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EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)



N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
     eqn, neqn, checkeq - typeset mathematics

S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
     e\beq\bqn\bn [ -\b-d\bdxy ] [ -\b-p\bpn ] [ -\b-s\bsn ] [ -\b-f\bfn ] [ file ] ...
     c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bke\beq\bq [ file ] ...

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
     _\bE_\bq_\bn is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics
     on a Graphic Systems phototypesetter, _\bn_\be_\bq_\bn on terminals.
     Usage is almost always

	  eqn file ... | troff
	  neqn file ... | nroff

     If no files are specified, these programs reads from the
     standard input.  A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start
     of an equation; the end of an equation is marked by a line
     beginning with `.EN'.  Neither of these lines is altered, so
     they may be defined in macro packages to get centering,
     numbering, etc.  It is also possible to set two characters
     as `delimiters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also
     treated as _\be_\bq_\bn input.  Delimiters may be set to characters _\bx
     and _\by with the command-line argument -\b-d\bd_\bx_\by or (more commonly)
     with `delim _\bx_\by' between .EQ and .EN.  The left and right
     delimiters may be identical.  Delimiters are turned off by
     `delim off'.  All text that is neither between delimiters
     nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched.

     The program _\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk_\be_\bq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters
     and .EQ/.EN pairs.

     Tokens within _\be_\bq_\bn are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines,
     braces, double quotes, tildes or circumflexes.  Braces {}
     are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
     character like _\bx could appear, a complicated construction
     enclosed in braces may be used instead.  Tilde ~ represents
     a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much.

     Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
     s\bsu\bub\bb and s\bsu\bup\bp.\b. Thus _\bx _\bs_\bu_\bb _\bi makes _\bx_\bi, _\ba _\bs_\bu_\bb _\bi _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2 produces
     _\ba_\bi
      2
       , and _\be _\bs_\bu_\bp {_\bx _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2 + _\by _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2} gives _\be
						    _\bx2+_\by2
						      .


     Fractions are made with o\bov\bve\ber\br: _\ba _\bo_\bv_\be_\br _\bb yields
						     _\bb

						       _\ba\b_.


     s\bsq\bqr\brt\bt makes square roots: _\b1 _\bo_\bv_\be_\br _\bs_\bq_\br_\bt {_\ba_\bx _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2 +_\bb_\bx+_\bc}

     results in
                v\b/~~~~~~~~\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\b_\ba_\bx
		      2
			+_\bb_\bx+_\bc

		     1\b\b\b\b\b_________ .





Printed 7/9/88							1






EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)



     The keywords f\bfr\bro\bom\bm and t\bto\bo introduce lower and upper limits on

     arbitrary things:
			     _\bn->oo
			    lim
			       0
				 _\b>\b_\b~
				 _\bn
				  _\bx_\bi is made with _\bl_\bi_\bm _\bf_\br_\bo_\bm {_\bn-> _\bi_\bn_\bf }

     _\bs_\bu_\bm _\bf_\br_\bo_\bm _\b0 _\bt_\bo _\bn _\bx _\bs_\bu_\bb _\bi.

     Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height
     are made with l\ble\bef\bft\bt and r\bri\big\bgh\bht\bt:\b: _\bl_\be_\bf_\bt [ _\bx _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2 + _\by _\bs_\bu_\bp _\b2 _\bo_\bv_\be_\br

     _\ba_\bl_\bp_\bh_\ba _\br_\bi_\bg_\bh_\bt ] ~=~_\b1 produces
				 |\b
				  |\b
				  |
				    _\bx
				      2
					+
					   _\bo\b(

                                      _\by
                                       2
				      __
					|\b
					|\b
					|
					   = 1.	The r\bri\big\bgh\bht\bt clause

     is optional.  Legal characters after l\ble\bef\bft\bt and r\bri\big\bgh\bht\bt are
     braces, brackets, bars, c\bc and f\bf for ceiling and floor, and
     "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only
     bracket).

     Vertical piles of things are made with p\bpi\bil\ble\be, l\blp\bpi\bil\ble\be, c\bcp\bpi\bil\ble\be,

     and r\brp\bpi\bil\ble\be: _\bp_\bi_\bl_\be {_\ba _\ba_\bb_\bo_\bv_\be _\bb _\ba_\bb_\bo_\bv_\be _\bc} produces
						   _\bc
						     _\bb
						     _\ba

						      .  There can

     be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile.  l\blp\bpi\bil\ble\be left-
     justifies, p\bpi\bil\ble\be and c\bcp\bpi\bil\ble\be center, with different vertical
     spacing, and r\brp\bpi\bil\ble\be right justifies.

     Matrices are made with m\bma\bat\btr\bri\bix\bx: _\bm_\ba_\bt_\br_\bi_\bx { _\bl_\bc_\bo_\bl { _\bx _\bs_\bu_\bb _\bi _\ba_\bb_\bo_\bv_\be

     _\by _\bs_\bu_\bb _\b2 } _\bc_\bc_\bo_\bl { _\b1 _\ba_\bb_\bo_\bv_\be _\b2 } } produces
						 _\by2

                                             _\bx_\bi


                                                 2

						   1

						    .  In addition,

     there is r\brc\bco\bol\bl for a right-justified column.

     Diacritical marks are made with d\bdo\bot\bt, d\bdo\bot\btd\bdo\bot\bt, h\bha\bat\bt, t\bti\bil\bld\bde\be,
     b\bba\bar\br, v\bve\bec\bc, d\bdy\bya\bad\bd, and u\bun\bnd\bde\ber\br: _\bx _\bd_\bo_\bt = _\bf(_\bt) _\bb_\ba_\br is _\bx\b.=_\bf(_\bt)\b\b\b\b~~~~, _\by
     _\bd_\bo_\bt_\bd_\bo_\bt _\bb_\ba_\br ~=~ _\bn _\bu_\bn_\bd_\be_\br is _\by\b..\b\b~ = _\bn\b_, and _\bx _\bv_\be_\bc ~=~ _\by _\bd_\by_\ba_\bd is
     _\bx\b->= _\by\b<-\b\b->\b.

     Sizes and font can be changed with s\bsi\biz\bze\be _\bn or s\bsi\biz\bze\be +\b+\b\b\b_\b__\bn, r\bro\bom\bma\ban\bn,
     i\bit\bta\bal\bli\bic\bc, b\bbo\bol\bld\bd, and f\bfo\bon\bnt\bt _\bn. Size and fonts can be changed glo-
     bally in a document by g\bgs\bsi\biz\bze\be _\bn and g\bgf\bfo\bon\bnt\bt _\bn, or by the
     command-line arguments -\b-s\bs_\bn and -\b-f\bf_\bn.

     Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point
     sizes from the previous size; this may be changed by the
     command-line argument -\b-p\bp_\bn.

     Successive display arguments can be lined up.  Place m\bma\bar\brk\bk
     before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
     l\bli\bin\bne\beu\bup\bp at the place that is to line up vertically in subse-
     quent equations.

     Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
     with d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\be: _\bd_\be_\bf_\bi_\bn_\be _\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg % _\br_\be_\bp_\bl_\ba_\bc_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt % defines a new
     token called _\bt_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg which will be replaced by _\br_\be_\bp_\bl_\ba_\bc_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt



Printed 7/9/88							2






EQN(1)		    UNIX Programmer's Manual		   EQN(1)



     whenever it appears thereafter.  The % may be any character
     that does not occur in _\br_\be_\bp_\bl_\ba_\bc_\be_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt.

     Keywords like _\bs_\bu_\bm (_\b>\b_\b~) _\bi_\bn_\bt () _\bi_\bn_\bf (oo) and shorthands like >=
     (>\b_) -> (->), and != (=\b/) are recognized.  Greek letters are
     spelled out in the desired case, as in _\ba_\bl_\bp_\bh_\ba or _\bG_\bA_\bM_\bM_\bA.
     Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are made Roman
     automatically.  _\bT_\br_\bo_\bf_\bf(1) four-character escapes like \(bs ()
     can be used anywhere.  Strings enclosed in double quotes
     "..." are passed through untouched; this permits keywords to
     be entered as text, and can be used to communicate with
     _\bt_\br_\bo_\bf_\bf when all else fails.

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
     troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
     B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, _\bT_\by_\bp_\be_\bs_\be_\bt_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bM_\ba_\bt_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bc_\bs-
     _\bU_\bs_\be_\br'_\bs _\bG_\bu_\bi_\bd_\be
     J. F. Ossanna, _\bN_\bR_\bO_\bF_\bF/_\bT_\bR_\bO_\bF_\bF _\bU_\bs_\be_\br'_\bs _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl

B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
     To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote
     them, as in `bold "12.3"'.

































Printed 7/9/88							3