+.TL
+Vi Command & Function Reference
+.AU CB 2675
+Alan P.W. Hewett
+.sp
+Revised for version 2.12 by Mark Horton
+.CB
+.NH 1
+Author's Disclaimer
+.LP
+This document does not claim to be 100% complete. There are a
+few commands listed in the original document that I was unable
+to test either because I do not speak \fBlisp\fR, because they
+required programs we don't have, or because I wasn't able to make
+them work. In these cases I left the command out. The commands
+listed in this document have been tried and are known to work.
+It is expected that prospective users of this document will read
+it once to get the flavor of everything that \fBvi\fR can do
+and then use it as a reference document. Experimentation is
+recommended. If you don't understand a command, try it and
+see what happens.
+.LP
+[Note: In revising this document, I have attempted to make it
+completely reflect version 2.12 of
+.B vi .
+It does not attempt to document the VAX version (version 3),
+but with one or two exceptions (wrapmargin, arrow keys)
+everything said about 2.12 should apply to 3.1.
+.I "Mark Horton" ]
+.NH 1
+Notation
+.LP
+\fB[option]\fR is used to denote optional parts of a command.
+Many \fBvi\fR commands have an optional count. \fB[cnt]\fR
+means that an optional number may precede the command to
+multiply or iterate the command.
+\fB{variable item}\fR is used to denote parts of the command
+which must appear, but can take a number of different values.
+\fB<character [-character]>\fR means that the character or
+one of the characters in the range described between the
+two angle brackets is to be typed.
+For example \fB<esc>\fR means
+the \fBescape\fR key is to be typed. \fB<a-z>\fR means that a
+lower case letter is to be typed. \fB^<character>\fR means that
+the character is to be typed as a \fBcontrol\fR character, that is,
+with the \fB<cntl>\fR key held down while simultaneously typing
+the specified character. In this document control characters will
+be denoted using the \fIupper case\fR character, but
+^<uppercase chr> and ^<lowercase chr> are equivalent. That is, for
+example, \fB<^D>\fR is equal to \fB<^d>\fR.
+The most common character abbreviations
+used in this list are as follows:
+.VL 8
+.IP <esc> 8
+escape, octal 033
+.IP <cr> 8
+carriage return, ^M, octal 015
+.IP <lf> 8
+linefeed ^J, octal 012
+.IP <nl> 8
+newline, ^J, octal 012 (same as linefeed)
+.IP <bs> 8
+backspace, ^H, octal 010
+.IP <tab> 8
+tab, ^I, octal 011
+.IP <bell> 8
+bell, ^G, octal 07
+.IP <ff> 8
+formfeed, ^L, octal 014
+.IP <sp> 8
+space, octal 040
+.IP <del> 8
+delete, octal 0177
+.LE
+.sp 1
+.NH 1
+Basics
+.LP
+To run \fBvi\fR the shell variable \fBTERM\fR must be defined and
+exported to your environment.
+How you do this depends on which shell you are using.
+You can tell which shell you have by the character it
+prompts you for commands with.
+The Bourne shell prompts with `$', and the C shell prompts with `%'.
+For these examples, we will suppose
+that you are using an HP 2621 terminal, whose termcap name is ``2621''.
+.NH 2
+Bourne Shell
+.LP
+To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type:
+.DS
+TERM=2621
+export TERM
+.DE
+.PP
+There are various ways of having this automatically or
+semi-automatically done when you log in.
+Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621.
+You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it
+work when you use a hardwired terminal.
+The recommended way, if you have the
+.B tset
+program, is to use the sequence
+.DS
+tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$
+\&. tset$$
+rm tset$$
+.DE
+in your .login (for csh) or the same thing using `.' instead of `source'
+in your .profile (for sh).
+The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621,
+but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal
+type from an on-line list.
+.NH 2
+The C Shell
+.LP
+To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type:
+.DS
+setenv TERM 2621
+.DE
+.PP
+There are various ways of having this automatically or
+semi-automatically done when you log in.
+Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621.
+You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it
+work when you use a hardwired terminal.
+The recommended way, if you have the
+.B tset
+program, is to use the sequence
+.DS
+tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$
+source tset$$
+rm tset$$
+.DE
+in your .login.*
+.FS
+* On a version 6 system
+without environments, the invocation of tset
+is simpler, just add the line ``tset \-d 2621''
+to your .login or .profile.
+.FE
+The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621,
+but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal
+type from an on-line list.
+.NH 1
+Normal Commands
+.LP
+\fBVi\fR is a visual editor with a window on the file. What
+you see on the screen is \fBvi\fR's current notion of
+what your file will contain,
+(at this point in the file),
+when it is written out.
+Most commands do not cause any change in the screen until the
+complete command is typed. Should you get confused while
+typing a command, you can abort the command by typing an
+<del> character. You will know you are back to command level
+when you hear a <bell>. Usually typing an <esc> will produce the
+same result. When \fBvi\fR gets an improperly formatted command
+it rings the <bell>.
+Following are the \fBvi\fR commands broken down by function.
+.NH 2
+Entry and Exit
+.LP
+To enter
+.B vi
+on a particular
+.I file ,
+type
+.DS
+\fBvi\fP \fIfile\fP
+.DE
+The file will be read in and the cursor will be placed at the beginning
+of the first line.
+The first screenfull of the file will be displayed on the terminal.
+.PP
+To get out of the editor, type
+.DS
+ZZ
+.DE
+If you are in some special mode, such as input mode
+or the middle of a multi-keystroke command, it may
+be necessary to type <esc> first.
+.NH 2
+Cursor and Page Motion
+.LP
+.VL 16
+.B NOTE:
+The arrow keys (see the next four commands)
+on certain kinds of terminals will not work with the
+PDP-11 version of vi. The control versions or the hjkl versions will
+work on any terminal. Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because
+they are always right under their fingers. Beginners often prefer
+the arrow keys, since they do not require memorization of which hjkl
+key is which.
+The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking at the keyboard of an adm3a.
+.sp
+.IP "[cnt]<bs> or [cnt]h or [cnt]\(<-" 16
+.br
+Move the cursor to the left one character. Cursor stops at the left
+margin of the page.
+If cnt is given, these commands move that many spaces.
+.IP "[cnt]^N or [cnt]j or [cnt]\(da or [cnt]<lf>" 16
+.br
+Move down one line.
+Moving off the screen scrolls the window to force a new line
+onto the screen.
+Mnemonic: \fBN\fRext
+.IP "[cnt]^P or [cnt]k or [cnt]\(ua" 16
+.br
+Move up one line.
+Moving off the top of the screen forces new text onto the screen.
+Mnemonic: \fBP\fRrevious
+.IP "[cnt]<sp> or [cnt]l or [cnt]\(->" 16
+.br
+Move to the right one character.
+Cursor will not go beyond the end of the line.
+.IP [cnt]- 16
+Move the cursor up the screen to the beginning of the next line.
+Scroll if necessary.
+.IP "[cnt]+ or [cnt]<cr>" 16
+.sp 1
+Move the cursor down the screen to the beginning of the next line.
+Scroll up if necessary.
+.IP "[cnt]$" 16
+Move the cursor to the end of the line.
+If there is a count, move to the end of the line "cnt" lines
+forward in the file.
+.IP "^" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the first word on the line.
+.IP "0" 16
+Move the cursor to the left margin of the current line.
+.IP "[cnt]|" 16
+Move the cursor to the column specified by the count. The default is
+column zero.
+.IP "[cnt]w" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word. If there
+is a count, then move forward that many words and
+position the cursor at the beginning of the word.
+Mnemonic: next-\fBw\fRord
+.IP "[cnt]W" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word which follows
+a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>). Ignore other punctuation.
+.IP "[cnt]b" 16
+Move the cursor to the preceding word. Mnemonic: \fBb\fRackup-word
+.IP "[cnt]B" 16
+Move the cursor to the preceding word that is separated from the
+current word by a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>).
+.IP "[cnt]e" 16
+Move the cursor to the end of the current word or the end of the
+"cnt"'th word hence. Mnemonic: \fBe\fRnd-of-word
+.IP "[cnt]E" 16
+Move the cursor to the end of the current word which is delimited by
+"white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>).
+.IP "[line number]G" 16
+.br
+Move the cursor to the line specified. Of particular use are the
+sequences "1G" and "G", which move the cursor to the beginning and
+the end of the file respectively. Mnemonic: \fBG\fRo-to
+.LP
+.B NOTE:
+The next four commands (^D, ^U, ^F, ^B)
+are not true motion commands, in that they
+cannot be used as the object of commands such as delete or change.
+.IP "[cnt]^D" 16
+Move the cursor down in the file by "cnt" lines (or the last "cnt"
+if a new count isn't given. The initial default is half a page.) The
+screen is simultaneously scrolled up. Mnemonic: \fBD\fRown
+.IP "[cnt]^U" 16
+Move the cursor up in the file by "cnt" lines. The screen is simultaneously
+scrolled down. Mnemonic: \fBU\fRp
+.IP "[cnt]^F" 16
+Move the cursor to the next page. A count moves that many pages.
+Two lines of the previous page are kept on the screen for continuity if
+possible. Mnemonic: \fBF\fRorward-a-page
+.IP "[cnt]^B" 16
+Move the cursor to the previous page. Two lines of the current page
+are kept if possible. Mnemonic: \fBB\fRackup-a-page
+.IP "[cnt](" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the next sentence.
+A sentence is defined as ending with a ".", "!", or "?"
+followed by two spaces or a <nl>.
+.IP "[cnt])" 16
+Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a sentence.
+.IP "[cnt]}" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph. This command
+works best inside \fBnroff\fR documents. It understands two sets of
+\fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, for which the
+commands ".IP", ".LP", ".PP", ".QP", "P", as well as the nroff command ".bp"
+are considered to be paragraph delimiters.
+A blank line also delimits a paragraph.
+The \fBnroff\fR macros that it accepts as paragraph delimiters is
+adjustable. See \fBparagraphs\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section.
+.IP "[cnt]{" 16
+Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a paragraph.
+.IP "]]" 16
+Move the cursor to the next "section", where a section is defined by
+two sets of \fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, in which
+".NH", ".SH", and ".H" delimit a section. A line beginning with a <ff><nl>
+sequence, or a line beginning with a "{" are also considered to
+be section delimiters. The last option makes it
+useful for finding the beginnings of C functions.
+The \fBnroff\fR macros that are used for section delimiters can be adjusted.
+See \fBsections\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section.
+.IP "[[" 16
+Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a section.
+.IP "%" 16
+Move the cursor to the matching parenthesis
+or brace. This is very useful in C or lisp code. If the
+cursor is sitting on a \fB( ) {\fR or \fB}\fR the cursor
+is moved to the matching character at the other end of the
+section. If the cursor is not sitting on a brace or a
+parenthesis, \fBvi\fR searches forward until it finds one
+and then jumps to the match mate.
+.IP "[cnt]H" 16
+If there is no count move the cursor to the top left position on the screen.
+If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line
+"cnt" lines from the top of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBH\fRome
+.IP "[cnt]L" 16
+If there is no count move the cursor to the beginning
+of the last line on the screen.
+If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line
+"cnt" lines from the bottom of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBL\fRast
+.IP "M" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the middle line on the screen.
+Mnemonic: \fBM\fRiddle
+.IP "m<a-z>" 16
+This command does not move the cursor, but it \fBmarks\fR the place
+in the file and the character "<a-z>" becomes the label for referring
+to this location in the file. See the next two commands. Mnemonic:
+\fBm\fRark
+.B NOTE:
+The mark command is not a motion, and cannot be used as the target
+of commands such as delete.
+.IP "\(aa<a-z>" 16
+Move the cursor to the beginning of the line that is marked with the label
+"<a-z>".
+.IP "\(ga<a-z>" 16
+Move the cursor to the exact position on the line that was marked with
+with the label "<a-z>".
+.IP "\(aa\(aa" 16
+Move the cursor back to the beginning of the line where it was before the
+last "non-relative" move. A "non-relative" move is something such as a
+search or a jump to a specific line in the file, rather than moving the
+cursor or scrolling the screen.
+.IP "\(ga\(ga" 16
+Move the cursor back to the exact spot on the line where it was located
+before the last "non-relative" move.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Searches
+.LP
+The following commands allow you to search for items in a file.
+.VL 16
+.IP [cnt]f{chr} 16
+.sp 1
+Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
+the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character
+of interest. Mnemonic: \fBf\fRind character
+.IP [cnt]F{chr} 16
+.sp 1
+Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
+the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character
+of interest.
+.IP [cnt]t{chr} 16
+.sp 1
+Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
+the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR
+the character of interest. Mnemonic: move cursor up \fBt\fRo character
+.IP [cnt]T{chr} 16
+.sp 1
+Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
+the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR
+the character of interest.
+.IP "[cnt];" 16
+Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command.
+.IP "[cnt]," 16
+Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command, but in the opposite
+search direction. This is useful if you overshoot.
+.IP "[cnt]/[string]/<nl>" 16
+.br
+Search forward for the next occurrence of "string".
+Wrap around at the end of the file
+does occur.
+The final \fB</>\fR is not required.
+.IP "[cnt]?[string]?<nl>" 16
+.br
+Search backwards for the next occurrence of "string". If a count is
+specified, the count becomes the new window size. Wrap around at the beginning
+of the file does occur.
+The final \fB<?>\fR is not required.
+.IP n 16
+Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search. Mnemonic: \fBn\fRext
+occurrence.
+.IP N 16
+Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search, but in the reverse
+direction.
+.IP ":g/[string]/[editor command]<nl>" 16
+.sp 1
+Using the \fB:\fR syntax it is possible to do global searches ala the
+standard UNIX "ed" editor.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Text Insertion
+.LP
+The following commands allow for the insertion of text. All multicharacter
+text insertions are terminated with an <esc> character.
+The last change
+can always be \fBundone\fR by typing a \fBu\fR.
+The text insert in insertion mode can contain newlines.
+.VL 16
+.IP a{text}<esc> 16
+Insert text immediately following the cursor position.
+Mnemonic: \fBa\fRppend
+.IP A{text}<esc> 16
+Insert text at the end of the current line.
+Mnemonic: \fBA\fRppend
+.IP i{text}<esc> 16
+Insert text immediately preceding the cursor position.
+Mnemonic: \fBi\fRnsert
+.IP I{text}<esc> 16
+Insert text at the beginning of the current line.
+.IP o{text}<esc> 16
+Insert a new line after the line on which the cursor appears and
+insert text there. Mnemonic: \fBo\fRpen new line
+.IP O{text}<esc> 16
+Insert a new line preceding the line on which the cursor appears
+and insert text there.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Text Deletion
+.LP
+The following commands allow the user to delete text in various ways.
+All changes can always be \fBundone\fR by typing the \fBu\fR command.
+.VL 16
+.IP "[cnt]x" 16
+Delete the character or characters starting at the cursor position.
+.IP "[cnt]X" 16
+Delete the character or characters starting at the character preceding
+the cursor position.
+.IP "D" 16
+Deletes the remainder of the line starting at the cursor.
+Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete the rest of line
+.IP "[cnt]d{motion}" 16
+.br
+Deletes one or more occurrences of the specified motion.
+Any motion from sections 4.1 and 4.2 can be used here.
+The d can be stuttered (e.g. [cnt]dd) to delete cnt lines.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Text Replacement
+.LP
+The following commands allow the user to simultaneously delete and
+insert new text. All such actions can be \fBundone\fR by typing
+\fBu\fR following the command.
+.VL 16
+.IP "r<chr>" 16
+Replaces the character at the current cursor position with <chr>. This
+is a one character replacement. No <esc> is required for termination.
+Mnemonic: \fBr\fReplace character
+.IP "R{text}<esc>" 16
+Starts overlaying the characters on the screen with whatever you type.
+It does not stop until an <esc> is typed.
+.IP "[cnt]s{text}<esc>" 16
+Substitute for "cnt" characters beginning at the current cursor
+position. A "$" will appear at the position in the text where the
+"cnt"'th character appears so you will know how much you are erasing.
+Mnemonic: \fBs\fRubstitute
+.IP "[cnt]S{text}<esc>" 16
+Substitute for the entire current line (or lines). If no count is given,
+a "$" appears at the end of the current line. If a count of more than
+1 is given, all the lines to be replaced are deleted before the insertion
+begins.
+.IP "[cnt]c{motion}{text}<esc>" 16
+.br
+Change the specified "motion" by replacing it with the
+insertion text. A "$" will appear at the end of the last item
+that is being deleted unless the deletion involves whole lines.
+Motion's can be any motion from sections 4.1 or 4.2.
+Stuttering the c (e.g. [cnt]cc) changes cnt lines.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Moving Text
+.LP
+\fBVi\fR provides a number of ways of moving chunks of text around.
+There are nine buffers into which each piece of text which is deleted
+or "yanked" is put in addition to the "undo" buffer.
+The most recent deletion or yank is in the "undo" buffer and also
+usually in buffer
+1, the next most recent in buffer 2, and so forth. Each new deletion
+pushes down all the older deletions. Deletions older than 9
+disappear. There is also
+a set of named registers, a-z, into which text can optionally
+be placed. If any delete or replacement type command is preceded
+by \fB"<a-z>\fR, that named buffer will contain the text deleted
+after the command is executed. For example, \fB"a3dd\fR will delete
+three lines starting at the current line and put them in buffer \fB"a\fR.*
+.FS
+* Referring to an upper case letter as a buffer name (A-Z) is the
+same as referring to the lower case letter, except that text placed
+in such a buffer is appended to it instead of replacing it.
+.FE
+There are two more basic commands and
+some variations useful in getting and putting text into a file.
+.VL 16
+.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]y{motion} 16
+.sp 1
+Yank the specified item or "cnt" items and put in the "undo" buffer or
+the specified buffer. The variety of "items" that can be yanked
+is the same as those that can be deleted with the "d" command or
+changed with the "c" command. In the same way that "dd" means
+delete the current line and "cc" means replace the current line,
+"yy" means yank the current line.
+.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]Y 16
+Yank the current line or the "cnt" lines starting from the current
+line. If no buffer is specified, they will go into the "undo" buffer,
+like any delete would. It is equivalent to "yy".
+Mnemonic: \fBY\fRank
+.IP ["<a-z>]p 16
+Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBafter\fR the cursor.
+If whole lines were yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be
+put down on the line following the line the cursor is on. If
+something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will
+be inserted immediately following the cursor.
+Mnemonic: \fBp\fRut buffer
+.IP
+It should be noted that text in the named buffers remains there when you
+start editing a new file with the \fB:e file<esc>\fR command. Since
+this is so, it is possible to copy or delete text from one file and
+carry it over to another file in the buffers.
+However, the undo buffer and the ability to undo are lost when
+changing files.
+.IP ["<a-z>]P 16
+Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBbefore\fR the cursor.
+If whole lines where yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be
+put down on the line preceding the line the cursor is on. If
+something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will
+be inserted immediately preceding the cursor.
+.IP [cnt]>{motion} 16
+The shift operator will right shift all the text from the line on which
+the cursor is located to the line where the \fBmotion\fR is located.
+The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.)
+\fB>>\fR means right shift the current line or lines.
+.IP [cnt]<{motion} 16
+The shift operator will left shift all the text from the line on which
+the cursor is located to the line where the \fBitem\fR is located.
+The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.)
+\fB<<\fR means left shift the current line or lines.
+Once the line has reached the left margin it is not further affected.
+.IP [cnt]={motion} 16
+Prettyprints the indicated area according to
+.B lisp
+conventions.
+The area should be a lisp s-expression.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Miscellaneous Commands
+.LP
+\fBVi\fR has a number of miscellaneous commands that are very
+useful. They are:
+.VL 16
+.IP ZZ 16
+This is the normal way to exit from vi.
+If any changes have been made, the file is written out.
+Then you are returned to the shell.
+.IP ^L 16
+Redraw the current screen. This is useful if someone "write"s you
+while you are in "vi" or if for any reason garbage gets onto the
+screen.
+.IP ^R 16
+On dumb terminals, those not having the "delete line" function
+(the vt100 is such a terminal), \fBvi\fR saves redrawing the
+screen when you delete a line by just marking the line with an
+"@" at the beginning and blanking the line. If you want to
+actually get rid of the lines marked with "@" and see what the
+page looks like, typing a ^R will do this.
+.IP \s+4.\s0 16
+"Dot" is a particularly useful command. It repeats the last
+text modifying command. Therefore you can type a command once and
+then to another place and repeat it by just typing ".".
+.IP u 16
+Perhaps the most important command in the editor,
+u undoes the last command that changed the buffer.
+Mnemonic: \fBu\fRndo
+.IP U 16
+Undo all the text modifying commands performed on the current line
+since the last time you moved onto it.
+.IP [cnt]J 16
+Join the current line and the following line. The <nl> is deleted
+and the two lines joined, usually with a space between the
+end of the first line and the beginning of what was the second
+line. If the first line ended with a "period", then two spaces
+are inserted.
+A count joins the next cnt lines.
+Mnemonic: \fBJ\fRoin lines
+.IP Q 16
+Switch to \fBex\fR editing mode.
+In this mode \fBvi\fR will behave very much like \fBed\fR.
+The editor in this mode will operate on single lines normally and
+will not attempt to keep the "window" up to date.
+Once in this mode it is also possible to switch to the \fBopen\fR
+mode of editing. By entering the command \fB[line number]open<nl>\fR
+you enter this mode. It is similar to the normal visual mode
+except the window is only \fBone\fR line long.
+Mnemonic: \fBQ\fRuit visual mode
+.IP ^] 16
+An abbreviation for a tag command.
+The cursor should be positioned at the beginning of a word.
+That word is taken as a tag name, and the tag with that
+name is found as if it had been typed in a :tag command.
+.IP [cnt]!{motion}{UNIX\ cmd}<nl> 16
+.br
+Any UNIX filter
+(e.g. command that reads the standard input and outputs something
+to the standard output) can be sent a section of the current file and
+have the output of the command replace the original text. Useful
+examples are programs like \fBcb\fR, \fBsort\fR, and
+\fBnroff\fR. For instance, using \fBsort\fR it would be possible to
+sort a section of the current file into a new list.
+Using \fB!!\fR means take a line or lines starting at the line the
+cursor is currently on and pass them to the UNIX command.
+.B NOTE:
+To just escape to the shell for one command,
+use :!{cmd}<nl>, see section 5.
+.IP z{cnt}<nl> 16
+This resets the current window size to "cnt" lines and redraws the screen.
+.LE
+.NH 2
+Special Insert Characters
+.LP
+There are some characters that have special meanings during
+insert modes. They are:
+.VL 16
+.IP ^V 16
+During inserts, typing a ^V allows you to quote control characters
+into the file. Any character typed after the ^V will be inserted
+into the file.
+.IP [^]^D\ or\ [0]^D 16
+<^D> without any argument backs up one \fBshiftwidth\fR. This is necessary
+to remove indentation that was inserted by the \fBautoindent\fR feature.
+^<^D> temporarily removes all the autoindentation, thus placing the cursor
+at the left margin. On the next line, the previous indent level will be
+restored. This is useful for putting "labels" at the left margin.
+0<^D> says remove all autoindents and stay that way. Thus the cursor
+moves to the left margin and stays there on successive lines until
+<tab>'s are typed. As with the <tab>, the <^D> is only effective before
+any other "non-autoindent" controlling characters are typed.
+Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete a shiftwidth
+.IP ^W 16
+If the cursor is sitting on a word, <^W> moves the cursor back to the beginning
+of the word, thus erasing the word from the insert.
+Mnemonic: erase \fBW\fRord
+.IP <bs> 16
+The backspace always serves as an erase during insert modes in addition
+to your normal "erase" character. To insert a <bs> into your file, use
+the <^V> to quote it.
+.LE
+.NH 1
+\fB:\fR Commands
+.LP
+Typing a ":" during command mode causes \fBvi\fR to put the cursor at
+the bottom on the screen in preparation for a command. In the
+":" mode, \fBvi\fR can be given most \fBed\fR commands. It is
+also from this mode that you exit from \fBvi\fR or switch to different
+files. All commands of this variety are terminated by a <nl>, <cr>,
+or <esc>.
+.VL 16
+.IP ":w[!] [file]" 16
+Causes \fBvi\fR to write out the current text to the disk. It is
+written to the file you are editing unless "file" is supplied. If
+"file" is supplied, the write is directed to that file instead. If
+that file already exists, \fBvi\fR will not perform the write unless
+the "!" is supplied indicating you
+.I really
+want to destroy the older copy of the file.
+.IP :q[!] 16
+Causes \fBvi\fR to exit. If you have modified the file you are
+looking at currently and haven't written it out, \fBvi\fR will
+refuse to exit unless the "!" is supplied.
+.IP ":e[!] [+[cmd]] [file]" 16
+.sp 1
+Start editing a new file called "file" or start editing the current
+file over again. The command ":e!" says "ignore the changes I've made
+to this file and start over from the beginning". It is useful if
+you really mess up the file. The optional "+" says instead of starting
+at the beginning, start at the "end", or,
+if "cmd" is supplied, execute "cmd" first.
+Useful cases of this are where cmd is "n" (any integer) which starts
+at line number n,
+and "/text", which searches for "text" and starts at the line where
+it is found.
+.IP "^^" 16
+Switch back to the place you were before your last tag command.
+If your last tag command stayed within the file, ^^ returns to that tag.
+If you have no recent tag command, it will return to the
+same place in the previous file that it was showing when you switched
+to the current file.
+.IP ":n[!]" 16
+Start editing the next file in the argument list. Since \fBvi\fR
+can be called with multiple file names, the ":n" command tells it to
+stop work on the current file and switch to the next file. If the
+current file was modifies, it has to be written out before the ":n"
+will work or else the "!" must be supplied, which says discard the
+changes I made to the current file.
+.IP ":n[!] file [file file ...]" 16
+.sp
+Replace the current argument list with a new list of files and start
+editing the first file in this new list.
+.IP ":r file" 16
+Read in a copy of "file" on the line after the cursor.
+.IP ":r !cmd" 16
+Execute the "cmd" and take its output and put it into the file after
+the current line.
+.IP ":!cmd" 16
+Execute any UNIX shell command.
+.IP ":ta[!] tag" 16
+.B Vi
+looks in the file named
+.B tags
+in the current directory.
+.B Tags
+is a file of lines in the format:
+.sp 1
+.ti +8
+tag filename \fBvi\fR-search-command
+.sp 1
+If \fBvi\fR finds the tag you specified in the \fB:ta\fR command,
+it stops editing the current file if necessary and if the current file is
+up to date on the disk and switches to the file specified and uses the
+search pattern specified to find the "tagged" item of interest. This
+is particularly useful when editing multi-file C programs such as the
+operating system. There is a program called \fBctags\fR which will
+generate an appropriate \fBtags\fR file for C and f77
+programs so that by saying
+\fB:ta function<nl>\fR you will be switched to that function.
+It could also be useful when editing multi-file documents, though the
+\fBtags\fR file would have to be generated manually.
+.LE
+.NH 1
+Special Arrangements for Startup
+.PP
+\fBVi\fR takes the value of \fB$TERM\fR and looks up the characteristics
+of that terminal in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
+If you don't know \fBvi\fR's name for the terminal you are working
+on, look in \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
+.PP
+When \fBvi\fR starts, it attempts to read the variable EXINIT
+from your environment.*
+If that exists, it takes the values in it as the default values
+for certain of its internal constants. See the section on "Set Values"
+for further details.
+If EXINIT doesn't exist you will get all the normal defaults.
+.FS
+* On version 6 systems
+Instead of EXINIT, put the startup commands in the file .exrc
+in your home directory.
+.FE
+.PP
+Should you inadvertently hang up the phone while inside
+.B vi ,
+or should the computer crash,
+all may not be lost.
+Upon returning to the system, type:
+.DS
+vi \-r file
+.DE
+This will normally recover the file. If there is more than one
+temporary file for a specific file name, \fBvi\fR recovers the
+newest one. You can get an older version by recovering the
+file more than once.
+The command "vi -r" without a file name gives you the list of files
+that were saved in the last system crash
+(but
+.I not
+the file just saved when the phone was hung up).
+.NH 1
+Set Commands
+.LP
+\fBVi\fR has a number of internal variables and switches which can be
+set to achieve special affects.
+These options come in three forms, those that are switches, which toggle
+from off to on and back, those that require a numeric value, and those
+that require an alphanumeric string value.
+The toggle options are set by a command of the form:
+.DS
+:set option<nl>
+.DE
+and turned off with the command:
+.DS
+:set nooption<nl>
+.DE
+Commands requiring a value are set with a command of the form:
+.DS
+:set option=value<nl>
+.DE
+To display the value of a specific option type:
+.DS
+:set option?<nl>
+.DE
+To display only those that you have changed type:
+.DS
+:set<nl>
+.DE
+and to display the long table of all the settable parameters and
+their current values type:
+.DS
+:set all<nl>
+.DE
+.PP
+Most of the options have a long form and an abbreviation. Both are
+listed in the following table as well as the normal default value.
+.PP
+To arrange to have values other than the default used every time you
+enter
+.B vi ,
+place the appropriate
+.B set
+command in EXINIT in your environment, e.g.
+.DS
+EXINIT='set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh'
+export EXINIT
+.DE
+or
+.DS
+setenv EXINIT 'set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh'
+.DE
+for
+.B sh
+and
+.B csh ,
+respectively.
+These are usually placed in your .profile or .login.
+If you are running a system without environments (such as version 6)
+you can place the set command in the file .exrc in your home
+directory.
+.VL 16
+.IP autoindent\ ai 16
+Default: noai Type: toggle
+.br
+When in autoindent mode, vi helps you indent code by starting each
+line in the same column as the preceding line.
+Tabbing to the right with <tab> or <^T> will move this boundary to
+the right, and it can be moved to the left with <^D>.
+.IP autoprint\ ap 16
+Default: ap Type: toggle
+.br
+Causes the current line to be printed after each ex text modifying command.
+This is not of much interest in the normal \fBvi\fR visual mode.
+.IP autowrite\ aw 16
+Default: noaw type: toggle
+.br
+Autowrite causes an automatic write to be done if there are unsaved
+changes before certain commands which change files or otherwise
+interact with the outside world.
+These commands are :!, :tag, :next, :rewind, ^^, and ^].
+.IP beautify\ bf 16
+Default: nobf Type: toggle
+.br
+Causes all control characters except <tab>, <nl>, and <ff> to be discarded.
+.IP directory\ dir 16
+Default: dir=/tmp Type: string
+.br
+This is the directory in which \fBvi\fR puts its temporary file.
+.IP errorbells\ eb 16
+Default: noeb Type: toggle
+.br
+Error messages are preceded by a <bell>.
+.IP hardtabs\ ht 16
+Default: hardtabs=8 Type: numeric
+.br
+This option contains the value of hardware tabs in your terminal, or
+of software tabs expanded by the Unix system.
+.IP ignorecase\ ic 16
+Default: noic Type: toggle
+.br
+All upper case characters are mapped to lower case in regular expression
+matching.
+.IP lisp 16
+Default: nolisp Type: toggle
+.br
+Autoindent for \fBlisp\fR code. The commands \fB( ) [[\fR and \fB]]\fR
+are modified appropriately to affect s-expressions and functions.
+.IP list 16
+Default: nolist Type: toggle
+.br
+All printed lines have the <tab> and <nl> characters displayed visually.
+.IP magic 16
+Default: magic Type: toggle
+.br
+Enable the metacharacters for matching. These include \fB. * < > [string]
+[^string]\fR and \fB[<chr>-<chr>]\fR.
+.IP number\ nu 16
+Default: nonu Type: toggle
+.br
+Each line is displayed with its line number.
+.IP open 16
+Default: open Type: toggle
+.br
+When set, prevents entering open or visual modes from ex or edit.
+Not of interest from vi.
+.IP optimize\ opt 16
+Default: opt Type: toggle
+.br
+Basically of use only when using the \fBex\fR capabilities. This
+option prevents automatic <cr>s from taking place,
+and speeds up output of indented lines,
+at the expense of losing typeahead on some versions of UNIX.
+.IP paragraphs\ para 16
+Default: para=IPLPPPQPP\ bp Type: string
+.br
+Each pair of characters in the string indicate \fBnroff\fR macros
+which are to be treated as the beginning of a paragraph for the
+\fB{\fR and \fB}\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR
+and \fB-mm\fR macros.
+To indicate one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, such as \fB.P\fR or \fB.H\fR,
+quote a space in for the second character position. For example:
+.sp 1
+.ti +8
+:set paragraphs=P\e bp<nl>
+.sp 1
+would cause \fBvi\fR to consider \fB.P\fR and \fB.bp\fR as paragraph
+delimiters.
+.IP prompt 16
+Default: prompt Type: toggle
+.br
+In
+.B ex
+command mode the prompt character \fB:\fR will be printed when
+\fBex\fR is waiting for a command. This is not of interest from vi.
+.IP redraw 16
+Default: noredraw Type: toggle
+.br
+On dumb terminals, force the screen to always be up to date,
+by sending great amounts of output. Useful only at high speeds.
+.IP report 16
+Default: report=5 Type: numeric
+.br
+This sets the threshold for the number of lines modified. When
+more than this number of lines are modified, removed, or yanked,
+\fBvi\fR will report the number of lines changed at the bottom of
+the screen.
+.IP scroll 16
+Default: scroll={1/2 window} Type: numeric
+.br
+This is the number of lines that the screen scrolls up or down when
+using the <^U> and <^D> commands.
+.IP sections 16
+Default: sections=SHNHH HU Type: string
+.br
+Each two character pair of this string specify \fBnroff\fR macro names
+which are to be treated as the beginning of a section by the
+\fB]]\fR and \fB[[\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR
+and \fB-mm\fR macros.
+To enter one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, use a quoted space as the
+second character.
+See \fBparagraphs\fR for a fuller explanation.
+.IP shell\ sh 16
+Default: sh=from environment SHELL or /bin/sh Type: string
+.br
+This is the name of the \fBsh\fR to be used for "escaped" commands.
+.IP shiftwidth\ sw 16
+Default: sw=8 Type: numeric
+.br
+This is the number of spaces that a <^T> or <^D> will move over for
+indenting, and the amount < and > shift by.
+.IP showmatch\ sm 16
+Default: nosm Type: toggle
+.br
+When a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, show the matching \fB(\fR or \fB{\fR
+by moving the cursor to it for one second if it is on the current screen.
+.IP slowopen\ slow 16
+Default: terminal dependent Type: toggle
+.br
+On terminals that are slow and unintelligent, this option prevents the
+updating of the screen some of the time to improve speed.
+.IP tabstop\ ts 16
+Default: ts=8 Type: numeric
+.br
+<tab>s are expanded to boundaries that are multiples of this value.
+.IP taglength\ tl 16
+Default: tl=0 Type: numeric
+.br
+If nonzero, tag names are only significant to this many characters.
+.IP term 16
+Default: (from environment \fBTERM\fP, else dumb) Type: string
+.br
+This is the terminal and controls the visual displays. It cannot be
+changed when in "visual" mode,
+you have to Q to command mode, type a
+set term command, and do ``vi.'' to get back into visual.
+Or exit vi, fix $TERM, and reenter.
+The definitions that drive a particular
+terminal type are found in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
+.IP terse 16
+Default: terse Type: toggle
+.br
+When set, the error diagnostics are short.
+.IP warn 16
+Default: warn Type: toggle
+.br
+The user is warned if she/he tries to escape to
+the shell without writing out the current changes.
+.IP window 16
+Default: window={8 at 600 baud or less, 16 at 1200 baud, and screen
+size \- 1 at 2400 baud or more} Type: numeric
+.br
+This is the number of lines in the window whenever \fBvi\fR must redraw
+an entire screen. It is useful to make this size smaller if you are
+on a slow line.
+.IP w300,\ w1200,\ w9600
+.br
+These set window, but only within the corresponding speed ranges.
+They are useful in an EXINIT to fine tune window sizes.
+For example,
+.DS
+set w300=4 w1200=12
+.DE
+causes a 4 lines window at speed up to 600 baud, a 12 line window at 1200
+baud, and a full screen (the default) at over 1200 baud.
+.IP wrapscan\ ws 16
+Default: ws Type: toggle
+.br
+Searches will wrap around the end of the file when is option is set. When
+it is off, the search will terminate when it reaches the end or the
+beginning of the file.
+.IP wrapmargin\ wm 16
+Default: wm=0 Type: numeric
+.br
+\fBVi\fR will automatically insert a <nl> when it finds a natural
+break point (usually a <sp> between words) that occurs within
+"wm" spaces of the right margin.
+Therefore with "wm=0" the option is off. Setting it to 10 would
+mean that any time you are within 10 spaces of the right margin
+\fBvi\fR would be looking for a <sp> or <tab> which it could
+replace with a <nl>. This is convenient for people who forget
+to look at the screen while they type.
+(In version 3, wrapmargin behaves more like nroff, in that the
+boundary specified by the distance from the right edge of the screen
+is taken as the rightmost edge of the area where a break is allowed,
+instead of the leftmost edge.)
+.IP writeany\ wa 16
+Default: nowa Type: toggle
+.br
+\fBVi\fR normally makes a number of checks before it writes out a file.
+This prevents the user from inadvertently destroying a file. When the
+"writeany" option is enabled, \fBvi\fR no longer makes these checks.
+.LE
projects / unix-history / commitdiff