:
+
+@table @var
+
+@item a
+represents an @code{ARRAY} variable.
+
+@item c
+represents a @code{CHAR} constant or variable.
+
+@item i
+represents a variable or constant of integral type.
+
+@item m
+represents an identifier that belongs to a set. Generally used in the
+same function with the metavariable @var{s}. The type of @var{s} should
+be @code{SET OF @var{mtype}} (where @var{mtype} is the type of @var{m}.
+
+@item n
+represents a variable or constant of integral or floating-point type.
+
+@item r
+represents a variable or constant of floating-point type.
+
+@item t
+represents a type.
+
+@item v
+represents a variable.
+
+@item x
+represents a variable or constant of one of many types. See the
+explanation of the function for details.
+@end table
+
+All Modula-2 built-in procedures also return a result, described below.
+
+@table @code
+@item ABS(@var{n})
+Returns the absolute value of @var{n}.
+
+@item CAP(@var{c})
+If @var{c} is a lower case letter, it returns its upper case
+equivalent, otherwise it returns its argument
+
+@item CHR(@var{i})
+Returns the character whose ordinal value is @var{i}.
+
+@item DEC(@var{v})
+Decrements the value in the variable @var{v}. Returns the new value.
+
+@item DEC(@var{v},@var{i})
+Decrements the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the
+new value.
+
+@item EXCL(@var{m},@var{s})
+Removes the element @var{m} from the set @var{s}. Returns the new
+set.
+
+@item FLOAT(@var{i})
+Returns the floating point equivalent of the integer @var{i}.
+
+@item HIGH(@var{a})
+Returns the index of the last member of @var{a}.
+
+@item INC(@var{v})
+Increments the value in the variable @var{v}. Returns the new value.
+
+@item INC(@var{v},@var{i})
+Increments the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the
+new value.
+
+@item INCL(@var{m},@var{s})
+Adds the element @var{m} to the set @var{s} if it is not already
+there. Returns the new set.
+
+@item MAX(@var{t})
+Returns the maximum value of the type @var{t}.
+
+@item MIN(@var{t})
+Returns the minimum value of the type @var{t}.
+
+@item ODD(@var{i})
+Returns boolean TRUE if @var{i} is an odd number.
+
+@item ORD(@var{x})
+Returns the ordinal value of its argument. For example, the ordinal
+value of a character is its ASCII value (on machines supporting the
+ASCII character set). @var{x} must be of an ordered type, which include
+integral, character and enumerated types.
+
+@item SIZE(@var{x})
+Returns the size of its argument. @var{x} can be a variable or a type.
+
+@item TRUNC(@var{r})
+Returns the integral part of @var{r}.
+
+@item VAL(@var{t},@var{i})
+Returns the member of the type @var{t} whose ordinal value is @var{i}.
+@end table
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so
+_GDBN__ will treat the use of procedures @code{INCL} and @code{EXCL} as
+an error.
+@end quotation
+
+@cindex Modula-2 constants
+@node M2 Constants
+@subsubsection Constants
+
+_GDBN__ allows you to express the constants of Modula-2 in the following
+ways:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+Integer constants are simply a sequence of digits. When used in an
+expression, a constant is interpreted to be type-compatible with the
+rest of the expression. Hexadecimal integers are specified by a
+trailing @samp{H}, and octal integers by a trailing @samp{B}.
+
+@item
+Floating point constants appear as a sequence of digits, followed by a
+decimal point and another sequence of digits. An optional exponent can
+then be specified, in the form @samp{E@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}, where
+@samp{@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}} is the desired exponent. All of the
+digits of the floating point constant must be valid decimal (base 10)
+digits.
+
+@item
+Character constants consist of a single character enclosed by a pair of
+like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}). They may
+also be expressed by their ordinal value (their ASCII value, usually)
+followed by a @samp{C}.
+
+@item
+String constants consist of a sequence of characters enclosed by a
+pair of like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}).
+Escape sequences in the style of C are also allowed. @xref{C
+Constants, ,C and C++ Constants}, for a brief explanation of escape
+sequences.
+
+@item
+Enumerated constants consist of an enumerated identifier.
+
+@item
+Boolean constants consist of the identifiers @code{TRUE} and
+@code{FALSE}.
+
+@item
+Pointer constants consist of integral values only.
+
+@item
+Set constants are not yet supported.
+@end itemize
+
+@node M2 Defaults
+@subsubsection Modula-2 Defaults
+@cindex Modula-2 defaults
+
+If type and range checking are set automatically by _GDBN__, they
+both default to @code{on} whenever the working language changes to
+Modula-2. This happens regardless of whether you, or _GDBN__,
+selected the working language.
+
+If you allow _GDBN__ to set the language automatically, then entering
+code compiled from a file whose name ends with @file{.mod} will set the
+working language to Modula-2. @xref{Automatically, ,Having _GDBN__ set
+the language automatically}, for further details.
+
+@node Deviations
+@subsubsection Deviations from Standard Modula-2
+@cindex Modula-2, deviations from
+
+A few changes have been made to make Modula-2 programs easier to debug.
+This is done primarily via loosening its type strictness:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Unlike in standard Modula-2, pointer constants can be formed by
+integers. This allows you to modify pointer variables during
+debugging. (In standard Modula-2, the actual address contained in a
+pointer variable is hidden from you; it can only be modified
+through direct assignment to another pointer variable or expression that
+returned a pointer.)
+
+@item
+C escape sequences can be used in strings and characters to represent
+non-printable characters. _GDBN__ will print out strings with these
+escape sequences embedded. Single non-printable characters are
+printed using the @samp{CHR(@var{nnn})} format.
+
+@item
+The assignment operator (@code{:=}) returns the value of its right-hand
+argument.
+
+@item
+All built-in procedures both modify @emph{and} return their argument.
+@end itemize
+
+@node M2 Checks
+@subsubsection Modula-2 Type and Range Checks
+@cindex Modula-2 checks
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} in this release, _GDBN__ does not yet perform type or
+range checking.
+@end quotation
+@c FIXME remove warning when type/range checks added
+
+_GDBN__ considers two Modula-2 variables type equivalent if:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+They are of types that have been declared equivalent via a @code{TYPE
+@var{t1} = @var{t2}} statement
+
+@item
+They have been declared on the same line. (Note: This is true of the
+GNU Modula-2 compiler, but it may not be true of other compilers.)
+@end itemize
+
+As long as type checking is enabled, any attempt to combine variables
+whose types are not equivalent is an error.
+
+Range checking is done on all mathematical operations, assignment, array
+index bounds, and all built-in functions and procedures.
+
+@node M2 Scope
+@subsubsection The scope operators @code{::} and @code{.}
+@cindex scope
+@kindex .
+@cindex colon, doubled as scope operator
+@ifinfo
+@kindex colon-colon
+@c Info cannot handoe :: but TeX can.
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+@kindex ::
+@end iftex
+
+There are a few subtle differences between the Modula-2 scope operator
+(@code{.}) and the _GDBN__ scope operator (@code{::}). The two have
+similar syntax:
+
+@example
+
+@var{module} . @var{id}
+@var{scope} :: @var{id}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where @var{scope} is the name of a module or a procedure,
+@var{module} the name of a module, and @var{id} is any declared
+identifier within your program, except another module.
+
+Using the @code{::} operator makes _GDBN__ search the scope
+specified by @var{scope} for the identifier @var{id}. If it is not
+found in the specified scope, then _GDBN__ will search all scopes
+enclosing the one specified by @var{scope}.
+
+Using the @code{.} operator makes _GDBN__ search the current scope for
+the identifier specified by @var{id} that was imported from the
+definition module specified by @var{module}. With this operator, it is
+an error if the identifier @var{id} was not imported from definition
+module @var{module}, or if @var{id} is not an identifier in
+@var{module}.
+
+@node GDB/M2
+@subsubsection _GDBN__ and Modula-2
+
+Some _GDBN__ commands have little use when debugging Modula-2 programs.
+Five subcommands of @code{set print} and @code{show print} apply
+specifically to C and C++: @samp{vtbl}, @samp{demangle},
+@samp{asm-demangle}, @samp{object}, and @samp{union}. The first four
+apply to C++, and the last to C's @code{union} type, which has no direct
+analogue in Modula-2.
+
+The @code{@@} operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}), while available
+while using any language, is not useful with Modula-2. Its
+intent is to aid the debugging of @dfn{dynamic arrays}, which cannot be
+created in Modula-2 as they can in C or C++. However, because an
+address can be specified by an integral constant, the construct
+@samp{@{@var{type}@}@var{adrexp}} is still useful. (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions})
+_0__
+@cindex @code{#} in Modula-2
+In _GDBN__ scripts, the Modula-2 inequality operator @code{#} is
+interpreted as the beginning of a comment. Use @code{<>} instead.
+_1__
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@node Symbols
+@chapter Examining the Symbol Table
+
+The commands described in this section allow you to inquire about the
+symbols (names of variables, functions and types) defined in your
+program. This information is inherent in the text of your program and
+does not change as your program executes. _GDBN__ finds it in your
+program's symbol table, in the file indicated when you started _GDBN__
+(@pxref{File Options, ,Choosing Files}), or by one of the
+file-management commands (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}).
+
+@c FIXME! This might be intentionally specific to C and C++; if so, move
+@c to someplace in C section of lang chapter.
+@cindex symbol names
+@cindex names of symbols
+@cindex quoting names
+Occasionally, you may need to refer to symbols that contain unusual
+characters, which _GDBN__ ordinarily treats as word delimiters. The
+most frequent case is in referring to static variables in other
+source files (@pxref{Variables,,Program Variables}). File names
+are recorded in object files as debugging symbols, but _GDBN__ would
+ordinarily parse a typical file name, like @file{foo.c}, as the three words
+@samp{foo} @samp{.} @samp{c}. To allow _GDBN__ to recognize
+@samp{foo.c} as a single symbol, enclose it in single quotes; for example,
+
+@example
+p 'foo.c'::x
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+looks up the value of @code{x} in the scope of the file @file{foo.c}.
+
+@table @code
+@item info address @var{symbol}
+@kindex info address
+Describe where the data for @var{symbol} is stored. For a register
+variable, this says which register it is kept in. For a non-register
+local variable, this prints the stack-frame offset at which the variable
+is always stored.
+
+Note the contrast with @samp{print &@var{symbol}}, which does not work
+at all for a register variables, and for a stack local variable prints
+the exact address of the current instantiation of the variable.
+
+@item whatis @var{exp}
+@kindex whatis
+Print the data type of expression @var{exp}. @var{exp} is not
+actually evaluated, and any side-effecting operations (such as
+assignments or function calls) inside it do not take place.
+@xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
+
+@item whatis
+Print the data type of @code{$}, the last value in the value history.
+
+@item ptype @var{typename}
+@kindex ptype
+Print a description of data type @var{typename}. @var{typename} may be
+the name of a type, or for C code it may have the form
+@samp{struct @var{struct-tag}}, @samp{union @var{union-tag}} or
+@samp{enum @var{enum-tag}}.
+
+@item ptype @var{exp}
+@itemx ptype
+Print a description of the type of expression @var{exp}. @code{ptype}
+differs from @code{whatis} by printing a detailed description, instead
+of just the name of the type. For example, if your program declares a
+variable as
+
+@example
+struct complex @{double real; double imag;@} v;
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+compare the output of the two commands:
+
+@example
+@group
+(_GDBP__) whatis v
+type = struct complex
+(_GDBP__) ptype v
+type = struct complex @{
+ double real;
+ double imag;
+@}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+As with @code{whatis}, using @code{ptype} without an argument refers to
+the type of @code{$}, the last value in the value history.
+
+@item info types @var{regexp}
+@itemx info types
+@kindex info types
+Print a brief description of all types whose name matches @var{regexp}
+(or all types in your program, if you supply no argument). Each
+complete typename is matched as though it were a complete line; thus,
+@samp{i type value} gives information on all types in your program whose
+name includes the string @code{value}, but @samp{i type ^value$} gives
+information only on types whose complete name is @code{value}.
+
+This command differs from @code{ptype} in two ways: first, like
+@code{whatis}, it does not print a detailed description; second, it
+lists all source files where a type is defined.
+
+@item info source
+@kindex info source
+Show the name of the current source file---that is, the source file for
+the function containing the current point of execution---and the language
+it was written in.
+
+@item info sources
+@kindex info sources
+Print the names of all source files in your program for which there is
+debugging information, organized into two lists: files whose symbols
+have already been read, and files whose symbols will be read when needed.
+
+@item info functions
+@kindex info functions
+Print the names and data types of all defined functions.
+
+@item info functions @var{regexp}
+Print the names and data types of all defined functions
+whose names contain a match for regular expression @var{regexp}.
+Thus, @samp{info fun step} finds all functions whose names
+include @code{step}; @samp{info fun ^step} finds those whose names
+start with @code{step}.
+
+@item info variables
+@kindex info variables
+Print the names and data types of all variables that are declared
+outside of functions (i.e., excluding local variables).
+
+@item info variables @var{regexp}
+Print the names and data types of all variables (except for local
+variables) whose names contain a match for regular expression
+@var{regexp}.
+
+@ignore
+This was never implemented.
+@item info methods
+@itemx info methods @var{regexp}
+@kindex info methods
+The @code{info methods} command permits the user to examine all defined
+methods within C++ program, or (with the @var{regexp} argument) a
+specific set of methods found in the various C++ classes. Many
+C++ classes provide a large number of methods. Thus, the output
+from the @code{ptype} command can be overwhelming and hard to use. The
+@code{info-methods} command filters the methods, printing only those
+which match the regular-expression @var{regexp}.
+@end ignore
+
+@item maint print symbols @var{filename}
+@itemx maint print psymbols @var{filename}
+@itemx maint print msymbols @var{filename}
+@kindex maint print symbols
+@cindex symbol dump
+@kindex maint print psymbols
+@cindex partial symbol dump
+Write a dump of debugging symbol data into the file @var{filename}.
+These commands are used to debug the _GDBN__ symbol-reading code. Only
+symbols with debugging data are included. If you use @samp{maint print
+symbols}, _GDBN__ includes all the symbols for which it has already
+collected full details: that is, @var{filename} reflects symbols for
+only those files whose symbols _GDBN__ has read. You can use the
+command @code{info sources} to find out which files these are. If you
+use @samp{maint print psymbols} instead, the dump shows information about
+symbols that _GDBN__ only knows partially---that is, symbols defined in
+files that _GDBN__ has skimmed, but not yet read completely. Finally,
+@samp{maint print msymbols} dumps just the minimal symbol information
+required for each object file from which _GDBN__ has read some symbols.
+The description of @code{symbol-file} explains how _GDBN__ reads
+symbols; both @code{info source} and @code{symbol-file} are described in
+@ref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}.
+@end table
+
+@node Altering
+@chapter Altering Execution
+
+Once you think you have found an error in your program, you might want to
+find out for certain whether correcting the apparent error would lead to
+correct results in the rest of the run. You can find the answer by
+experiment, using the _GDBN__ features for altering execution of the
+program.
+
+For example, you can store new values into variables or memory
+locations, give your program a signal, restart it at a different address,
+or even return prematurely from a function to its caller.
+
+@menu
+* Assignment:: Assignment to Variables
+* Jumping:: Continuing at a Different Address
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+* Signaling:: Giving your program a Signal
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+* Returning:: Returning from a Function
+* Calling:: Calling your Program's Functions
+* Patching:: Patching your Program
+@end menu
+
+@node Assignment
+@section Assignment to Variables
+
+@cindex assignment
+@cindex setting variables
+To alter the value of a variable, evaluate an assignment expression.
+@xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. For example,
+
+@example
+print x=4
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+stores the value 4 into the variable @code{x}, and then prints the
+value of the assignment expression (which is 4).
+_if__(!_CONLY__)
+@xref{Languages, ,Using _GDBN__ with Different Languages}, for more
+information on operators in supported languages.
+_fi__(!_CONLY__)
+
+@kindex set variable
+@cindex variables, setting
+If you are not interested in seeing the value of the assignment, use the
+@code{set} command instead of the @code{print} command. @code{set} is
+really the same as @code{print} except that the expression's value is not
+printed and is not put in the value history (@pxref{Value History, ,Value History}). The
+expression is evaluated only for its effects.
+
+If the beginning of the argument string of the @code{set} command
+appears identical to a @code{set} subcommand, use the @code{set
+variable} command instead of just @code{set}. This command is identical
+to @code{set} except for its lack of subcommands. For example, a
+program might well have a variable @code{width}---which leads to
+an error if we try to set a new value with just @samp{set width=13}, as
+we might if @code{set width} did not happen to be a _GDBN__ command:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) whatis width
+type = double
+(_GDBP__) p width
+$4 = 13
+(_GDBP__) set width=47
+Invalid syntax in expression.
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The invalid expression, of course, is @samp{=47}. What we can do in
+order to actually set our program's variable @code{width} is
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) set var width=47
+@end example
+
+_GDBN__ allows more implicit conversions in assignments than C; you can
+freely store an integer value into a pointer variable or vice versa,
+and any structure can be converted to any other structure that is the
+same length or shorter.
+@comment FIXME: how do structs align/pad in these conversions?
+@comment /pesch@cygnus.com 18dec1990
+
+To store values into arbitrary places in memory, use the @samp{@{@dots{}@}}
+construct to generate a value of specified type at a specified address
+(@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). For example, @code{@{int@}0x83040} refers
+to memory location @code{0x83040} as an integer (which implies a certain size
+and representation in memory), and
+
+@example
+set @{int@}0x83040 = 4
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+stores the value 4 into that memory location.
+
+@node Jumping
+@section Continuing at a Different Address
+
+Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where
+it stopped, with the @code{continue} command. You can instead continue at
+an address of your own choosing, with the following commands:
+
+@table @code
+@item jump @var{linespec}
+@kindex jump
+Resume execution at line @var{linespec}. Execution will stop
+immediately if there is a breakpoint there. @xref{List, ,Printing
+Source Lines}, for a description of the different forms of
+@var{linespec}.
+
+The @code{jump} command does not change the current stack frame, or
+the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or any
+register other than the program counter. If line @var{linespec} is in
+a different function from the one currently executing, the results may
+be bizarre if the two functions expect different patterns of arguments or
+of local variables. For this reason, the @code{jump} command requests
+confirmation if the specified line is not in the function currently
+executing. However, even bizarre results are predictable if you are
+well acquainted with the machine-language code of your program.
+
+@item jump *@var{address}
+Resume execution at the instruction at address @var{address}.
+@end table
+
+You can get much the same effect as the @code{jump} command by storing a
+new value into the register @code{$pc}. The difference is that this
+does not start your program running; it only changes the address where it
+@emph{will} run when it is continued. For example,
+
+@example
+set $pc = 0x485
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+causes the next @code{continue} command or stepping command to execute at
+address @code{0x485}, rather than at the address where your program stopped.
+@xref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}.
+
+The most common occasion to use the @code{jump} command is to back up,
+perhaps with more breakpoints set, over a portion of a program that has
+already executed, in order to examine its execution in more detail.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@node Signaling
+@c @group
+@section Giving your program a Signal
+
+@table @code
+@item signal @var{signalnum}
+@kindex signal
+Resume execution where your program stopped, but give it immediately the
+signal number @var{signalnum}.
+
+Alternatively, if @var{signalnum} is zero, continue execution without
+giving a signal. This is useful when your program stopped on account of
+a signal and would ordinary see the signal when resumed with the
+@code{continue} command; @samp{signal 0} causes it to resume without a
+signal.
+
+@code{signal} does not repeat when you press @key{RET} a second time
+after executing the command.
+@end table
+@c @end group
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Returning
+@section Returning from a Function
+
+@table @code
+@item return
+@itemx return @var{expression}
+@cindex returning from a function
+@kindex return
+You can cancel execution of a function call with the @code{return}
+command. If you give an
+@var{expression} argument, its value is used as the function's return
+value.
+@end table
+
+When you use @code{return}, _GDBN__ discards the selected stack frame
+(and all frames within it). You can think of this as making the
+discarded frame return prematurely. If you wish to specify a value to
+be returned, give that value as the argument to @code{return}.
+
+This pops the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a
+Frame}), and any other frames inside of it, leaving its caller as the
+innermost remaining frame. That frame becomes selected. The
+specified value is stored in the registers used for returning values
+of functions.
+
+The @code{return} command does not resume execution; it leaves the
+program stopped in the state that would exist if the function had just
+returned. In contrast, the @code{finish} command (@pxref{Continuing
+and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}) resumes execution until the
+selected stack frame returns naturally.
+
+@node Calling
+@section Calling your Program's Functions
+
+@cindex calling functions
+@kindex call
+@table @code
+@item call @var{expr}
+Evaluate the expression @var{expr} without displaying @code{void}
+returned values.
+@end table
+
+You can use this variant of the @code{print} command if you want to
+execute a function from your program, but without cluttering the output
+with @code{void} returned values. The result is printed and saved in
+the value history, if it is not void.
+
+@node Patching
+@section Patching your Program
+@cindex patching binaries
+@cindex writing into executables
+@cindex writing into corefiles
+
+By default, _GDBN__ opens the file containing your program's executable
+code (or the corefile) read-only. This prevents accidental alterations
+to machine code; but it also prevents you from intentionally patching
+your program's binary.
+
+If you'd like to be able to patch the binary, you can specify that
+explicitly with the @code{set write} command. For example, you might
+want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to make emergency
+repairs.
+
+@table @code
+@item set write on
+@itemx set write off
+@kindex set write
+If you specify @samp{set write on}, _GDBN__ will open executable
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+and core
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+files for both reading and writing; if you specify @samp{set write
+off} (the default), _GDBN__ will open them read-only.
+
+If you have already loaded a file, you must load it
+again (using the @code{exec-file} or @code{core-file} command) after
+changing @code{set write}, for your new setting to take effect.
+
+@item show write
+@kindex show write
+Display whether executable files
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+and core files
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+will be opened for writing as well as reading.
+@end table
+
+@node _GDBN__ Files
+@chapter _GDBN__'s Files
+
+_GDBN__ needs to know the file name of the program to be debugged, both in
+order to read its symbol table and in order to start your program.
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+To debug a core dump of a previous run, _GDBN__ must be told the file
+name of the core dump.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@menu
+* Files:: Commands to Specify Files
+* Symbol Errors:: Errors Reading Symbol Files
+@end menu
+
+@node Files
+@section Commands to Specify Files
+@cindex symbol table
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@cindex core dump file
+The usual way to specify executable and core dump file names is with
+the command arguments given when you start _GDBN__, (@pxref{Invocation,
+,Getting In and Out of _GDBN__}.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+_if__(_BARE__)
+The usual way to specify an executable file name is with
+the command argument given when you start _GDBN__, (@pxref{Invocation,
+,Getting In and Out of _GDBN__}.
+_fi__(_BARE__)
+
+Occasionally it is necessary to change to a different file during a
+_GDBN__ session. Or you may run _GDBN__ and forget to specify a file you
+want to use. In these situations the _GDBN__ commands to specify new files
+are useful.
+
+@table @code
+@item file @var{filename}
+@cindex executable file
+@kindex file
+Use @var{filename} as the program to be debugged. It is read for its
+symbols and for the contents of pure memory. It is also the program
+executed when you use the @code{run} command. If you do not specify a
+directory and the file is not found in _GDBN__'s working directory, _GDBN__
+uses the environment variable @code{PATH} as a list of directories to
+search, just as the shell does when looking for a program to run. You
+can change the value of this variable, for both _GDBN__ and your program,
+using the @code{path} command.
+
+On systems with memory-mapped files, an auxiliary symbol table file
+@file{@var{filename}.syms} may be available for @var{filename}. If it
+is, _GDBN__ will map in the symbol table from
+@file{@var{filename}.syms}, starting up more quickly. See the
+descriptions of the options @samp{-mapped} and @samp{-readnow} (available
+on the command line, and with the commands @code{file}, @code{symbol-file},
+or @code{add-symbol-file}), for more information.
+
+@item file
+@code{file} with no argument makes _GDBN__ discard any information it
+has on both executable file and the symbol table.
+
+@item exec-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]}
+@kindex exec-file
+Specify that the program to be run (but not the symbol table) is found
+in @var{filename}. _GDBN__ will search the environment variable @code{PATH}
+if necessary to locate your program. Omitting @var{filename} means to
+discard information on the executable file.
+
+@item symbol-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]}
+@kindex symbol-file
+Read symbol table information from file @var{filename}. @code{PATH} is
+searched when necessary. Use the @code{file} command to get both symbol
+table and program to run from the same file.
+
+@code{symbol-file} with no argument clears out _GDBN__'s information on your
+program's symbol table.
+
+The @code{symbol-file} command causes _GDBN__ to forget the contents of its
+convenience variables, the value history, and all breakpoints and
+auto-display expressions. This is because they may contain pointers to
+the internal data recording symbols and data types, which are part of
+the old symbol table data being discarded inside _GDBN__.
+
+@code{symbol-file} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after
+executing it once.
+
+When _GDBN__ is configured for a particular environment, it will
+understand debugging information in whatever format is the standard
+generated for that environment; you may use either a GNU compiler, or
+other compilers that adhere to the local conventions. Best results are
+usually obtained from GNU compilers; for example, using @code{_GCC__}
+you can generate debugging information for optimized code.
+
+On some kinds of object files, the @code{symbol-file} command does not
+normally read the symbol table in full right away. Instead, it scans
+the symbol table quickly to find which source files and which symbols
+are present. The details are read later, one source file at a time,
+as they are needed.
+
+The purpose of this two-stage reading strategy is to make _GDBN__ start up
+faster. For the most part, it is invisible except for occasional
+pauses while the symbol table details for a particular source file are
+being read. (The @code{set verbose} command can turn these pauses
+into messages if desired. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings
+and Messages}.)
+
+When the symbol table is stored in COFF format, @code{symbol-file} does
+read the symbol table data in full right away. We have not implemented
+the two-stage strategy for COFF yet.
+
+@item symbol-file @var{filename} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @r{[} -mapped @r{]}
+@itemx file @var{filename} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @r{[} -mapped @r{]}
+@kindex readnow
+@cindex reading symbols immediately
+@cindex symbols, reading immediately
+@kindex mapped
+@cindex memory-mapped symbol file
+@cindex saving symbol table
+You can override the _GDBN__ two-stage strategy for reading symbol
+tables by using the @samp{-readnow} option with any of the commands that
+load symbol table information, if you want to be sure _GDBN__ has the
+entire symbol table available.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+If memory-mapped files are available on your system through the
+@code{mmap} system call, you can use another option, @samp{-mapped}, to
+cause _GDBN__ to write the symbols for your program into a reusable
+file. Future _GDBN__ debugging sessions will map in symbol information
+from this auxiliary symbol file (if the program hasn't changed), rather
+than spending time reading the symbol table from the executable
+program. Using the @samp{-mapped} option has the same effect as
+starting _GDBN__ with the @samp{-mapped} command-line option.
+
+You can use both options together, to make sure the auxiliary symbol
+file has all the symbol information for your program.
+
+The @code{.syms} file is specific to the host machine on which GDB is run.
+It holds an exact image of GDB's internal symbol table. It cannot be
+shared across multiple host platforms.
+
+The auxiliary symbol file for a program called @var{myprog} is called
+@samp{@var{myprog}.syms}. Once this file exists (so long as it is newer
+than the corresponding executable), _GDBN__ will always attempt to use
+it when you debug @var{myprog}; no special options or commands are
+needed.
+@c FIXME: for now no mention of directories, since this seems to be in
+@c flux. 13mar1992 status is that in theory GDB would look either in
+@c current dir or in same dir as myprog; but issues like competing
+@c GDB's, or clutter in system dirs, mean that in practice right now
+@c only current dir is used. FFish says maybe a special GDB hierarchy
+@c (eg rooted in val of env var GDBSYMS) could exist for mappable symbol
+@c files.
+
+@item core-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]}
+@kindex core
+@kindex core-file
+Specify the whereabouts of a core dump file to be used as the ``contents
+of memory''. Traditionally, core files contain only some parts of the
+address space of the process that generated them; _GDBN__ can access the
+executable file itself for other parts.
+
+@code{core-file} with no argument specifies that no core file is
+to be used.
+
+Note that the core file is ignored when your program is actually running
+under _GDBN__. So, if you have been running your program and you wish to
+debug a core file instead, you must kill the subprocess in which the
+program is running. To do this, use the @code{kill} command
+(@pxref{Kill Process, ,Killing the Child Process}).
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@item load @var{filename}
+@kindex load
+_if__(_GENERIC__)
+Depending on what remote debugging facilities are configured into
+_GDBN__, the @code{load} command may be available. Where it exists, it
+is meant to make @var{filename} (an executable) available for debugging
+on the remote system---by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example.
+@code{load} also records @var{filename}'s symbol table in _GDBN__, like
+the @code{add-symbol-file} command.
+
+If @code{load} is not available on your _GDBN__, attempting to execute
+it gets the error message ``@code{You can't do that when your target is
+@dots{}}''
+_fi__(_GENERIC__)
+
+_if__(_VXWORKS__)
+On VxWorks, @code{load} will dynamically link @var{filename} on the
+current target system as well as adding its symbols in _GDBN__.
+_fi__(_VXWORKS__)
+
+_if__(_I960__)
+@cindex download to Nindy-960
+With the Nindy interface to an Intel 960 board, @code{load} will
+download @var{filename} to the 960 as well as adding its symbols in
+_GDBN__.
+_fi__(_I960__)
+
+_if__(_H8__)
+@cindex download to H8/300
+@cindex H8/300 download
+When you select remote debugging to a Hitachi H8/300 board (@pxref{Hitachi
+H8/300 Remote,,_GDBN__ and the Hitachi H8/300}), the
+@code{load} command downloads your program to the H8/300 and also opens
+it as the current executable target for _GDBN__ on your host (like the
+@code{file} command).
+_fi__(_H8__)
+
+@code{load} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@item add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address}
+@itemx add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address} @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @r{[} -mapped @r{]}
+@kindex add-symbol-file
+@cindex dynamic linking
+The @code{add-symbol-file} command reads additional symbol table information
+from the file @var{filename}. You would use this command when @var{filename}
+has been dynamically loaded (by some other means) into the program that
+is running. @var{address} should be the memory address at which the
+file has been loaded; _GDBN__ cannot figure this out for itself.
+
+The symbol table of the file @var{filename} is added to the symbol table
+originally read with the @code{symbol-file} command. You can use the
+@code{add-symbol-file} command any number of times; the new symbol data thus
+read keeps adding to the old. To discard all old symbol data instead,
+use the @code{symbol-file} command.
+
+@code{add-symbol-file} will not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it.
+
+You can use the @samp{-mapped} and @samp{-readnow} options just as with
+the @code{symbol-file} command, to change how _GDBN__ manages the symbol
+table information for @var{filename}.
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@item info files
+@itemx info target
+@kindex info files
+@kindex info target
+@code{info files} and @code{info target} are synonymous; both print
+the current targets (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}),
+including the names of the executable and core dump files currently in
+use by _GDBN__, and the files from which symbols were loaded. The command
+@code{help targets} lists all possible targets rather than current
+ones.
+
+@end table
+
+All file-specifying commands allow both absolute and relative file names
+as arguments. _GDBN__ always converts the file name to an absolute path
+name and remembers it that way.
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+@cindex shared libraries
+_GDBN__ supports SunOS, SVR4, and IBM RS/6000 shared libraries.
+_GDBN__ automatically loads symbol definitions from shared libraries
+when you use the @code{run} command, or when you examine a core file.
+(Before you issue the @code{run} command, _GDBN__ will not understand
+references to a function in a shared library, however---unless you are
+debugging a core file).
+@c FIXME: next _GDBN__ release should permit some refs to undef
+@c FIXME...symbols---eg in a break cmd---assuming they are from a shared lib
+
+@table @code
+@item info share
+@itemx info sharedlibrary
+@kindex info sharedlibrary
+@kindex info share
+Print the names of the shared libraries which are currently loaded.
+
+@item sharedlibrary @var{regex}
+@itemx share @var{regex}
+@kindex sharedlibrary
+@kindex share
+This is an obsolescent command; you can use it to explicitly
+load shared object library symbols for files matching a UNIX regular
+expression, but as with files loaded automatically, it will only load
+shared libraries required by your program for a core file or after
+typing @code{run}. If @var{regex} is omitted all shared libraries
+required by your program are loaded.
+@end table
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Symbol Errors
+@section Errors Reading Symbol Files
+
+While reading a symbol file, _GDBN__ will occasionally encounter problems,
+such as symbol types it does not recognize, or known bugs in compiler
+output. By default, _GDBN__ does not notify you of such problems, since
+they are relatively common and primarily of interest to people
+debugging compilers. If you are interested in seeing information
+about ill-constructed symbol tables, you can either ask _GDBN__ to print
+only one message about each such type of problem, no matter how many
+times the problem occurs; or you can ask _GDBN__ to print more messages,
+to see how many times the problems occur, with the @code{set
+complaints} command (@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and
+Messages}).
+
+The messages currently printed, and their meanings, are:
+
+@table @code
+@item inner block not inside outer block in @var{symbol}
+
+The symbol information shows where symbol scopes begin and end
+(such as at the start of a function or a block of statements). This
+error indicates that an inner scope block is not fully contained
+in its outer scope blocks.
+
+_GDBN__ circumvents the problem by treating the inner block as if it had
+the same scope as the outer block. In the error message, @var{symbol}
+may be shown as ``@code{(don't know)}'' if the outer block is not a
+function.
+
+@item block at @var{address} out of order
+
+The symbol information for symbol scope blocks should occur in
+order of increasing addresses. This error indicates that it does not
+do so.
+
+_GDBN__ does not circumvent this problem, and will have trouble locating
+symbols in the source file whose symbols being read. (You can often
+determine what source file is affected by specifying @code{set verbose
+on}. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and Messages}.)
+
+@item bad block start address patched
+
+The symbol information for a symbol scope block has a start address
+smaller than the address of the preceding source line. This is known
+to occur in the SunOS 4.1.1 (and earlier) C compiler.
+
+_GDBN__ circumvents the problem by treating the symbol scope block as
+starting on the previous source line.
+
+@item bad string table offset in symbol @var{n}
+
+@cindex foo
+Symbol number @var{n} contains a pointer into the string table which is
+larger than the size of the string table.
+
+_GDBN__ circumvents the problem by considering the symbol to have the
+name @code{foo}, which may cause other problems if many symbols end up
+with this name.
+
+@item unknown symbol type @code{0x@var{nn}}
+
+The symbol information contains new data types that _GDBN__ does not yet
+know how to read. @code{0x@var{nn}} is the symbol type of the misunderstood
+information, in hexadecimal.
+
+_GDBN__ circumvents the error by ignoring this symbol information. This
+will usually allow your program to be debugged, though certain symbols
+will not be accessible. If you encounter such a problem and feel like
+debugging it, you can debug @code{_GDBP__} with itself, breakpoint on
+@code{complain}, then go up to the function @code{read_dbx_symtab} and
+examine @code{*bufp} to see the symbol.
+
+@item stub type has NULL name
+_GDBN__ could not find the full definition for a struct or class.
+
+@item const/volatile indicator missing (ok if using g++ v1.x), got@dots{}
+
+The symbol information for a C++ member function is missing some
+information that recent versions of the compiler should have output
+for it.
+
+@item info mismatch between compiler and debugger
+
+_GDBN__ could not parse a type specification output by the compiler.
+@end table
+
+@node Targets
+@chapter Specifying a Debugging Target
+@cindex debugging target
+@kindex target
+
+A @dfn{target} is the execution environment occupied by your program.
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+Often, _GDBN__ runs in the same host environment as your program; in
+that case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when you
+use the @code{file} or @code{core} commands. When you need more
+flexibility---for example, running _GDBN__ on a physically separate
+host, or controlling a standalone system over a serial port or a
+realtime system over a TCP/IP connection---you
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+_if__(_BARE__)
+You
+_fi__(_BARE__)
+can use the @code{target} command to specify one of the target types
+configured for _GDBN__ (@pxref{Target Commands, ,Commands for Managing
+Targets}).
+
+@menu
+* Active Targets:: Active Targets
+* Target Commands:: Commands for Managing Targets
+* Remote:: Remote Debugging
+@end menu
+
+@node Active Targets
+@section Active Targets
+@cindex stacking targets
+@cindex active targets
+@cindex multiple targets
+
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+There are three classes of targets: processes, core files, and
+executable files. _GDBN__ can work concurrently on up to three active
+targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for example) start a
+process and inspect its activity without abandoning your work on a core
+file.
+
+If, for example, you execute @samp{gdb a.out}, then the executable file
+@code{a.out} is the only active target. If you designate a core file as
+well---presumably from a prior run that crashed and coredumped---then
+_GDBN__ has two active targets and will use them in tandem, looking
+first in the corefile target, then in the executable file, to satisfy
+requests for memory addresses. (Typically, these two classes of target
+are complementary, since core files contain only a program's
+read-write memory---variables and so on---plus machine status, while
+executable files contain only the program text and initialized data.)
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+When you type @code{run}, your executable file becomes an active process
+target as well. When a process target is active, all _GDBN__ commands
+requesting memory addresses refer to that target; addresses in an
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+active core file or
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+executable file target are obscured while the process
+target is active.
+
+_if__(_BARE__)
+Use the @code{exec-file} command to select a
+new executable target (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify
+Files}).
+_fi__(_BARE__)
+_if__(!_BARE__)
+Use the @code{core-file} and @code{exec-file} commands to select a
+new core file or executable target (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify
+Files}). To specify as a target a process that is already running, use
+the @code{attach} command (@pxref{Attach, ,Debugging an
+Already-Running Process}.).
+_fi__(!_BARE__)
+
+@node Target Commands
+@section Commands for Managing Targets
+
+@table @code
+@item target @var{type} @var{parameters}
+Connects the _GDBN__ host environment to a target machine or process. A
+target is typically a protocol for talking to debugging facilities. You
+use the argument @var{type} to specify the type or protocol of the
+target machine.
+
+Further @var{parameters} are interpreted by the target protocol, but
+typically include things like device names or host names to connect
+with, process numbers, and baud rates.
+
+The @code{target} command will not repeat if you press @key{RET} again
+after executing the command.
+
+@item help target
+@kindex help target
+Displays the names of all targets available. To display targets
+currently selected, use either @code{info target} or @code{info files}
+(@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}).
+
+@item help target @var{name}
+Describe a particular target, including any parameters necessary to
+select it.
+@end table
+
+Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB
+configuration):
+
+@table @code
+@item target exec @var{prog}
+@kindex target exec
+An executable file. @samp{target exec @var{prog}} is the same as
+@samp{exec-file @var{prog}}.
+
+@item target core @var{filename}
+@kindex target core
+A core dump file. @samp{target core @var{filename}} is the same as
+@samp{core-file @var{filename}}.
+
+_if__(_REMOTESTUB__)
+@item target remote @var{dev}
+@kindex target remote
+Remote serial target in GDB-specific protocol. The argument @var{dev}
+specifies what serial device to use for the connection (e.g.
+@file{/dev/ttya}). @xref{Remote, ,Remote Debugging}.
+_fi__(_REMOTESTUB__)
+
+_if__(_AMD29K__)
+@item target amd-eb @var{dev} @var{speed} @var{PROG}
+@kindex target amd-eb
+@cindex AMD EB29K
+Remote PC-resident AMD EB29K board, attached over serial lines.
+@var{dev} is the serial device, as for @code{target remote};
+@var{speed} allows you to specify the linespeed; and @var{PROG} is the
+name of the program to be debugged, as it appears to DOS on the PC.
+@xref{EB29K Remote, ,_GDBN__ with a Remote EB29K}.
+
+_fi__(_AMD29K__)
+_if__(_H8__)
+@item target hms
+@kindex target hms
+A Hitachi H8/300 board, attached via serial line to your host. Use
+special commands @code{device} and @code{speed} to control the serial
+line and the communications speed used. @xref{Hitachi H8/300
+Remote,,_GDBN__ and the Hitachi H8/300}.
+
+_fi__(_H8__)
+_if__(_I960__)
+@item target nindy @var{devicename}
+@kindex target nindy
+An Intel 960 board controlled by a Nindy Monitor. @var{devicename} is
+the name of the serial device to use for the connection, e.g.
+@file{/dev/ttya}. @xref{i960-Nindy Remote, ,_GDBN__ with a Remote i960 (Nindy)}.
+
+_fi__(_I960__)
+_if__(_ST2000__)
+@item target st2000 @var{dev} @var{speed}
+@kindex target st2000
+A Tandem ST2000 phone switch, running Tandem's STDBUG protocol. @var{dev}
+is the name of the device attached to the ST2000 serial line;
+@var{speed} is the communication line speed. The arguments are not used
+if _GDBN__ is configured to connect to the ST2000 using TCP or Telnet.
+@xref{ST2000 Remote,,_GDBN__ with a Tandem ST2000}.
+
+_fi__(_ST2000__)
+_if__(_VXWORKS__)
+@item target vxworks @var{machinename}
+@kindex target vxworks
+A VxWorks system, attached via TCP/IP. The argument @var{machinename}
+is the target system's machine name or IP address.
+@xref{VxWorks Remote, ,_GDBN__ and VxWorks}.
+_fi__(_VXWORKS__)
+@end table
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__)
+Different targets are available on different configurations of _GDBN__; your
+configuration may have more or fewer targets.
+_fi__(_GENERIC__)
+
+@node Remote
+@section Remote Debugging
+@cindex remote debugging
+
+If you are trying to debug a program running on a machine that cannot run
+GDB in the usual way, it is often useful to use remote debugging. For
+example, you might use remote debugging on an operating system kernel, or on
+a small system which does not have a general purpose operating system
+powerful enough to run a full-featured debugger.
+
+Some configurations of GDB have special serial or TCP/IP interfaces
+to make this work with particular debugging targets. In addition,
+GDB comes with a generic serial protocol (specific to GDB, but
+not specific to any particular target system) which you can use if you
+write the remote stubs---the code that will run on the remote system to
+communicate with GDB.
+
+Other remote targets may be available in your
+configuration of GDB; use @code{help targets} to list them.
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__)
+_dnl__ Text on starting up GDB in various specific cases; it goes up front
+_dnl__ in manuals configured for any of those particular situations, here
+_dnl__ otherwise.
+@menu
+_include__(gdbinv-m.m4)<>_dnl__
+@end menu
+_include__(gdbinv-s.m4)
+_fi__(_GENERIC__)
+
+@node Controlling _GDBN__
+@chapter Controlling _GDBN__
+
+You can alter many aspects of _GDBN__'s interaction with you by using
+the @code{set} command. For commands controlling how _GDBN__ displays
+data, @pxref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}; other settings are described here.
+
+@menu
+* Prompt:: Prompt
+* Editing:: Command Editing
+* History:: Command History
+* Screen Size:: Screen Size
+* Numbers:: Numbers
+* Messages/Warnings:: Optional Warnings and Messages
+@end menu
+
+@node Prompt
+@section Prompt
+@cindex prompt
+
+_GDBN__ indicates its readiness to read a command by printing a string
+called the @dfn{prompt}. This string is normally @samp{(_GDBP__)}. You
+can change the prompt string with the @code{set prompt} command. For
+instance, when debugging _GDBN__ with _GDBN__, it is useful to change
+the prompt in one of the _GDBN__<>s so that you can always tell which
+one you are talking to.
+
+@table @code
+@item set prompt @var{newprompt}
+@kindex set prompt
+Directs _GDBN__ to use @var{newprompt} as its prompt string henceforth.
+@kindex show prompt
+@item show prompt
+Prints a line of the form: @samp{Gdb's prompt is: @var{your-prompt}}
+@end table
+
+@node Editing
+@section Command Editing
+@cindex readline
+@cindex command line editing
+
+_GDBN__ reads its input commands via the @dfn{readline} interface. This
+GNU library provides consistent behavior for programs which provide a
+command line interface to the user. Advantages are @code{emacs}-style
+or @code{vi}-style inline editing of commands, @code{csh}-like history
+substitution, and a storage and recall of command history across
+debugging sessions.
+
+You may control the behavior of command line editing in _GDBN__ with the
+command @code{set}.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set editing
+@cindex editing
+@item set editing
+@itemx set editing on
+Enable command line editing (enabled by default).
+
+@item set editing off
+Disable command line editing.
+
+@kindex show editing
+@item show editing
+Show whether command line editing is enabled.
+@end table
+
+@node History
+@section Command History
+
+@table @code
+@cindex history substitution
+@cindex history file
+@kindex set history filename
+@item set history filename @var{fname}
+Set the name of the _GDBN__ command history file to @var{fname}. This is
+the file from which _GDBN__ will read an initial command history
+list or to which it will write this list when it exits. This list is
+accessed through history expansion or through the history
+command editing characters listed below. This file defaults to the
+value of the environment variable @code{GDBHISTFILE}, or to
+@file{./.gdb_history} if this variable is not set.
+
+@cindex history save
+@kindex set history save
+@item set history save
+@itemx set history save on
+Record command history in a file, whose name may be specified with the
+@code{set history filename} command. By default, this option is disabled.
+
+@item set history save off
+Stop recording command history in a file.
+
+@cindex history size
+@kindex set history size
+@item set history size @var{size}
+Set the number of commands which _GDBN__ will keep in its history list.
+This defaults to the value of the environment variable
+@code{HISTSIZE}, or to 256 if this variable is not set.
+@end table
+
+@cindex history expansion
+History expansion assigns special meaning to the character @kbd{!}.
+@iftex
+@xref{Event Designators}.
+@end iftex
+Since @kbd{!} is also the logical not operator in C, history expansion
+is off by default. If you decide to enable history expansion with the
+@code{set history expansion on} command, you may sometimes need to
+follow @kbd{!} (when it is used as logical not, in an expression) with
+a space or a tab to prevent it from being expanded. The readline
+history facilities will not attempt substitution on the strings
+@kbd{!=} and @kbd{!(}, even when history expansion is enabled.
+
+The commands to control history expansion are:
+
+@table @code
+
+@kindex set history expansion
+@item set history expansion on
+@itemx set history expansion
+Enable history expansion. History expansion is off by default.
+
+@item set history expansion off
+Disable history expansion.
+
+The readline code comes with more complete documentation of
+editing and history expansion features. Users unfamiliar with @code{emacs}
+or @code{vi} may wish to read it.
+@iftex
+@xref{Command Line Editing}.
+@end iftex
+
+@c @group
+@kindex show history
+@item show history
+@itemx show history filename
+@itemx show history save
+@itemx show history size
+@itemx show history expansion
+These commands display the state of the _GDBN__ history parameters.
+@code{show history} by itself displays all four states.
+@c @end group
+@end table
+
+@table @code
+@kindex show commands
+@item show commands
+Display the last ten commands in the command history.
+
+@item show commands @var{n}
+Print ten commands centered on command number @var{n}.
+
+@item show commands +
+Print ten commands just after the commands last printed.
+@end table
+
+@node Screen Size
+@section Screen Size
+@cindex size of screen
+@cindex pauses in output
+
+Certain commands to _GDBN__ may produce large amounts of information
+output to the screen. To help you read all of it, _GDBN__ pauses and
+asks you for input at the end of each page of output. Type @key{RET}
+when you want to continue the output. _GDBN__ also uses the screen
+width setting to determine when to wrap lines of output. Depending on
+what is being printed, it tries to break the line at a readable place,
+rather than simply letting it overflow onto the following line.
+
+Normally _GDBN__ knows the size of the screen from the termcap data base
+together with the value of the @code{TERM} environment variable and the
+@code{stty rows} and @code{stty cols} settings. If this is not correct,
+you can override it with the @code{set height} and @code{set
+width} commands:
+
+@table @code
+@item set height @var{lpp}
+@itemx show height
+@itemx set width @var{cpl}
+@itemx show width
+@kindex set height
+@kindex set width
+@kindex show width
+@kindex show height
+These @code{set} commands specify a screen height of @var{lpp} lines and
+a screen width of @var{cpl} characters. The associated @code{show}
+commands display the current settings.
+
+If you specify a height of zero lines, _GDBN__ will not pause during output
+no matter how long the output is. This is useful if output is to a file
+or to an editor buffer.
+@end table
+
+@node Numbers
+@section Numbers
+@cindex number representation
+@cindex entering numbers
+
+You can always enter numbers in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal in _GDBN__ by
+the usual conventions: octal numbers begin with @samp{0}, decimal
+numbers end with @samp{.}, and hexadecimal numbers begin with @samp{0x}.
+Numbers that begin with none of these are, by default, entered in base
+10; likewise, the default display for numbers---when no particular
+format is specified---is base 10. You can change the default base for
+both input and output with the @code{set radix} command.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set radix
+@item set radix @var{base}
+Set the default base for numeric input and display. Supported choices
+for @var{base} are decimal 2, 8, 10, 16. @var{base} must itself be
+specified either unambiguously or using the current default radix; for
+example, any of
+
+@example
+set radix 1010
+set radix 012
+set radix 10.
+set radix 0xa
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+will set the base to decimal. On the other hand, @samp{set radix 10}
+will leave the radix unchanged no matter what it was.
+
+@kindex show radix
+@item show radix
+Display the current default base for numeric input and display.
+@end table
+
+@node Messages/Warnings
+@section Optional Warnings and Messages
+
+By default, _GDBN__ is silent about its inner workings. If you are running
+on a slow machine, you may want to use the @code{set verbose} command.
+It will make _GDBN__ tell you when it does a lengthy internal operation, so
+you will not think it has crashed.
+
+Currently, the messages controlled by @code{set verbose} are those
+which announce that the symbol table for a source file is being read;
+see @code{symbol-file} in @ref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set verbose
+@item set verbose on
+Enables _GDBN__'s output of certain informational messages.
+
+@item set verbose off
+Disables _GDBN__'s output of certain informational messages.
+
+@kindex show verbose
+@item show verbose
+Displays whether @code{set verbose} is on or off.
+@end table
+
+By default, if _GDBN__ encounters bugs in the symbol table of an object
+file, it is silent; but if you are debugging a compiler, you may find
+this information useful (@pxref{Symbol Errors, ,Errors Reading Symbol Files}).
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set complaints
+@item set complaints @var{limit}
+Permits _GDBN__ to output @var{limit} complaints about each type of unusual
+symbols before becoming silent about the problem. Set @var{limit} to
+zero to suppress all complaints; set it to a large number to prevent
+complaints from being suppressed.
+
+@kindex show complaints
+@item show complaints
+Displays how many symbol complaints _GDBN__ is permitted to produce.
+@end table
+
+By default, _GDBN__ is cautious, and asks what sometimes seems to be a
+lot of stupid questions to confirm certain commands. For example, if
+you try to run a program which is already running:
+
+@example
+(_GDBP__) run
+The program being debugged has been started already.
+Start it from the beginning? (y or n)
+@end example
+
+If you are willing to unflinchingly face the consequences of your own
+commands, you can disable this ``feature'':
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set confirm
+@cindex flinching
+@cindex confirmation
+@cindex stupid questions
+@item set confirm off
+Disables confirmation requests.
+
+@item set confirm on
+Enables confirmation requests (the default).
+
+@item show confirm
+@kindex show confirm
+Displays state of confirmation requests.
+@end table
+
+@c FIXME this does not really belong here. But where *does* it belong?
+@cindex reloading symbols
+Some systems allow individual object files that make up your program to
+be replaced without stopping and restarting your program.
+_if__(_VXWORKS__)
+For example, in VxWorks you can simply recompile a defective object file
+and keep on running.
+_fi__(_VXWORKS__)
+If you are running on one of these systems, you can allow _GDBN__ to
+reload the symbols for automatically relinked modules:
+
+@table @code
+@kindex set symbol-reloading
+@item set symbol-reloading on
+Replace symbol definitions for the corresponding source file when an
+object file with a particular name is seen again.
+
+@item set symbol-reloading off
+Do not replace symbol definitions when re-encountering object files of
+the same name. This is the default state; if you are not running on a
+system that permits automatically relinking modules, you should leave
+@code{symbol-reloading} off, since otherwise _GDBN__ may discard symbols
+when linking large programs, that may contain several modules (from
+different directories or libraries) with the same name.
+
+@item show symbol-reloading
+Show the current @code{on} or @code{off} setting.
+@end table
+
+@node Sequences
+@chapter Canned Sequences of Commands
+
+Aside from breakpoint commands (@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint
+Command Lists}), _GDBN__ provides two ways to store sequences of commands
+for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command files.
+
+@menu
+* Define:: User-Defined Commands
+* Hooks:: User-Defined Command Hooks
+* Command Files:: Command Files
+* Output:: Commands for Controlled Output
+@end menu
+
+@node Define
+@section User-Defined Commands
+
+@cindex user-defined command
+A @dfn{user-defined command} is a sequence of _GDBN__ commands to which you
+assign a new name as a command. This is done with the @code{define}
+command.
+
+@table @code
+@item define @var{commandname}
+@kindex define
+Define a command named @var{commandname}. If there is already a command
+by that name, you are asked to confirm that you want to redefine it.
+
+The definition of the command is made up of other _GDBN__ command lines,
+which are given following the @code{define} command. The end of these
+commands is marked by a line containing @code{end}.
+
+@item document @var{commandname}
+@kindex document
+Give documentation to the user-defined command @var{commandname}. The
+command @var{commandname} must already be defined. This command reads
+lines of documentation just as @code{define} reads the lines of the
+command definition, ending with @code{end}. After the @code{document}
+command is finished, @code{help} on command @var{commandname} will print
+the documentation you have specified.
+
+You may use the @code{document} command again to change the
+documentation of a command. Redefining the command with @code{define}
+does not change the documentation.
+
+@item help user-defined
+@kindex help user-defined
+List all user-defined commands, with the first line of the documentation
+(if any) for each.
+
+@item show user
+@itemx show user @var{commandname}
+@kindex show user
+Display the _GDBN__ commands used to define @var{commandname} (but not its
+documentation). If no @var{commandname} is given, display the
+definitions for all user-defined commands.
+@end table
+
+User-defined commands do not take arguments. When they are executed, the
+commands of the definition are not printed. An error in any command
+stops execution of the user-defined command.
+
+Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed
+without asking when used inside a user-defined command. Many _GDBN__ commands
+that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages
+when used in a user-defined command.
+
+@node Hooks
+@section User-Defined Command Hooks
+@cindex command files
+
+You may define @emph{hooks}, which are a special kind of user-defined
+command. Whenever you run the command @samp{foo}, if the user-defined
+command @samp{hook-foo} exists, it is executed (with no arguments)
+before that command.
+
+In addition, a pseudo-command, @samp{stop} exists. Hooking this command
+will cause your hook to be executed every time execution stops in the
+inferior program, before breakpoint commands are run, displays are
+printed, or the stack frame is printed.
+
+For example, to cause @code{SIGALRM} signals to be ignored while
+single-stepping, but cause them to be resumed during normal execution,
+you could do:
+
+@example
+define hook-stop
+handle SIGALRM nopass
+end
+
+define hook-run
+handle SIGALRM pass
+end
+
+define hook-continue
+handle SIGLARM pass
+end
+@end example
+
+Any single-word command in GDB can be hooked. Aliases for other commands
+cannot be hooked (you should hook the basic command name, e.g. @code{backtrace}
+rather than @code{bt}). If an error occurs during the execution of your
+hook, execution of GDB commands stops and you are returned to the GDB
+prompt (before the command that you actually typed had a chance to run).
+
+If you try to define a hook which doesn't match any known command, you
+will get a warning from the @code{define} command.
+
+@node Command Files
+@section Command Files
+
+@cindex command files
+A command file for _GDBN__ is a file of lines that are _GDBN__ commands. Comments
+(lines starting with @kbd{#}) may also be included. An empty line in a
+command file does nothing; it does not mean to repeat the last command, as
+it would from the terminal.
+
+@cindex init file
+@cindex @file{_GDBINIT__}
+When you start _GDBN__, it automatically executes commands from its
+@dfn{init files}. These are files named @file{_GDBINIT__}. _GDBN__ reads
+the init file (if any) in your home directory and then the init file
+(if any) in the current working directory. (The init files are not
+executed if you use the @samp{-nx} option; @pxref{Mode Options,
+,Choosing Modes}.) You can also request the execution of a command
+file with the @code{source} command:
+
+@table @code
+@item source @var{filename}
+@kindex source
+Execute the command file @var{filename}.
+@end table
+
+The lines in a command file are executed sequentially. They are not
+printed as they are executed. An error in any command terminates execution
+of the command file.
+
+Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed
+without asking when used in a command file. Many _GDBN__ commands that
+normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages
+when called from command files.
+
+@node Output
+@section Commands for Controlled Output
+
+During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, normal
+_GDBN__ output is suppressed; the only output that appears is what is
+explicitly printed by the commands in the definition. This section
+describes three commands useful for generating exactly the output you
+want.
+
+@table @code
+@item echo @var{text}
+@kindex echo
+@c I do not consider backslash-space a standard C escape sequence
+@c because it is not in ANSI.
+Print @var{text}. Nonprinting characters can be included in
+@var{text} using C escape sequences, such as @samp{\n} to print a
+newline. @strong{No newline will be printed unless you specify one.}
+In addition to the standard C escape sequences, a backslash followed
+by a space stands for a space. This is useful for outputting a
+string with spaces at the beginning or the end, since leading and
+trailing spaces are otherwise trimmed from all arguments.
+To print @samp{@w{ }and foo =@w{ }}, use the command
+@samp{echo \@w{ }and foo = \@w{ }}.
+
+A backslash at the end of @var{text} can be used, as in C, to continue
+the command onto subsequent lines. For example,
+
+@example
+echo This is some text\n\
+which is continued\n\
+onto several lines.\n
+@end example
+
+produces the same output as
+
+@example
+echo This is some text\n
+echo which is continued\n
+echo onto several lines.\n
+@end example
+
+@item output @var{expression}
+@kindex output
+Print the value of @var{expression} and nothing but that value: no
+newlines, no @samp{$@var{nn} = }. The value is not entered in the
+value history either. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information on
+expressions.
+
+@item output/@var{fmt} @var{expression}
+Print the value of @var{expression} in format @var{fmt}. You can use
+the same formats as for @code{print}; @pxref{Output formats}, for more
+information.
+
+@item printf @var{string}, @var{expressions}@dots{}
+@kindex printf
+Print the values of the @var{expressions} under the control of
+@var{string}. The @var{expressions} are separated by commas and may
+be either numbers or pointers. Their values are printed as specified
+by @var{string}, exactly as if your program were to execute
+
+@example
+printf (@var{string}, @var{expressions}@dots{});
+@end example
+
+For example, you can print two values in hex like this:
+
+@smallexample
+printf "foo, bar-foo = 0x%x, 0x%x\n", foo, bar-foo
+@end smallexample
+
+The only backslash-escape sequences that you can use in the format
+string are the simple ones that consist of backslash followed by a
+letter.
+@end table
+
+_if__(!_DOSHOST__)
+@node Emacs
+@chapter Using _GDBN__ under GNU Emacs
+
+@cindex emacs
+A special interface allows you to use GNU Emacs to view (and
+edit) the source files for the program you are debugging with
+_GDBN__.
+
+To use this interface, use the command @kbd{M-x gdb} in Emacs. Give the
+executable file you want to debug as an argument. This command starts
+_GDBN__ as a subprocess of Emacs, with input and output through a newly
+created Emacs buffer.
+
+Using _GDBN__ under Emacs is just like using _GDBN__ normally except for two
+things:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+All ``terminal'' input and output goes through the Emacs buffer.
+@end itemize
+
+This applies both to _GDBN__ commands and their output, and to the input
+and output done by the program you are debugging.
+
+This is useful because it means that you can copy the text of previous
+commands and input them again; you can even use parts of the output
+in this way.
+
+All the facilities of Emacs' Shell mode are available for interacting
+with your program. In particular, you can send signals the usual
+way---for example, @kbd{C-c C-c} for an interrupt, @kbd{C-c C-z} for a
+stop.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+_GDBN__ displays source code through Emacs.
+@end itemize
+
+Each time _GDBN__ displays a stack frame, Emacs automatically finds the
+source file for that frame and puts an arrow (_0__@samp{=>}_1__) at the
+left margin of the current line. Emacs uses a separate buffer for
+source display, and splits the window to show both your _GDBN__ session
+and the source.
+
+Explicit _GDBN__ @code{list} or search commands still produce output as
+usual, but you probably will have no reason to use them.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} If the directory where your program resides is not your
+current directory, it can be easy to confuse Emacs about the location of
+the source files, in which case the auxiliary display buffer will not
+appear to show your source. _GDBN__ can find programs by searching your
+environment's @code{PATH} variable, so the _GDBN__ input and output
+session will proceed normally; but Emacs does not get enough information
+back from _GDBN__ to locate the source files in this situation. To
+avoid this problem, either start _GDBN__ mode from the directory where
+your program resides, or specify a full path name when prompted for the
+@kbd{M-x gdb} argument.
+
+A similar confusion can result if you use the _GDBN__ @code{file} command to
+switch to debugging a program in some other location, from an existing
+_GDBN__ buffer in Emacs.
+@end quotation
+
+By default, @kbd{M-x gdb} calls the program called @file{gdb}. If
+you need to call _GDBN__ by a different name (for example, if you keep
+several configurations around, with different names) you can set the
+Emacs variable @code{gdb-command-name}; for example,
+
+@example
+(setq gdb-command-name "mygdb")
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+(preceded by @kbd{ESC ESC}, or typed in the @code{*scratch*} buffer, or
+in your @file{.emacs} file) will make Emacs call the program named
+``@code{mygdb}'' instead.
+
+In the _GDBN__ I/O buffer, you can use these special Emacs commands in
+addition to the standard Shell mode commands:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-h m
+Describe the features of Emacs' _GDBN__ Mode.
+
+@item M-s
+Execute to another source line, like the _GDBN__ @code{step} command; also
+update the display window to show the current file and location.
+
+@item M-n
+Execute to next source line in this function, skipping all function
+calls, like the _GDBN__ @code{next} command. Then update the display window
+to show the current file and location.
+
+@item M-i
+Execute one instruction, like the _GDBN__ @code{stepi} command; update
+display window accordingly.
+
+@item M-x gdb-nexti
+Execute to next instruction, using the _GDBN__ @code{nexti} command; update
+display window accordingly.
+
+@item C-c C-f
+Execute until exit from the selected stack frame, like the _GDBN__
+@code{finish} command.
+
+@item M-c
+Continue execution of your program, like the _GDBN__ @code{continue}
+command.
+
+@emph{Warning:} In Emacs v19, this command is @kbd{C-c C-p}.
+
+@item M-u
+Go up the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument
+(@pxref{Arguments, , Numeric Arguments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}),
+like the _GDBN__ @code{up} command.
+
+@emph{Warning:} In Emacs v19, this command is @kbd{C-c C-u}.
+
+@item M-d
+Go down the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument, like the
+_GDBN__ @code{down} command.
+
+@emph{Warning:} In Emacs v19, this command is @kbd{C-c C-d}.
+
+@item C-x &
+Read the number where the cursor is positioned, and insert it at the end
+of the _GDBN__ I/O buffer. For example, if you wish to disassemble code
+around an address that was displayed earlier, type @kbd{disassemble};
+then move the cursor to the address display, and pick up the
+argument for @code{disassemble} by typing @kbd{C-x &}.
+
+You can customize this further on the fly by defining elements of the list
+@code{gdb-print-command}; once it is defined, you can format or
+otherwise process numbers picked up by @kbd{C-x &} before they are
+inserted. A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x &} will both indicate that you
+wish special formatting, and act as an index to pick an element of the
+list. If the list element is a string, the number to be inserted is
+formatted using the Emacs function @code{format}; otherwise the number
+is passed as an argument to the corresponding list element.
+@end table
+
+In any source file, the Emacs command @kbd{C-x SPC} (@code{gdb-break})
+tells _GDBN__ to set a breakpoint on the source line point is on.
+
+If you accidentally delete the source-display buffer, an easy way to get
+it back is to type the command @code{f} in the _GDBN__ buffer, to
+request a frame display; when you run under Emacs, this will recreate
+the source buffer if necessary to show you the context of the current
+frame.
+
+The source files displayed in Emacs are in ordinary Emacs buffers
+which are visiting the source files in the usual way. You can edit
+the files with these buffers if you wish; but keep in mind that _GDBN__
+communicates with Emacs in terms of line numbers. If you add or
+delete lines from the text, the line numbers that _GDBN__ knows will cease
+to correspond properly to the code.
+
+@c The following dropped because Epoch is nonstandard. Reactivate
+@c if/when v19 does something similar. ---pesch@cygnus.com 19dec1990
+@ignore
+@kindex emacs epoch environment
+@kindex epoch
+@kindex inspect
+
+Version 18 of Emacs has a built-in window system called the @code{epoch}
+environment. Users of this environment can use a new command,
+@code{inspect} which performs identically to @code{print} except that
+each value is printed in its own window.
+@end ignore
+_fi__(!_DOSHOST__)
+
+_if__(_LUCID__)
+@node Energize
+@chapter Using _GDBN__ with Energize
+
+@cindex Energize
+The Energize Programming System is an integrated development environment
+that includes a point-and-click interface to many programming tools.
+When you use _GDBN__ in this environment, you can use the standard
+Energize graphical interface to drive _GDBN__; you can also, if you
+choose, type _GDBN__ commands as usual in a debugging window. Even if
+you use the graphical interface, the debugging window (which uses Emacs,
+and resembles the standard Emacs interface to _GDBN__) displays the
+equivalent commands, so that the history of your debugging session is
+properly reflected.
+
+When Energize starts up a _GDBN__ session, it uses one of the
+command-line options @samp{-energize} or @samp{-cadillac} (``cadillac''
+is the name of the communications protocol used by the Energize system).
+This option makes _GDBN__ run as one of the tools in the Energize Tool
+Set: it sends all output to the Energize kernel, and accept input from
+it as well.
+
+See the user manual for the Energize Programming System for
+information on how to use the Energize graphical interface and the other
+development tools that Energize integrates with _GDBN__.
+
+_fi__(_LUCID__)
+
+@node _GDBN__ Bugs
+@chapter Reporting Bugs in _GDBN__
+@cindex Bugs in _GDBN__
+@cindex Reporting Bugs in _GDBN__
+
+Your bug reports play an essential role in making _GDBN__ reliable.
+
+Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it
+may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help
+the entire community by making the next version of _GDBN__ work better. Bug
+reports are your contribution to the maintenance of _GDBN__.
+
+In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
+information that enables us to fix the bug.
+
+@menu
+* Bug Criteria:: Have You Found a Bug?
+* Bug Reporting:: How to Report Bugs
+@end menu
+
+@node Bug Criteria
+@section Have You Found a Bug?
+@cindex Bug Criteria
+
+If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@cindex fatal signal
+@cindex core dump
+If the debugger gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a
+_GDBN__ bug. Reliable debuggers never crash.
+
+@item
+@cindex error on valid input
+If _GDBN__ produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.
+
+@item
+@cindex Invalid Input
+If _GDBN__ does not produce an error message for invalid input,
+that is a bug. However, you should note that your idea of
+``invalid input'' might be our idea of ``an extension'' or ``support
+for traditional practice''.
+
+@item
+If you are an experienced user of debugging tools, your suggestions
+for improvement of _GDBN__ are welcome in any case.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Bug Reporting
+@section How to Report Bugs
+@cindex bug reports
+@cindex _GDBN__ bugs, reporting
+
+A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU products.
+If you obtained _GDBN__ from a support organization, we recommend you
+contact that organization first.
+
+Contact information for many support companies and individuals is
+available in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the GNU Emacs distribution.
+
+In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for _GDBN__ to one
+of these addresses:
+
+@example
+bug-gdb@@prep.ai.mit.edu
+@{ucbvax|mit-eddie|uunet@}!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gdb
+@end example
+
+@strong{Do not send bug reports to @samp{info-gdb}, or to
+@samp{help-gdb}, or to any newsgroups.} Most users of _GDBN__ do not want to
+receive bug reports. Those that do, have arranged to receive @samp{bug-gdb}.
+
+The mailing list @samp{bug-gdb} has a newsgroup @samp{gnu.gdb.bug} which
+serves as a repeater. The mailing list and the newsgroup carry exactly
+the same messages. Often people think of posting bug reports to the
+newsgroup instead of mailing them. This appears to work, but it has one
+problem which can be crucial: a newsgroup posting often lacks a mail
+path back to the sender. Thus, if we need to ask for more information,
+we may be unable to reach you. For this reason, it is better to send
+bug reports to the mailing list.
+
+As a last resort, send bug reports on paper to:
+
+@example
+GNU Debugger Bugs
+Free Software Foundation
+545 Tech Square
+Cambridge, MA 02139
+@end example
+
+The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
+@strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
+fact or leave it out, state it!
+
+Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
+problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
+assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does not matter.
+Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is a
+stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where that
+name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were different, the contents
+of that location would fool the debugger into doing the right thing despite
+the bug. Play it safe and give a specific, complete example. That is the
+easiest thing for you to do, and the most helpful.
+
+Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
+the bug if it is new to us. It is not as important as what happens if
+the bug is already known. Therefore, always write your bug reports on
+the assumption that the bug has not been reported previously.
+
+Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
+bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
+@emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
+bugs properly.
+
+To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The version of _GDBN__. _GDBN__ announces it if you start with no
+arguments; you can also print it at any time using @code{show version}.
+
+Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
+the bug in the current version of _GDBN__.
+
+@item
+The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
+version number.
+
+@item
+What compiler (and its version) was used to compile _GDBN__---e.g.
+``_GCC__-2.0''.
+
+@item
+What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the program you
+are debugging---e.g. ``_GCC__-2.0''.
+
+@item
+The command arguments you gave the compiler to compile your example and
+observe the bug. For example, did you use @samp{-O}? To guarantee
+you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy of the
+Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
+
+If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
+and then we might not encounter the bug.
+
+@item
+A complete input script, and all necessary source files, that will
+reproduce the bug.
+
+@item
+A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
+incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
+
+Of course, if the bug is that _GDBN__ gets a fatal signal, then we will
+certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not
+notice unless it is glaringly wrong. We are human, after all. You
+might as well not give us a chance to make a mistake.
+
+Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
+say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as,
+your copy of _GDBN__ is out of synch, or you have encountered a
+bug in the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy
+might crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash,
+then when ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not
+happening for us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we
+would not be able to draw any conclusion from our observations.
+
+@item
+If you wish to suggest changes to the _GDBN__ source, send us context
+diffs. If you even discuss something in the _GDBN__ source, refer to
+it by context, not by line number.
+
+The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
+sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
+@end itemize
+
+Here are some things that are not necessary:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A description of the envelope of the bug.
+
+Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
+which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
+changes will not affect it.
+
+This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
+will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
+with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
+We recommend that you save your time for something else.
+
+Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
+of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
+output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
+less time, etc.
+
+However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
+report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
+
+@item
+A patch for the bug.
+
+A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
+the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
+a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
+to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
+
+Sometimes with a program as complicated as _GDBN__ it is very hard to
+construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path
+through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be able
+to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.
+
+And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
+patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
+help us to understand.
+
+@item
+A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
+
+Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
+things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
+@end itemize
+
+@c Note: no need to update nodes for rdl-apps.texi since it appears
+@c *only* in the TeX version of the manual.
+@c Note: eventually, make a cross reference to the readline Info nodes.
+@iftex
+@c appendices describing GNU readline. Distributed with readline code.
+@include rluser.texinfo
+@include inc-hist.texi
+@end iftex
+
+_if__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+@node Renamed Commands
+@appendix Renamed Commands
+
+The following commands were renamed in GDB 4, in order to make the
+command set as a whole more consistent and easier to use and remember:
+
+@kindex add-syms
+@kindex delete environment
+@kindex info copying
+@kindex info convenience
+@kindex info directories
+@kindex info editing
+@kindex info history
+@kindex info targets
+@kindex info values
+@kindex info version
+@kindex info warranty
+@kindex set addressprint
+@kindex set arrayprint
+@kindex set prettyprint
+@kindex set screen-height
+@kindex set screen-width
+@kindex set unionprint
+@kindex set vtblprint
+@kindex set demangle
+@kindex set asm-demangle
+@kindex set sevenbit-strings
+@kindex set array-max
+@kindex set caution
+@kindex set history write
+@kindex show addressprint
+@kindex show arrayprint
+@kindex show prettyprint
+@kindex show screen-height
+@kindex show screen-width
+@kindex show unionprint
+@kindex show vtblprint
+@kindex show demangle
+@kindex show asm-demangle
+@kindex show sevenbit-strings
+@kindex show array-max
+@kindex show caution
+@kindex show history write
+@kindex unset
+
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@ifinfo
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@example
+OLD COMMAND NEW COMMAND
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+--------------- -------------------------------
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+add-syms add-symbol-file
+delete environment unset environment
+info convenience show convenience
+info copying show copying
+info directories show directories
+info editing show commands
+info history show values
+info targets help target
+info values show values
+info version show version
+info warranty show warranty
+set/show addressprint set/show print address
+set/show array-max set/show print elements
+set/show arrayprint set/show print array
+set/show asm-demangle set/show print asm-demangle
+set/show caution set/show confirm
+set/show demangle set/show print demangle
+set/show history write set/show history save
+set/show prettyprint set/show print pretty
+set/show screen-height set/show height
+set/show screen-width set/show width
+set/show sevenbit-strings set/show print sevenbit-strings
+set/show unionprint set/show print union
+set/show vtblprint set/show print vtbl
+
+unset [No longer an alias for delete]
+@end example
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@end ifinfo
+
+@tex
+\vskip \parskip\vskip \baselineskip
+\halign{\tt #\hfil &\qquad#&\tt #\hfil\cr
+{\bf Old Command} &&{\bf New Command}\cr
+add-syms &&add-symbol-file\cr
+delete environment &&unset environment\cr
+info convenience &&show convenience\cr
+info copying &&show copying\cr
+info directories &&show directories \cr
+info editing &&show commands\cr
+info history &&show values\cr
+info targets &&help target\cr
+info values &&show values\cr
+info version &&show version\cr
+info warranty &&show warranty\cr
+set{\rm / }show addressprint &&set{\rm / }show print address\cr
+set{\rm / }show array-max &&set{\rm / }show print elements\cr
+set{\rm / }show arrayprint &&set{\rm / }show print array\cr
+set{\rm / }show asm-demangle &&set{\rm / }show print asm-demangle\cr
+set{\rm / }show caution &&set{\rm / }show confirm\cr
+set{\rm / }show demangle &&set{\rm / }show print demangle\cr
+set{\rm / }show history write &&set{\rm / }show history save\cr
+set{\rm / }show prettyprint &&set{\rm / }show print pretty\cr
+set{\rm / }show screen-height &&set{\rm / }show height\cr
+set{\rm / }show screen-width &&set{\rm / }show width\cr
+set{\rm / }show sevenbit-strings &&set{\rm / }show print sevenbit-strings\cr
+set{\rm / }show unionprint &&set{\rm / }show print union\cr
+set{\rm / }show vtblprint &&set{\rm / }show print vtbl\cr
+\cr
+unset &&\rm(No longer an alias for delete)\cr
+}
+@end tex
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+_fi__(_GENERIC__||!_H8__)
+
+_if__(!_PRECONFIGURED__)
+@node Formatting Documentation
+@appendix Formatting the Documentation
+
+@cindex GDB reference card
+@cindex reference card
+The GDB 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card, ready
+for printing with PostScript or GhostScript, in the @file{gdb}
+subdirectory of the main source directory---in
+@file{gdb-_GDB_VN__/gdb/refcard.ps} of the version _GDB_VN__ release.
+If you can use PostScript or GhostScript with your printer, you can
+print the reference card immediately with @file{refcard.ps}.
+
+The release also includes the source for the reference card. You
+can format it, using @TeX{}, by typing:
+
+@example
+make refcard.dvi
+@end example
+
+The GDB reference card is designed to print in landscape mode on US
+``letter'' size paper; that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches
+high. You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to
+your @sc{dvi} output program.
+
+@cindex documentation
+
+All the documentation for GDB comes as part of the machine-readable
+distribution. The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is
+a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
+on-line information and a printed manual. You can use one of the Info
+formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation
+and @TeX{} (or @code{texi2roff}) to typeset the printed version.
+
+GDB includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info version of
+this manual in the @file{gdb} subdirectory. The main Info file is
+@file{gdb-@var{version-number}/gdb/gdb.info}, and it refers to
+subordinate files matching @samp{gdb.info*} in the same directory. If
+necessary, you can print out these files, or read them with any editor;
+but they are easier to read using the @code{info} subsystem in GNU Emacs
+or the standalone @code{info} program, available as part of the GNU
+Texinfo distribution.
+
+If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the
+Info formatting programs, such as @code{texinfo-format-buffer} or
+@code{makeinfo}.
+
+If you have @code{makeinfo} installed, and are in the top level GDB
+source directory (@file{gdb-_GDB_VN__}, in the case of version _GDB_VN__), you can
+make the Info file by typing:
+
+@example
+cd gdb
+make gdb.info
+@end example
+
+If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need
+@TeX{}, a printing program such as @code{lpr}, and @file{texinfo.tex},
+the Texinfo definitions file.
+
+@TeX{} is typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but
+produces output files called @sc{dvi} files. To print a typeset
+document, you need a program to print @sc{dvi} files. If your system
+has @TeX{} installed, chances are it has such a program. The precise
+command to use depends on your system; @kbd{lpr -d} is common; another
+is @kbd{dvips}. The @sc{dvi} print command may require a file name
+without any extension or a @samp{.dvi} extension.
+
+@TeX{} also requires a macro definitions file called
+@file{texinfo.tex}. This file tells @TeX{} how to typeset a document
+written in Texinfo format. On its own, @TeX{} cannot read, much less
+typeset a Texinfo file. @file{texinfo.tex} is distributed with GDB
+and is located in the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}/texinfo}
+directory.
+
+If you have @TeX{} and a @sc{dvi} printer program installed, you can
+typeset and print this manual. First switch to the the @file{gdb}
+subdirectory of the main source directory (for example, to
+@file{gdb-_GDB_VN__/gdb}) and then type:
+
+@example
+make gdb.dvi
+@end example
+
+@node Installing GDB
+@appendix Installing GDB
+@cindex configuring GDB
+@cindex installation
+
+@iftex
+@c irrelevant in info file; it's as current as the code it lives with.
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} These installation instructions are current as of
+GDB version _GDB_VN__. If you're installing a more recent release
+of GDB, we may have improved the installation procedures since
+printing this manual; see the @file{README} file included in your
+release for the most recent instructions.
+@end quotation
+@end iftex
+
+GDB comes with a @code{configure} script that automates the process
+of preparing GDB for installation; you can then use @code{make} to
+build the program.
+
+The GDB distribution includes all the source code you need for GDB in
+a single directory, whose name is usually composed by appending the
+version number to @samp{gdb}.
+
+For example, the GDB version _GDB_VN__ distribution is in the @file{gdb-_GDB_VN__}
+directory. That directory contains:
+
+@table @code
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/configure @r{(and supporting files)}
+script for configuring GDB and all its supporting libraries.
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/gdb
+the source specific to GDB itself
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/bfd
+source for the Binary File Descriptor library
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/include
+GNU include files
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/libiberty
+source for the @samp{-liberty} free software library
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/opcodes
+source for the library of opcode tables and disassemblers
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/readline
+source for the GNU command-line interface
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/glob
+source for the GNU filename pattern-matching subroutine
+
+@item gdb-_GDB_VN__/mmalloc
+source for the GNU memory-mapped malloc package
+@end table
+
+The simplest way to configure and build GDB is to run @code{configure}
+from the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory, which in
+this example is the @file{gdb-_GDB_VN__} directory.
+
+First switch to the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory
+if you are not already in it; then run @code{configure}. Pass the
+identifier for the platform on which GDB will run as an
+argument.
+
+For example:
+
+@example
+cd gdb-_GDB_VN__
+./configure @var{host}
+make
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where @var{host} is an identifier such as @samp{sun4} or
+@samp{decstation}, that identifies the platform where GDB will run.
+
+Running @samp{configure @var{host}} followed by @code{make} builds the
+@file{bfd}, @file{readline}, @file{mmalloc}, and @file{libiberty}
+libraries, then @code{gdb} itself. The configured source files, and the
+binaries, are left in the corresponding source directories.
+
+@code{configure} is a Bourne-shell (@code{/bin/sh}) script; if your
+system does not recognize this automatically when you run a different
+shell, you may need to run @code{sh} on it explicitly:
+
+@example
+sh configure @var{host}
+@end example
+
+If you run @code{configure} from a directory that contains source
+directories for multiple libraries or programs, such as the
+@file{gdb-_GDB_VN__} source directory for version _GDB_VN__, @code{configure}
+creates configuration files for every directory level underneath (unless
+you tell it not to, with the @samp{--norecursion} option).
+
+You can run the @code{configure} script from any of the
+subordinate directories in the GDB distribution, if you only want to
+configure that subdirectory; but be sure to specify a path to it.
+
+For example, with version _GDB_VN__, type the following to configure only
+the @code{bfd} subdirectory:
+
+@example
+@group
+cd gdb-_GDB_VN__/bfd
+../configure @var{host}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+You can install @code{_GDBP__} anywhere; it has no hardwired paths.
+However, you should make sure that the shell on your path (named by
+the @samp{SHELL} environment variable) is publicly readable. Remember
+that GDB uses the shell to start your program---some systems refuse to
+let GDB debug child processes whose programs are not readable.
+
+@menu
+* Separate Objdir:: Compiling GDB in another directory
+* Config Names:: Specifying names for hosts and targets
+* configure Options:: Summary of options for configure
+@end menu
+
+@node Separate Objdir
+@section Compiling GDB in Another Directory
+
+If you want to run GDB versions for several host or target machines,
+you'll need a different @code{gdb} compiled for each combination of
+host and target. @code{configure} is designed to make this easy by
+allowing you to generate each configuration in a separate subdirectory,
+rather than in the source directory. If your @code{make} program
+handles the @samp{VPATH} feature (GNU @code{make} does), running
+@code{make} in each of these directories then builds the @code{gdb}
+program specified there.
+
+To build @code{gdb} in a separate directory, run @code{configure}
+with the @samp{--srcdir} option to specify where to find the source.
+(You'll also need to specify a path to find @code{configure}
+itself from your working directory. If the path to @code{configure}
+would be the same as the argument to @samp{--srcdir}, you can leave out
+the @samp{--srcdir} option; it will be assumed.)
+
+For example, with version _GDB_VN__, you can build GDB in a separate
+directory for a Sun 4 like this:
+
+@example
+@group
+cd gdb-_GDB_VN__
+mkdir ../gdb-sun4
+cd ../gdb-sun4
+../gdb-_GDB_VN__/configure sun4
+make
+@end group
+@end example
+
+When @code{configure} builds a configuration using a remote source
+directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure
+(and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory. In
+the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library @file{libiberty.a} in the
+directory @file{gdb-sun4/libiberty}, and GDB itself in
+@file{gdb-sun4/gdb}.
+
+One popular reason to build several GDB configurations in separate
+directories is to configure GDB for cross-compiling (where GDB
+runs on one machine---the host---while debugging programs that run on
+another machine---the target). You specify a cross-debugging target by
+giving the @samp{--target=@var{target}} option to @code{configure}.
+
+When you run @code{make} to build a program or library, you must run
+it in a configured directory---whatever directory you were in when you
+called @code{configure} (or one of its subdirectories).
+
+The @code{Makefile} generated by @code{configure} for each source
+directory also runs recursively. If you type @code{make} in a source
+directory such as @file{gdb-_GDB_VN__} (or in a separate configured
+directory configured with @samp{--srcdir=@var{path}/gdb-_GDB_VN__}), you
+will build all the required libraries, then build GDB.
+
+When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate
+directories, you can run @code{make} on them in parallel (for example,
+if they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere
+with each other.
+
+@node Config Names
+@section Specifying Names for Hosts and Targets
+
+The specifications used for hosts and targets in the @code{configure}
+script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short predefined
+aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes three pieces
+of information in the following pattern:
+
+@example
+@var{architecture}-@var{vendor}-@var{os}
+@end example
+
+For example, you can use the alias @code{sun4} as a @var{host} argument
+or in a @code{--target=@var{target}} option, but the equivalent full name
+is @samp{sparc-sun-sunos4}.
+
+The @code{configure} script accompanying GDB does not provide
+any query facility to list all supported host and target names or
+aliases. @code{configure} calls the Bourne shell script
+@code{config.sub} to map abbreviations to full names; you can read the
+script, if you wish, or you can use it to test your guesses on
+abbreviations---for example:
+
+@smallexample
+% sh config.sub sun4
+sparc-sun-sunos411
+% sh config.sub sun3
+m68k-sun-sunos411
+% sh config.sub decstation
+mips-dec-ultrix42
+% sh config.sub hp300bsd
+m68k-hp-bsd
+% sh config.sub i386v
+i386-unknown-sysv
+% sh config.sub i786v
+Invalid configuration `i786v': machine `i786v' not recognized
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+@code{config.sub} is also distributed in the GDB source
+directory (@file{gdb-_GDB_VN__}, for version _GDB_VN__).
+
+@node configure Options
+@section @code{configure} Options
+
+Here is a summary of the @code{configure} options and arguments that
+are most often useful for building _GDBN__. @code{configure} also has
+several other options not listed here. @inforef{What Configure
+Does,,configure.info}, for a full explanation of @code{configure}.
+@c FIXME: Would this be more, or less, useful as an xref (ref to printed
+@c manual in the printed manual, ref to info file only from the info file)?
+
+@example
+configure @r{[}--help@r{]}
+ @r{[}--prefix=@var{dir}@r{]}
+ @r{[}--srcdir=@var{path}@r{]}
+ @r{[}--norecursion@r{]} @r{[}--rm@r{]}
+ @r{[}--target=@var{target}@r{]} @var{host}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You may introduce options with a single @samp{-} rather than
+@samp{--} if you prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use
+@samp{--}.
+
+@table @code
+@item --help
+Display a quick summary of how to invoke @code{configure}.
+
+@item -prefix=@var{dir}
+Configure the source to install programs and files under directory
+@file{@var{dir}}.
+
+@item --srcdir=@var{path}
+@strong{Warning: using this option requires GNU @code{make}, or another
+@code{make} that implements the @code{VPATH} feature.}@*
+Use this option to make configurations in directories separate from the
+GDB source directories. Among other things, you can use this to
+build (or maintain) several configurations simultaneously, in separate
+directories. @code{configure} writes configuration specific files in
+the current directory, but arranges for them to use the source in the
+directory @var{path}. @code{configure} will create directories under
+the working directory in parallel to the source directories below
+@var{path}.
+
+@item --norecursion
+Configure only the directory level where @code{configure} is executed; do not
+propagate configuration to subdirectories.
+
+@item --rm
+Remove the configuration that the other arguments specify.
+
+@c This does not work (yet if ever). FIXME.
+@c @item --parse=@var{lang} @dots{}
+@c Configure the GDB expression parser to parse the listed languages.
+@c @samp{all} configures GDB for all supported languages. To get a
+@c list of all supported languages, omit the argument. Without this
+@c option, GDB is configured to parse all supported languages.
+
+@item --target=@var{target}
+Configure GDB for cross-debugging programs running on the specified
+@var{target}. Without this option, GDB is configured to debug
+programs that run on the same machine (@var{host}) as GDB itself.
+
+There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available targets.
+
+@item @var{host} @dots{}
+Configure GDB to run on the specified @var{host}.
+
+There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available hosts.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+@code{configure} accepts other options, for compatibility with
+configuring other GNU tools recursively; but these are the only
+options that affect GDB or its supporting libraries.
+_fi__(!_PRECONFIGURED__)
+
+_if__(!_AGGLOMERATION__)
+@node Copying
+@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+@center Version 2, June 1991
+
+@display
+Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+@end display
+
+@unnumberedsec Preamble
+
+ The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
+freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
+License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
+software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
+General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
+Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
+using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
+the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+ When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
+if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
+in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
+
+ To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
+anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
+These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
+distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
+
+ For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
+gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
+you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
+source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
+rights.
+
+ We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
+(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
+distribute and/or modify the software.
+
+ Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
+that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
+software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
+want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
+that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
+authors' reputations.
+
+ Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
+patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
+program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
+program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
+patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
+
+ The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+@iftex
+@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
+@end ifinfo
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+This License applies to any program or other work which contains
+a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
+under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below,
+refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
+means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
+that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
+either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
+language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
+the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
+
+Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
+covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
+running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
+is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
+Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
+Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
+
+@item
+You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
+source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
+conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
+copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
+notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
+and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
+along with the Program.
+
+You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
+you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
+
+@item
+You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
+of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
+distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
+above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
+
+@enumerate a
+@item
+You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
+stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
+
+@item
+You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
+whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
+part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
+parties under the terms of this License.
+
+@item
+If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
+when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
+interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
+announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
+notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
+a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
+these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
+License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
+does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
+the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
+@end enumerate
+
+These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
+identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
+and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
+themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
+sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
+distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
+on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
+this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
+entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
+
+Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
+your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
+exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
+collective works based on the Program.
+
+In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
+with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
+a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
+the scope of this License.
+
+@item
+You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
+under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
+Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
+
+@enumerate a
+@item
+Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
+source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
+1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
+
+@item
+Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
+years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
+cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
+machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
+distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
+customarily used for software interchange; or,
+
+@item
+Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
+to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
+allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
+received the program in object code or executable form with such
+an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
+@end enumerate
+
+The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
+making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
+code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
+associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
+control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
+special exception, the source code distributed need not include
+anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
+form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
+operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
+itself accompanies the executable.
+
+If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
+access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
+access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
+distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
+compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
+
+@item
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
+except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
+void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
+this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
+parties remain in full compliance.
+
+@item
+You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
+signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
+distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
+prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
+modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
+Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
+all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
+the Program or works based on it.
+
+@item
+Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
+Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
+original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
+these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
+restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
+You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
+this License.
+
+@item
+If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
+infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
+conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
+distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
+may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
+license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
+all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
+the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
+refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
+
+If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
+any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
+apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
+circumstances.
+
+It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
+patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
+such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
+integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
+implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
+generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
+through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
+system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
+to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
+impose that choice.
+
+This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
+be a consequence of the rest of this License.
+
+@item
+If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
+certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
+original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
+may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
+those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
+countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
+the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
+
+@item
+The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
+of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
+specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
+later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
+either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
+Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
+this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
+Foundation.
+
+@item
+If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
+programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
+to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
+Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
+make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
+of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
+of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
+
+@iftex
+@heading NO WARRANTY
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@center NO WARRANTY
+@end ifinfo
+
+@item
+BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
+FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
+OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
+PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
+OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
+TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
+PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
+REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+@item
+IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
+REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
+INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
+OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
+YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
+PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+@end enumerate
+
+@iftex
+@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+@end ifinfo
+
+@page
+@unnumberedsec Applying These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+ If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+ To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+@smallexample
+@var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
+Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program; if not, write to the
+Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,
+Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+@end smallexample
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
+when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+@smallexample
+Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
+Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
+type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
+to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
+for details.
+@end smallexample
+
+The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
+the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
+commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
+@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
+suits your program.
+
+You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
+school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
+necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
+
+@example
+Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
+interest in the program `Gnomovision'
+(which makes passes at compilers) written
+by James Hacker.
+
+@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
+Ty Coon, President of Vice
+@end example
+
+This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
+proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
+consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
+library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
+Public License instead of this License.
+_fi__(!_AGGLOMERATION__)
+
+@node Index
+@unnumbered Index
+
+@printindex cp
+
+@tex
+% I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the
+% meantime:
+\long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
+\centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
+\centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}
+\centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}
+\centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}
+\centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/},}
+\centerline{{\bf\fontname\tenbf}, and}
+\centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
+\centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
+\page\colophon
+% Blame: pesch@cygnus.com, 1991.
+@end tex
+
+@contents
+@bye
projects / unix-history / commitdiff